CHAPTER 1 BREAKFAST FOODS AND SANDWICHES

CHAPTER 1BREAKFAST FOODS AND SANDWICHEShttp://wps.prenhall.com/chet_nra_foundations_1/154/39652/10151013.cw/index.html

http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_nra_foundations_2/ http://www.coursesmart.com/bookshelf What is Pasteurization? (6)When milk is heated to kill microorganisms that cause spoilage and disease without effecting its nutritional value.What is Homogenization? (6)Milk is strained through very fine holes to break down fat and then is blended into ne fluid.Is lactose intolerance a milk allergy? (7)No, it is not. How much fat is in the following milk items: (8)SKIM MILK Less than 0.5%WHOLE MILK At least 3%CONDENSED MILK At least 8.5%Please explain lactose intolerance. (9)People who are lactose intolerant cant easily digest lactose, which is a sugar found in dairy products. Undigested lactose moving through the body can cause uncomfortable symptoms such as gas, bloating, nausea, diarrhea and stomach pain.At what temperature should milk be stored? (10)41 degrees or lowerAll milk should be labeled as what grade? (10)Grade AHow much fat is in the following types of cream: (11)HALF AND HALF 10.5 to 18%HEAVY CREAM 36 to 38%How is butter made? (11)Butter is made by mixing cream containing between 30 percent and 40 percent milk fat at high speed.What is one benefit of using margarine? (12)It has a higher smoke point than butter.Is it true that one of the advantages of using margarine is that it is a lot lower in fat that butter? (12)Margarine is not much lower in fat than butter.Where and when was oleomargarine first made? (13)It was first made in France in 1870.What are the 3 basic parts of all cheeses? (14)WaterFat ProteinBrie and camembert are examples of which type of cheese? (16)

Soft ripenedWhat is the optimum storage temperature for cheese? (17)

35 to 45 degrees at a high relative humidity.What are the 4 parts of an egg? (17)Outer shellWhite (albumen)YolkChalazae What does the yolk of an egg contain? (17)FatProteinLecithinWhat does the chalazae do? (17)It is the membrane that holds the yolk in place.Recipes are based upon what size of egg? (18)LargeHow many ounces are there in a dozen large eggs? (19)24 ouncesEgg substitutes are used for people on what kind of diet? (20)Cholesterol free dietThe air temperature of a truck delivering eggs should not exceed what temperature? (22)45 degreesLiquid, frozen and dehydrated eggs must have this done to them by law? (22)PasteurizedWhat is the cooking time for hard-boiled eggs (25)

10 minutesWhat is a shirred egg? (26)A variety of baked eggHow do you poach an egg? (27) 4 stepsCombine water, salt, and vinegar in a shallow skillet or pan and bring it to a simmer.Break the egg into a clean cup and slide the egg carefully into the poaching water. Cook until the whites are set and opaque.Remove the eggs from the water with a slotted spoon and blot them on an absorbent towel.Trim, if desired, and serve hot.During which cooking method are eggs constantly stirred? (28)

ScrambledWhat is another name for a flat omelet? (31)FrittatasWhat is a quiche? (32)A savory egg custard baked in a crustWhat are pooled eggs? (34)Eggs that are cracked open and combined in a containerWhat is a crepe? (39)A very thin pancake-type item with a high egg contentWhat is sliced bread dipped in an egg and milk mixture that is often seasoned lightly with cinnamon and nutmeg? (40)

French toastHow much fat does bacon have in it before cooking? (41)About 70 percentWhat are the 3 ingredients in a hash mixture? (42)A mixture of chopped meat (fresh or smoked), potatoes and onionsFarina and cornmeal are examples of what type of hot cereal? (43)GranularWhat is the proper brewing temperature for coffee? (46)195 to 200 degreesWhat cooking method is use to make a Panini sandwich? (54)GrillingWhich cold sandwich is served on a long, sliced roll with several types of cheese, meat, lettuce, tomato, onion, and other toppings? (55)

SubmarinePlease describe what a wrap is. (55)They are made on any type of flat bread for example tortillas, cracker bread or rice paper wrappers and spear with a hot or cold sandwich filling. It is then rolled up.What is a multi-decker sandwich? (55)A sandwich with more then 2 slices of bread with several ingredients in the filling. What is one example of a multi-decker sandwich? (55)Club sandwichTell me about a canap. (55)It is an open faced cold sandwich used as a type of hors doeuvreWhat are the three primary components to all sandwiches? (56)

BreadSpreadFillingWhat are the 2 most common spreads? (57)

ButterMayonnaiseWhat 2 things are needed at every sandwich station? (59)

IngredientsEquipmentAccording to Figure 1.36, what can be used to transfer a pizza in and out of the oven? (61)Pizza PeelCHAPTER 2 NUTRITIONWhat is nutrition? (80)Nutrition is the study of the nutrients in food and how they nourish the body.What are nutrients? (80)They are components of food that are needed for the body to functionWhy does the body need nutrients? (80)

To provide energyTo build and repair cellsTo keep the different systems in the body working smoothlyAccording to the fast facts, what are the two things that your body needs on a daily basis to stay healthy? (81)CarbohydratesWaterWhat are the six basic nutrients that are important to the body? (83)CarbohydratesLipids (fats)ProteinsVitaminsMineralsWaterWhat does fiber do? (84)Fiber promotes digestive health and regularity.What are phytochemicals? (84)They are chemicals that aid the body in fighting or preventing disease. They are also known as phytonutrients. What is the bodys main energy source? (84)CarbohydratesWhat are the units of measurement by which energy from food is measured? (85)CaloriesSimple carbohydrates contain how many sugars? (86)They contain one or two sugarsHoney and molasses are what kind of carbohydrate? (86-87)Simple CarbohydratesWhat is the name of a very important simple sugar that is the primary source of energy? (87)Glucose What is the only source of energy for the brain and nervous system? (87)GlucoseWhich category of carbohydrate takes longest to digest? (87-89)

ComplexWhat are hormones? (87)Hormones are special chemical messengers made by the bodies that regulate different body functions.Tell me about complex carbohydrates. (87)They contain long chains that include many glucose modules. They are found in plant based foods such as grains, legumes and vegetables. Good sources of carbohydrates include the following: (88)Dry beans and peasStarchy vegetables, such as potatoes and cornRiceGritsPastaOatmealCornmealBreads and Cereals What are the two types of fiber? Tell me a little bit about each one of them.Soluble Fiber It dissolves in water. When we eat foods that contain soluble fiber, we feel full for a longer time. Soluble fiber also slows down the release of sugar in the blood and helps lower cholesterol levels in the blood.Insoluble Fiber It does not dissolve in water. It acts like a stiff broom to clean and scrub the digestive tract so that we can eliminate waste from our systems more easily.What is another name for fat? (89)LipidsWhat is in both bones and teeth? (94)CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUSWhat 5 functions do fats perform in the body? (89)Carrying vitamins A, D, E and K throughout the bodyCushioning the bodies' vital organsProtecting the body from extreme temperaturesProviding a reserve of energy (when the body stores it)Supplying nutrients called essential fatty acidsWhat is the chemical process that causes fats to spoil? (90)Oxidation What does hydrogenation do? (90)Make liquid fats a solidWhat is the disadvantage of hydrogenation? (90)Fat processed this way are more harmful to your healthPlease explain the significance of essential fatty acids. (90)They are used to make substances that regulate vital body functions, such as blood pressure, muscle contraction, blood clotting, and immune response.Please explain the significance of oxidation. (90)It is the process that causes fats to spoil or go rancid.

Please explain the significance of Cholesterol. (90)It is a white, waxy substance that is produced in your liver. In the body, cholesterol helps make such substances such as bile acids, vitamin D and hormones.Please explain the significance of trans fatty acids (90)These are the result of taking a liquid fat and making it a solid through a process called hydrogenation. Hydrogenation of fat alters its physical properties and makes it stay fresh longer. The disadvantage of hydrogenation is that it may be more harmful to a persons health that saturated fat when it comes to the development of heart disease.Please give examples of foods that contain saturated fats. (91)MeatPoultryFishDairy ProductsButterLardPalm OilPalm Kernel OilCoconut OilPlease give examples of foods that contain monounsaturated fats. (91)Olive OilCanola OilPeanut OilAvocado OilNut Oils Please give examples of foods that contain polyunsaturated fats. (91)Safflower OilSunflower OilSoybean OilCorn OilCottonseed OilSesame OilFish OilsWhat do proteins do? (92)They provide the building blocks, in the form of amino acids, that the body uses for a variety of things , including muscles, tissues, enzymes and hormones.How many amino acids can be found in food? (92)22 amino acids can be found in foodHow many essential amino acids are there and what is their significance? (92)There are 9 essential amino acids that must be obtained from food each day. The other amino acids can be produced in the body.What is a complete protein? (93)They contain all of the essential amino acids in the right amountWhat is an incomplete protein? (93)They lack one or more of the essential amino acids. Foods from plant sources are incomplete amino acids.What do vitamins do? (94)They are needed to regulate metabolic processes such as digestion and the absorption of nutrients. What are the 2 types of vitamins? (94)

Water solubleFat solubleWhat are the water soluble vitamins that can be washed away by steam or water? (94)Vitamin C and BWhat are the fat soluble vitamins? (94)Vitamin A, D, E and KWhat is the only nutrient that it is impossible for human to live without? (96)WaterWhat 4 functions do water perform in the body? (96)Helps with the digestion, absorption and transportation of nutrientsHelps eliminate waste through the kidneys, colon and lungsDistributes heat throughout the body and allowing heat to be released through the skin by evaporation (sweating)Lubricates joints and cushions tissuesWhat is digestion? (98)The process of breaking down food into its simplest parts so that it can be absorbedWhat are food additives? (98)A substance or combination of substances present in food as a result of processing, production or packagingWhy are food additives used? (99)Improve flavor, color and textureRetain nutritional valuePrevent spoilageExtend shelf lifeTell me about the diet of a vegetarian. (100)They follow a strict diet an will not consume any of the following:MeatFishPoultry Products

Tell me about the diet of a lacto vegetarian. (100)This person is a vegetarian, but they also eat dairy productsTell me about the diet of a lacto-ovo vegetarian (100)A vegetarian who eats dairy products and eggsTell me about the diet of a vegan. (100)They follow the strictest diet an will not consume any of the following:DairyEggsMeatPoultryFishAnything containing animal products or byproductsWhat is LDL? (104)The bad cholesterolWhat is HDL? (104)This is the good cholesterol. It takes excess cholesterol away and carries it back to the liver to be excreted. What is the name of the condition where the body does not have the ability to regulated sugar properly? (104)DiabetesWhat condition occurs when the body does not get enough nutrients? (106)

MalnutritionWhen cooking any food, remember that the lower the temperature and the shorter the cooking period will result in what? (112)Less nutrient lossWhen boiling vegetables, what do you lose? (114-115)

VITAMINSWhat is portion control? (117)Controlling the quantity of a particular food be using appropriate sized servings.What can be added during baking as a low fat alternative to butter? (118)ApplesaucePlease tell me about the 4 kinds of salt. Give me a definition for each. (123)Table salt The most commonKosher salt It has a purer flavor than table salt. It is usually coarser with larger crystals. To substitute Kosher salt for table salt, use twice as much Kosher salt as called for in the recipe. It is the most common salt found in professional kitchens.Sea salt It is extracted from the ocean using evaporation techniques. It is usually not refined, so it contains additional minerals and other elements found in sea water, which affect the flavor.Iodized salt Table salt that has been refined with iodine as a nutritional supplement.The most commonly sold type of beef? (124)

CHOICE

What is a low fat substitute for ground beef? (125)Ground sirloinGround turkey breastGround soyWhich chemicals kill insects and other plant pests? (126)

PesticidesWhat does the term organic mean? (127)To be produced without pesticides or synthetic fertilizers.CHAPTER 3COST CONTROLWhat is revenue? (147)The income from sales before expensesWhat is the definition of a cost? (147)The price an operation pays out in the purchasing and preparation of its products or the providing of its service.What are the 4 main categories of costs? (147)Food costsBeverage costsLabor costsOverhead costsWhat is another name for a fixed cost? (148)Non-controllable costWhat are 2 examples of controllable costs? (149)Food costHourly wage portion of labor costWhat is a fixed cost? (151)Costs that remain the same regardless of sales volumeWhat is an operating budget? (151)A financial plan for a specific period of timeWhat is a forecast? (152)A perdition of sales levels or costs that will occur during a specific time periodForecasting revenue is usually determined by looking at what 2 things? (152)Historical dataAverage sales per customerHow do you calculate the average sales per customer? (152)Total dollars divided by the total number of customersWhat does the sales history show? (153)It is a record of the number of portions of every item sold on a menuWhat is a production sheet? (153)It is a list of all of the menu items that are going to be prepared for a given date.The number of times a menu item is sold during a particular time period is known as what? (153)Sales history124What is a profit and loss report? (156)A compilation od sales and cost information for a specific period of timeList the 7 stages of the flow of food process. (165-166)

PurchasingReceivingStorageIssuingPreparationCookingService

What is the definition of food cost? (167)The actual dollar value of the food used by an operation during a certain period How do you calculate food cost?(See page 167)What is inventory? (167)This represents the dollar value of a food product in storage and can be expressed in terms of units, values or bothDefine opening inventory. (167)The physical inventory at the beginning of a given period (such as the month of April)Define closing inventory. (167)The physical inventory at the end of a given period.What is the formula for calculating food cost percentage? (168)

Total food cost / Sales = Food Cost PercentageWhat are the 2 methods used to determine the cost of ingredients in a standard recipe? (170-171)

As purchasedEdible portionWhat is as-purchased method? (170)It is used to cost an ingredient at the purchase price before and trim or waste is taken into account.What is the edible portion method? (171)It is used to cost an ingredient after trimming and removing waste so that only the usable portion of the item is reflected.What is a food production chart? (176)It is a form that shows how much product should be produced by the kitchen during a given meal period.What is a sales history used for? (176)It is critical in helping management forecast how many portions of each menu item to produce on a given day.What is contribution margin? (178)The portion of dollars that a particular menu item contributes to overall profits.How do you calculate contribution margin? What is the contribution margin if a menu item sells for 15.00 and has cost of 33% to make?What is the straight markup method? (178)Multiply raw food costs by a predetermined fractionWhat is the average check method? (178)The total revenue is divided by the number of seats, average seat turnover and days open in one year. What 4 factors affect labor costs? (187)

Business volumeEmployee turnoverQuality standardsOperating standardsHow do you calculate employee turnover? (189)It is the number of employees hired to fill one position in a years timeWhat is listed on a master schedule? (190)It lists no names. It just lists the positions and the number of employees in those positions.What is a chart that shows the employees names and the days and times they are to work? (191)

Crew ScheduleList 3 things a good staff contingency plan should include. (192)

Cross training employeesIdentifying shift leadersHaving on call employeesWhat is cross training? (192)Training employees to handle responsibilities in areas of the operation aside from their primary work responsibilitiesExplain the process of having on call employees. (192)A certain number of employees must call their operation at a predetermined time to find out whether they have to work that day.What is the best time for restaurants and foodservice operations to receive deliveries? (199)

When the operation is slowHow often should fresh fish be delivered to an operation? (200)

DailyHow often should meat be ordered and delivered to an operation? (200)

At least 2 or 3 times a weekWhat is the document from a vendor that lists such details as items purchased, date of order, purchaser and sales price? (201)

InvoiceWhat is another name for an invoice? (201)BillWhat does it mean to take a physical inventory? (204)To count and record the number of each item in the storeroomCHAPTER 4 SALADS AND GARNISHINGWhat type of lettuce is used in Caesar salad? (220)Romaine lettuceWhat is the most popular American salad green? (220)

Iceberg (head) lettuceWhat are the 4 basic parts to any salad? (221)BaseBodyGarnishDressingWhat type of salad green is appropriate to use with mayonnaise based dressing? (221)What does a garnish do? (222)Enhances the appearance of the salad while also complimenting the overall tasteWhat are the 5 main types of salads? (224)Green tossed and composedBoundVegetablesFruitCombinationWhat are bound salads bound together with? (225)Some type of heavy dressing such as mayonnaiseWhat are the cooked primary ingredients in a bound salad? (225) MeatPoultryFishEggPotatoPastaRiceThe two types of green salads are (225)TossedComposedHow should you handle garnishes that might become soggy or discolored? (228)Add them just prior to servingExamples include croutons or avocadoesWhat are the two fruits that cannot be added to gelatin raw or they will not allow the gelatin to set? (232)Raw pineappleRaw papayaFruits such as apples and bananas will discolor after being peeled or cut. What do you need to do to them to keep it from happening? (233)Dip them in a combination of lemon juice and water to keep their fresh appearance. Do not soak the fruit in the mixture or it will ruin the flavor of the fruit.What is a starter salad? (234)They are served as an appetizer to the main meal. They are smaller in portion size and consists of light, fresh, crisp ingredients to stimulate the appetite.What is another name for an accompaniment salad? (235)Side saladWhat is an intermezzo salad? (235)It is intended to be a palate cleanser after a rich dinner and before dessert.The proper way to store loose greens is with dampened paper towels and between which 2 temperatures? (237)

36 to 41 degreesYou cannot store greens with tomatoes or apples because they will wilt due to what gas they emit? (237)Ethylene GasHow long at what temperature can fresh greens be held at? (237)

24 HOURSHow many days can unopened produce be stored? (238)

1 to 3 daysWhat is the best way to clean salad greens? (239)

Dip them in and out of water.The first Chinese food introduced in the United States is? (240)

SZECHWAN HUNAN What is vinaigrette? (244)The simplest form of salad dressing and is made from oil and vinegarWhat is the standard recipe for basic vinaigrette? (244)

3 Parts Oil1 Part VinegarWhat is a suspension? (244)A temporary mixture of ingredients that eventually separates back into its unique partsFoie Gras comes from what country? (244)

FRANCETell me about Balsamic vinegar. (245)It is a special wine vinegar aged in wooden barrels for 4 to 50 years. It has a dark brown color and sweet taste. It has a sticky consistency due to high sugar contentWhat is an emulsion? (245)A mixture of ingredients that permanently stays together.What is the oil we use in class that has a greenish color to it? (245)Olive OilWhich vinegar has a neutral flavor? (245)

WHITE OR DISTILLED What is an emulsifier? (246)An ingredient that can permanently bind dissimilar ingredients, such as oil and vinegar, together on a molecular level. Eggs are good emulsifiers.What is the ingredient that thickens mayonnaise? (248) Egg yolksWhat is the most stable and thickest emulsified dressing? (248)MayonnaiseHow do you make mayonnaise? (250) 6 StepsPlace egg yolks in an appropriate sized stainess steel bowl.Add dry ingredients and whisk until frothy and well blended.Drizzle oil slowly into mixture, whisk rapidly.As mixture thickens, slowly alternate adding small amounts of vinegar or lemon juice and oil until all are used.Check seasoning.Serve the dressing at once or refrigerate it.What is dip? (251)A hot and cold mixture that accompanies certain food items, with the purpose of complementing or enhancing the foods flavor.Tell me about Hummus. (252)This is made with chick peas, garlic and tahini (from the Middle East)CHAPTER 5 PURCHASING AND INVENTORY What is the first thing that a person needs to do purchasing? (288)Make sure that an operation has enough product to sell.What is the purchasing document that describes the characteristics of products and services that an operation wants to buy? (288)

Product specificationsThere are many tools available to help purchasers buy the right amount of product. They are: (288)Customer count historiesPopularity index of items soldVendor delivery scheduleAvailability of items from vendorsRecognizing outside influences that might affect an operationWhat is the amount of funds available to an operation at any given time? (289)

Cash positionWhat is a customer count forecast? (289)This is the number of customers expected for a given time periodAccording to Table 5.1, there are 3 main parts to the channel of distribution. Please let me know what they are and give me examples of eachPrimary SourcesFarmersRanchersManufacturersDistillers

IntermediariesWholesalersDistributorsSuppliersRetailersRestaurantsSchool cafeteriasCaterersFarmers belong to what part of the food distribution channel? (291)Primary SourceWhat is another name for capital? (297)AssetsWhat are specialized, written price lists created for the restaurant by a supplier? (300)

BidsPlease explain what a kickback is. (301-302)Money or other goods received by a person for purchasing from a specific vendorPlease list the 3 reasons why a foodservice operation would purchase ready made products? (313)Consistency A buyer knows exactly what they are getting.Reduces prep time and labor costsReduces the need for certain types of equipment and storage space that might be otherwise necessary to make something from scratchWhy would a chef conduct a make or buy analysis? (313)

To decide whether it makes better financial sense to make the item from scratch or to purchase a ready made product.All of the items that we produce in class are listed on what form? (314)Production SheetList 3 elements of production records. (314)

Production sheetsDaily food cost sheetsSales mix recordsWhat is it called when an operation runs out of a food? (314)A stockoutWhat is the term used for the ideal amount of an item to have on inventory at any given time? (316)Par stockWhat is a legally binding written document that details exactly what the buyer is ordering from the vendor? (316)

Purchase orderIn a large operation, what form does a manager need to compete to purchase a new refrigerator? (318)

Requisition formAs a product moves through the channel of distribution, what 5 factors affect its value? (318-319)

Time valueForm valuePlace valueTransportation valueService valueWhat is the process of inspecting, accepting, and, in some cases, rejecting deliveries of goods and services? (326-329)

Receiving What are food products that are sold or distributed in a form that will spoil or decay within a limited period of time? (329)

Perishable productsWhat is a record of all products an operation has in storage and in the kitchen? (333)

InventoryWhat are the 2 common methods for purchasing nonperishable foods? (334)

Physical inventory methodPerpetual inventory methodCHAPTER 6 MEAT, POULTRY AND SEAFOODQuality Grade of meat measures what? (353)The flavor characteristics of meat products. Yield Grades of meat measure what? (353)The edible portion or usable meatAccording to Table 6.1, please tell me about the Prime grade of meat. (353)This is the highest quality available for beef, veal, and lamb. Usually found in only the finest restaurants, hotels, and markets. A lot of marbling and a cover of firm fat, which enables flavor and juiciness. Only a small percentage of beef products meet this standard.What are the 2 grades assigned by the USDA to most meats? (353)

Quality gradeYield gradeWhat are the first cuts the butcher makes? (355-358)

PRIMALWhat are primal cuts of meat? (356)The primary divisions of meat produced by the initial butchering of animal carcasses.What is Offal meat? (359)Organ meatWhat is Kosher meat? (360)Meat that is specifically slaughtered to comply with Jewish dietary laws.Using a mallet on meat does what to it? (362)Tenderize itWhat is the process of butchering primal cuts into usable portions, such as roasts or steaks? (364-367)

FabricationWhat 5 factors should be considered when purchasing meat? (364-367)

CostFreshnessFat ContentEquipmentVendorsWhat is marbling? (365)Lines of fat within the lean flesh portion of the meat.What are the 3 dry heat methods of cooking for cooking high quality, tender cuts of meat? (368)BroilingGrillingRoasting

What do you do to strips of meat before they are sauted and why? (369)Lightly dust them with flour and be sure to shake off any excess flour before adding the item to the pan. Flour helps the meat retain moisture and promotes even browning.How long should meat be allowed to rest after cooking and before slicing? (372)15 to 30 minutesWhy should cooked meat be given time to rest before slicing? (372)This allows less juice to be lost during carvingWhat is the most versatile protein? (379)PoultryWhat are the 3 grades of poultry? (379)

USDA AUSDA BUSDA CWhich type of poultry meat is low in calories and fat content and cooks faster? (380)

White meatTell me about cooking dark meat. (381)It requires more time to cook.List the 3 types of poultry fabrication. (382)

DisjointingBoningCutting the bird into piecesList the 4 reasons why you should reject a delivery of poultry? (385)Color: Purple or green discoloration around the neck: dark wing tips (red tips are acceptable)Texture: Stickiness: under the wings and around the jointsOdor: Abnormal, unpleasant odorFreezer burn: Any signs of frost, ice or leakage from the packageWhat is a young pigeon called? (386)SquabPlease explain what it is to truss a poultry item. (387)The legs and wings are tied to the birds body.When roasting, why area birds legs and wings tied to the birds body? (387)

So it cooks evenly and stays moistWhat is a sauce with a complex flavor? (389)

MOLEWhat is the highest quality grade of seafood available? (396)Grade ASeafood is divided into two major categories. What are they? (396)Fin fishShellfishWhat is a shellfish? (397)Shellfish have an outer shell but no backbone and live primarily in salt water.What are the 3 categories of shellfish? (397)

CrustaceansMollusksCephalopodsList the 6 market forms of fin fish. (399)

Whole or roundDrawnDressedButterfly filletFish filletSteakIQF is an acronym for what? (400)Individually quick frozenWhat kind of food is fabricated using techniques such as scaling, trimming and gutting? (401)Fin FishTo be acceptable, fresh fish must meet the following 5 criteria: (402)Color: Bright red gills; bright shiny skinTexture: Firm flesh that springs back when touchedOdor: Mild ocean or seaweed smellEyes: Bright, clear and fullPackaging: Product should be surrounded by crushed, self-draining iceWhat is the process of removing a shrimps digestive tract? (402)

DeveiningMoist heat is the best way to cook what kind of fish? (407)Lean fishWhat is fumet? (407)A rich fish stock made with wineWhat is bouillabaisse? (408)A French seafood stew made with assorted fish and shellfish, onions, tomatoes, white wine, olive oil, garlic, saffron and herbs.What is a type of fish that have no skeletal system? (410)

SHELL FISH Charcuterie is a French term that refers to? (415)Cooked fleshList the 3 main types of sausages. (416)

Fresh sausageSmoked or cooked sausagesDried or hard sausagesWhat does garde manger refer to? (416)The department typically found in a classical brigade system kitchen and/or the chef who is responsible for the preparation of cold foods, including salads and salad dressings, cold appetizers, charcuterie items and similar dished.Bucyrus, Ohio is the Bratwurst capital of the world. Can you tell me what Bratwurst is? (416-417)Smoked and cooked sausageWhat is a mixture of lean ground meat and fat emulsified in a food grinder and pushed through a sieve to create a smooth paste? (417)

Forcemeat What are the 2 main types of forcemeat? (417)

Straight forcemeatCountry style forcemeatWhat are two examples of dried or hard sausage? (417)Italian SalamiPepperoniWhat is forcemeat made of veal, poultry or fish called? (418)MousselineCHAPTER 7 MARKETINGA group of people, also known as customers is called what? (434)MarketWhat is marketing? (434)The process of communicating a businesses message to its market.What are the 4 Ps in the marketing concept? (436)PlaceProductPrice Promotion What are the 3 primary elements of the contemporary marketing mix? (436)

Product service mixPresentation mixCommunication mixCustomer trends are also known as what? (437)Market trendsWhat is the way in which an operation tells its customers about its products and services? (437)

Communication mixWhich contemporary marketing mix consists of all the elements that make the operation look unique? (437)

Presentation mixWhat are the 5 steps to a successful marketing plan? (438)Research the marketEstablish objectivesDevelop a market strategyImplement an action planEvaluate/modify the action plan as neededA SWOT analysis looks at what 4 things? (442)StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreatsWhat is the experimental method of marketing? (448)An operation might try out a product for a limited time or with a limited group of peopleWhat is the observational method of marketing? (448)This involves observing how customers react in a natural setting towards a productExplain the survey method of marketing. (448)In this method, a marketer gathers information using questionnaires. Please explain sampling. (449)This involves testing a product with a specific, small group, sometimes called a focus group.What does mass marketing do? (450)Treats everyone in the market as having the same wants and needs.What does target marketing do? (450)Treats people as different from each other and tries to make a focused appeal to a distinct group of customers.What is breaking down a large market into smaller groups of similar individuals called? (450-453)

Market segmentation What are demographics? (450)This refers to the ways in which researchers categorize or group people.What are the 4 ways an operation can segment the market? (451-452)

Demographic segmentationGeographic segmentationProduct usage segmentationLifestyle segmentationThe main goal of target marketing is to (452)Target marketing helps you to focus your promotion and advertising efforts on specific groups.A promotional mix may include some of these 5 components: (457)AdvertisingSales promotionPersonal sellingPublic relationsDirect marketingWhat is it called when an operation pays to present or promote its products, services or identity? (457)

AdvertisingRadio commercials are what form of market communication? (457)AdvertisingOur white bread normally sells for $2.50 a loaf. By selling it to people who use other services in the building, we are using what type of market communication? (457)Sales promotionWhat is a premium? (459)Free or reduced price merchandise, such as a pen or cup that shows the name and location of the restaurant, usually given away or sold for a reduced price with the purchase of a food item.What is it called when 2 or more sponsors develop complementary promotions or offer complementary promotional Materials? (461)

Cooperative sales promotionWhat is interacting with the people in the local area to create awareness of and trust for an operation? (461)

Community relationsWhat is a packet of information given to media representatives to answer potential questions about a business or organization called? (462)

Press releaseWhat is the primary sales tool in most restaurants? (468)MenuWhat are some examples of promotional materials? You DO NOT need to give definitions. (460)SignageFlyersPremiumsCarryout and door hanger menusAppeal and brand name merchandisePoint of Purchase materialsMerchandising materialsDirect mailEmailDaily Specials is an example of what type of menu? (472)Du jour menuWhat type of menu offers breakfast, lunch and dinner at any time of day? (473)California menuHow are most menus organized? (475)In the order in which they are actually eatenAppetizersSoupSaladSandwichesEntreesVegetablesDesserts

When planning a menu, what 6 things do managers and chefs need to keep in mind? (476)Physical layout of the facilitySkills of personnelAvailability of ingredientsTarget markets wants and needsTarget markets expectationsProfit marginWhat are the 2 steps in menu creation? (476-480)

PlanningDesignWhat 2 purposes does menu pricing serve (482-485)

To provide information to customers To determine profitability How do you calculate the cost of an item using the food percentage method? (483)Item food cost / Food cost percentage = Menu priceWhat are the 4 classifications that come from menu engineering? (490)

StarPlow horsePuzzleDogWhat does it mean when a menu item is called a star? (490)These items are both popular and profitableWhat does it mean when a menu item is called a puzzle? (490)These items are unpopular but very profitable.What does it mean when a menu item is called a dog? (491)These items are unpopular and unprofitable.What is it when a menu item is referred to as a plow horse? (490)These items are popular but less profitable.CHAPTER 8 desserts & bakery productsShortenings and fats do what for baked goods? (504)Fats make baked goods moist, add flavor and keep baked items fresh longer.What kind of flour would you use to make pasta? (505)SemolinaWhat kind of flour has the least amount of gluten? (505)Cake flourThis is the process that occurs when sugar is heated in bakery products. (505)The sugar will turn a light brown color.This is a mixture of baking soda and an acid added with an inactive material such as starch. (506)Baking powderStandardized recipes for bakery products are called what? (508)FormulasWhat kind of ingredient makes dough or batters rise while baking? (506)Leavener In baking, flour is what percentage of the formula? (508)100%What does sifting do? (509)Sifting adds air to flour, cocoa, and confectioners sugar. Sifting also removes lumps and filters out impuritiesWhat are the 2 categories of yeast breads? (514)

Lean doughRich doughLean dough is made with what 4 ingredients? (514)FlourYeastWaterSaltWhat is made from lean dough? (514)French breadHard rollsWhy do we knead bread dough? (515)It is important because it develops the glutenWhat are the 2 primary methods used to make yeast breads? (515-516)

Straight dough methodSponge methodSourdough is made with a starter. What ingredients are in a starter and how is it made? (516)WaterYeastAll purpose flour

These items are combined and fermented (usually overnight) until it has a sour smell.What is proof? (516)Rise for a second timeWhat are the 10 steps in making yeast bread? (518)Scale ingredientsMix and knead ingredientsFermentationPunch down the doughPortioningRoundingShapingProofingBakingCooling and storingWhat are the 4 methods for preparing quick bread and cake? (525)CreamingFoamingStraight DoughTwo StageWhich method for preparing quick bread and batter mixes fat and sugar together to produce a very fine crumb and a dense, rich texture? (525)

Creaming methodWhich method is used to prepare angel food cakes and chiffon cakes? (525)

Foaming methodWhat is the protective coating on a cake called? (526)Icing or FrostingWhat are the 7 types of icing?ButtercreamFoamFondantFudgeGanacheGlazeRoyal IcingWhich type of icing has a shiny, nonsticky coating when dried? (527)

FondantWhy are steamed puddings more stable than dessert souffls? (528-529)

Because of the greater percentage of egg and sugar in the batterWhen making 3-2-1 pie dough, it is (533)3 Parts Flour2 Parts Shortening1 Part WaterWhat is the process of preparing prebaked pie shells called? (535)Blind bakingWhat kind of dough do you use to make baklava? (537)PhylloWhat are the 7 types of cookies? (539)BaggedBarDroppedIceboxMoldedRolledSheetWhich type of cookies are ladyfingers and tea fingers? (539)

BaggedWhat is the basis of all cocoa products? (544)

NibsWhat is the white coating that sometimes appears on the surface of chocolate? (546)

BloomWhat is the best way to store chocolate? (546)

In a cool, dry, well ventilated area.Why is chocolate tempered? (547-548)

So that the chocolate will melt evenlyWhat piece of equipment is used to melt chocolate? (547-548)Double boilerWhat is the fruit sauce made from fresh berries or other fruits? (555)

CoulisWhat is custard like pudding? (555)

CREME ANGLAZE What ingredients do you use to make Bavarian cream? (557)Vanilla sauceGelatinWhipped CreamCHAPTER 9 SUSTAINABILITYWhen was the Environmental Protection Agency started? (575)1970What is the mission of the EPA? (575)Their mission is to protect human health and the environment.Please define sustainability. (575)The practices that meet current resource needs without compromising the ability to meet future needs.What percentage of the United States relies on groundwater for its public supply to household and businesses? (575)

40%How many gallons of fresh water are used every day in the United States? (577)

345 billionWhat is the appropriate temperature for handwashing? (579)

110 degreesHow does sink aerators help to conserve water? (580)

By adding air to a water flowPlease define fossil fuels and give some examples. (586)Fossil fuels are fuels that are formed from plant or animal remains buried deep in the earth. Examples of fossil fuels include natural gas, coal, propane and petroleumWhat are the 5 types of renewable energy? (587)Water (hydropower)WindSolarGeothermal Using the heat inside the earth. People can use the steam and hot water produced inside the earth to heat buildings or generate electricity.Biomass Biomass contains stored energy from the sun through photosynthesis. Examples include wood, crops, manure and some types or garbage.What area of the restaurant uses the most energy? (589)Cooking EquipmentWhat is a brownfield site? (595-596) A previously abandoned industrial site that, once cleaned up, can be repurposed for commercial business use.In the United Sates, the average person uses how many pounds of paper per year? (601)580 poundsWhat is repurposed food? (602)This is food that customers did not eat, but the back of the house staff prepared, cooked, cooled and held safely. Most of the time, repurposed food was prepared in advance for customers but not sold.Name 2 ways in which an operation can reuse food that was prepared but not sold. (602)

Serve the food in its original formatRepurpose food into another formatDonate food to local rescue programsWhat 3 types of efforts can help an operation to reduce total waste? (602-607)

ReducingReusingRecyclingHow does single stream recycling work in an operation? (608)

Recyclable items all go into one waste bin, rather than being separated, and a recycling sorts them later.What is composting? (609)A natural form of recycling that occurs when organic materials decompose (or Composts) to form organic fertilizer.What kinds of materials are desirable for composting? (609)Food leftoversYard trimmingsWhat is meant by the concept of food miles? (615)The amount of miles it takes to grow, process, package and sell.How many pounds of shrimp are consumed on average per person in the United States? (617)4.10 PoundsWhat is bycatch? (618)Catching fish other than those that were targeted.What is the term used when seafood species are caught at a faster rate than they can reproduce (618)OverfishingWhat is aquaculture? (619)The production of seafood under controlled conditionsWhat are fish farms that use a natural body of water to produce the fish? (621)

Open systemWhat is the difference between sun grown and shade grown coffee? (623-624)Shade grown coffee is more expensive.What are organic foods? (626)Foods that have not been produced with the use of pesticides or synthetic fertilizers.CHAPTER 10GLOBAL CUISINE 1THE AMERICASWhat are the items that you would find in a New England boiled dinner? (639)Corned beef brisketBoiled potatoesCabbageOnionsCarrotsParsnips

Please describe New England clam chowder. (640)A thick clam soup, creamy, white and mild.Which group of people arrived in the Midwest in the 1700s and introduced the tradition of serving meals family style? (642-643)

GermansMidwestern foods are from the central part of the country and are sometimes called by 2 names. (643)Meat and potatoes ORComfort foodsWhat type of cooking originated in southern Louisiana? (646)CajunPlease give me example of 2 Cajun dished. Name them and describe them. (647)Jambalaya A spicy rice dish with chicken, Andouille sausage, shrimp, catfish, trinity, other vegetables, herbs, broth and seasonings.Andouille A pork sausage with a strong, smoky, garlicky taste.Gumbo A hearty soup with trinity and shrimp, thickened with brown roux containing okra and a thickener made from fried sassafras leaves.What is the trinity used for Cajun and Creole cooking? (646)CeleryOnionGreen bell peppersWhat is the cuisine that began by blending French grand cuisine principles with the cooking techniques of enslaved Africans? (646)

CreoleWhat does GMO mean? (648)Genetically modified organism What is a signature dish from the Southwest whose name means sauce in Spanish? (650)SalsaWhat is the difference between Tex-Mex and Cal-Mex Southwestern foods? (650)In Cal-Mex, meats are shredded, while in Tex-Mex the meats are generally ground.Barbecue is common in this region of the United States (651)SouthwesternIn what region did barbeque originate? (651-652)

CaribbeanWhat style of cooking and presenting food combines the ingredients and techniques of Asian and West Coast cuisine? (652)

Fusion cuisineWhat are the 2 primary flavors of Mexico? (655)

Spicy hotEarthyWhat is masa and how is it made? (656)Corn that is chemically treated with alkali to remove the husks and create acorn meal.Mexican cuisine derives from what 2 cultures? (656)

AztecMayanIn Mexican cooking, what are comales typically used for? (656)

To make tortillasWhat is mole? (657)It is a sauce or mixture and can sometimes be used as a suffix on words to describe the sauce.What is Curtido? (664)A typical Central American relish that is made from cabbage, onions and carrots in vinegar. It originated in El Salvador.What is Gallo pinto? (664)It is a mix of white rice and black beans, cooked separately and then fried together in coconut oil. The blend of color makes it look similar to the markings on a local variety of hen.What part of the United States has Asian fusion flavors? (652)Pacific Rim/CoastWhat two countries influence Brazilian foods? (674-688)

BRAZIL AND PROTUGAUL Brazilian cuisine was influenced by what other country? (676)Portugal What tropic fruit is a staple of Brazilian cuisine? (678)

BananaIn Jamaica, what is the name of the dry spice rub that is common for their country? (668-669)Jerk spiceName 2 ways in which sofrito is commonly used. (670)

Serves as a foundation of soups or stewsFlavors basic rice or beansWhat is a citrus and fish mixture common to most of the Latin American coastal regions and is a signature dish in Peru? (691)

CevicheGLOBAL CUISINE 2EUROPE, MEDITERRANEAN, MIDDLE EAST & ASIAWhat is the name of the French dish made from engorged duck liver? (698)Foie grasWhat are the 2 major cooking fats of Italy? (699)

ButterOlive oilWhich European country is home to the mother sauces? (699)

FranceThis countrys food has been characterized as la cucina povera, the cuisine of poverty. (701)

ItalyWhich Italian city is the birthplace of pizza? (702)

NaplesCouscous is the national dish of which country? (713)

MoroccoWhat type of food is commonly eaten in Morocco? (713)

TAGINESWhat are the 2 most important flavoring agents used in Greek cuisine? (715)

Olive oilLemon juiceWhat is a popular Tunisian salad, made of roasted peppers and tomatoes and garnished with tuna and hard-boiled egg called? (719)

Salade composeFul medames is the national dish of which country? (727)

EgyptList the 3 major types of rice cookery practiced in Iran. (730)

ChelowKettehDamyWhat are the 2 signature cooking methods of Moroccan cuisine? (731)

TaginesCouscoussieresWhat is tagine? (713)It is a meat stew that originated in Morocco.

It is also the word used for the earthenware or metal cooking vessel used to make the stew.What are the 2 extremely popular seasonings used in Saudi Arabia? (732)

BaharatLoomiWho were the first people known to control the use of fire and apply it to cooking? (738)

ChineseChinese cuisine is based on which philosophy? (738)

TaoWhat is velveting in Chinese cooking? (740)Coat prepared meats with cornstarch and egg whites before stir frying to retain moisture and improve sauce adherenceWhat is the Chinese cooking technique that is a long, slow braising in a mixture of soy sauce and water? (740)

Red cookingWhat is the Chinese cuisine that is known for its hot and spicy dished? (741)

Szechwan-HunanWhat is masala? (748)A spice mixture that preparers grind and fry before they add them to dishesWhat is the Indian technique of scattering dry, whole, or ground spices into hot oil or ghee until they pop, flavoring the oil? (750)

TarkaHow long coffee should be brewed for best quality? (814)

60 MINUTES