chapter 1 basic word structure chapter sections i. word analysis n ii. combining forms, suffixes,...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 1
Basic Word StructureCHAPTER SECTIONS
I . Word AnalysisII . Combinning Forms, Suffixes, and PictureIII. Exercise IV. ReviewV. Pronunciation of termsVI. Practical Applications
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
• To divide medical terms in to component parts• To analyze, pronounce, and spell medical terms using
common combining forms ,suffixes, and prefixes
Basic Elements of a Medical Word
Medical Word ElementsSpecialized vocabulary used by health-care
practitioners
A medical word consists of:Word rootCombining formSuffixPrefix
A. Word RootsThe core of a medical term
Contains the fundamental meaning
Most are derived from Greek or LatinEx. Greek word derm and Latin word cutane both refer to the skin
Examples of Word Roots
Greek or Latin Word
Word Root Meaning
Nephros (Gr) Nephr Kidney
Oris (L) Or Mouth
Renes (L) Ren Kidney
Dermatos (Gr) Derm Skin
Notice how the following medical term is analyzed. Can you locate the two combining
forms in this term?
GASTROENTEROLOGY
Notice how the following medical term is analyzed. Can you locate the two combining forms in this term?
GASTR/O/ENTER/O/LOGY
Root root suffix (“stomach”) (“intestines”) (“study of”)
The two combining forms are GASTR/O and ENTER/O. The entire word means “study of the stomach and the intestine. “ Here are other words that are divided into component parts:
GASTROSCOPE
Combining form suffix (“stomach”) (“instrument to visually examine”)
Here are other words that are divided into component parts:
GASTR/O/SCOPE
Combining form suffix (“stomach”) (“instrument to visually examine”) mean “instrument to visually
examine the stomach”.
Combining FormWord root to which a vowel is added
Enables two elements to be connected
Examples of Combining FormsWord Root
Vowel Combining Form
Meaning
Gastr O Gastr/o stomach
Hepat O Hepat/o Liver
Immun O Immun/o Immune, safe
Oste O Oste/o bone
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
ELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAM
root root suffix (“electricity”) (“heart”) (“record”)
combining vowel combining vowel
COMBINNING FORMS
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COMBINING MEDICAL
FORM MEANING TERM MEANING
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aden/o gland adenoma_________________________
adenitis _________________________
-ITIS means “inflammation.”
Arthr/o joint arthritis__________________________
Bi/o life biology__________________________
-LOGY mean “study of “.
biopsy _________________________
-OPSY means “to view.” Living tissue is
removed and viewed under a microsope.
Carcin/o carcinoma____________________________
cancerous -OMA means “mass” or “tumor.”
Cardi/o heart Cardiology___________________________
Cephal/ohead cephalic____________________________
-IC mean “pertaining to.”
Cerebr/o cerebrum, cerebral____________________________
largest part -AL means “pertaining to, ”the Figure shows the
of the brain cerebrum .
cerebrovascular accident (CVA___________
-VASCULAR means “pertaining to blood
vessels”; a CVA is commonly known as a
stroke.
Cyst/o urinary cystoscope__________________________
Cyt/o cell cytology_______________________________
Dermat/o skin dermatitis____________________________
Derm/o dermal______________________________
Electr/o electricity electrocardiogram (ECG,EKG)_____________
-GRAM means “record.”
Encephal/o brain electroencephalogram (EEG)_____________
This record is helpful in determining if a patient
has a seizure disorder, such a epilepsy.
Enter/o intestine enteritis_____________________________
(often the Figure shows the small and large intestines.
small ENTER/O is used to describe the small
intestine) intestine and COLON/O are the combining for
the large intestine (colon).
Erythr/o red erythrocyte
-CYTE means “cell.” Figure below shows the three major
types of blood cells.
Gastr/o stomach Gastroscopy_______________________________
-SCOPY means “process of viewing.”
Gnos/o knowledge diagnosis_______________________________
-SIS means “state of”; DIA-means “complete.”
A diagnosis is the complete knowledge gained
after testing and examining the patient. The
Plural of diagnosis is diagnoses.
prognosis__________________________
PRO- means “before.” A prognosis is a prediction
(“before knowledge”) that is actually made after
the diagnosis. It forecasts the outcome of
treatment.
Gynec/o woman
gynecology ----------------------------------------
SuffixesWord element placed at the end of
a word or word root that changes the meaning of the word
A suffix usually indicates a procedure, condition, disease, or part of speech
Examples of SuffixesCombining
FormSuffix Medical
wordMeaning
Gastr/o
(stomach)
-itis(inflammation)
Gastritis Inflammation of the stomach
-megaly Gastromegaly Enlargement of the stomach
-oma Gastroma Tumor of the stomach
The following table consists of suffixes showing disease or change in the body.
Suffix Meaning Example
-algia pain arthralgiajoints
-cele hernia gastrocelestomach
-dynia pain, swelling
urodyniaurine
-ectasis dilation, expansion
bronchiolectasisbronchus
-(a)emia blood leuk(a)emiawhite
-gen producing, beginning
carcinogencancer
-iasis abnormal condition, formation of, presence of
cholhgelithiasisgall stone
The following table consists of suffixes showing disease or change in the body.
Suffix Meaning Example
-itis inflammation hepatitisstomach
-malacia softening osteomalaciabone
-megaly enlargement splenomegalyspleen
-oid resemble fibroidfibres
-oma tumour adenomagland
-osis abnormal condition, dermatosisskin
-pathy disease nephropathykidney
-penia decrease,deficiency
erthyropeniared (cell)
-phagia eating, swallowing
dysphagiadifficult
-phasia speech aphasiawithout
-plegia paralysis,stroke
hemiplegiahalf
-phobia fear acrophobiaheights
Suffix Meaning Example
-ptosis prolapse, fallingdropping
blepharoptosiseyelid
-rrhage burst haemorrhageblood
-rrhea discharge,flow of watery stools
diarrhea
-rrhexis rupture enterorrhexisintestines
-sclerosis hardening artheriosclerosisjoints
-spasm involuntarycontraction,twitching
bronchospasmbronchus
Suffix Meaning Example
Suffix Meaning Example
-gram record of data encephalogrambrain
-graph instrument for recording cardiographheart
-graphy act of recording data radiography
-meter instrument for measuring craniometercranium
-metry measurement of audiometryaudio (hearing)
-scope instrument for viewing laryngoscopelarynx
-scopy examination of laparoscopyabdomen
Suffixes used for diagnoses
Suffix Meaning Example
-ectomy removal mastectomybreast
-centesis tap, puncture thoracentesischest
-stomy mouth, forming an opening colostomy colon
-tomy incision, to cut into
tracheotomytrachea
Suffixes: Surgery-incisionsThese suffixes describe types of incisions made during surgery.
Suffix Meaning Example
-desis binding ,stabilization
pleurodesispleural membrane (lining of the lung)
-rrhapy Suture, stitch Arteriorrhaphy – artery
-pexy fixation,suspension
gastropexystomach
-plasty formation,plastic repair
rhinoplastynose
-clasis to break down, refracture
osteoclasisbone
-lysis loosen, free form adhesions,destruction
enterolysissmall intestine
-tripsy to crush cholelithotripsygallstone
The following suffixes also describe surgery in terms of repairing, rebuilding, reconstructing, or binding
Adjective endings Example
-ac cadiacheart
-al skeletalskeleton
-ary salivarysaliva
-ic pelvicpelvis
The following suffixes show the word parts. In other words, these suffixes show whether a word is an adjective, noun, singular or plural
or a diminutive of a larger word.Adjective endings that mean "pertaining to" are:
Adjective endings Example
-ical surgicalsurgery
-ous venousvein
-tic paralyticparalysis
-ar muscularmuscles
The following suffixes show the word parts. In other words, these suffixes show whether a word is an adjective, noun, singular or plural or a diminutuve of a larger word.
Adjective endings that mean "pertaining to" are:
Noun endings Meaning Example
-iac indicates person afflicted
with certain diseases or
conditions
hemophiliac
-ia an unhealthy state anesthesia
-is forms the noun from the root cutisskin
-ism condition, state of being alcholismalcohol
-ist one who specializes radiologistradiology
-y condition, process neuropathynervous systemdisease
Nouns endingsThese suffixes show the word is a noun.
Diminutive ending Meaning Example
-ole artioleartery
-icle small, littleminute
particlepiece
-ule veinulevein
These suffixes show the word is a small version of a thing.
Singular Plural
Example
Singular
Example
Plural
a ae patella patellae
ax aces thorax throraces
en ina lumen lumina
ix or ex ices index indices
These suffixes indicate whether the noun is singular or plural.
Singular Plural
Example
Singular
Example
Plural
sis ses diagnosis diagnoses
on a ganglion ganglia
um a ovum ova
us i digitus digiti
y ies deformity deformities
ma mata carcinoma carcinomata
These suffixes indicate whether the noun is singular or plural.
b. PrefixesWord element attached to the beginning
of a word or word root
A prefix usually indicates a number, time, position, direction, or negation
Examples of PrefixesPrefix Word
Root
Suffix Medical Word
Meaning
Hyper-(above normal)
Therm
(heat)
-ia(condition)
Hyperthermia Condition of excessive heat
Intra-(in, within)
Muscul(muscle)
-ar(relating to)
Intramuscular Within the muscle
Insert table 3-1
Basic Rules
Defining Medical Words
Building Medical Words
Defining Medical WordsRule #1
Define the suffix or last part of the word
Rule #2Define the first part of the word (word, root,
combining form, or prefix)
Rule #3Define the middle parts of the word
Example of Defining Rules“Gastroenteritis”
Combining Form
Middle Suffix
Gastr/o Enter/ -itis
Stomach Intestine inflammation
Rule 2 Rule 3 Rule 1
Definition – inflammation of the stomach and intestine
Example of Defining Rules“Enterocolitis”
Combining Form
Middle Suffix
Enter/o col/ -itis
Intestine colon inflammation
Rule 2 Rule 3 Rule 1
Definition – inflammation of the colon and intestine
Building Medical Words
Rule #1A word root links a suffix that begins with a vowelExample
Hepat/ + -itis = hepatitis Inflammation of the liver
Rule #2A combining form links a suffix that begins with a
consonantExample
Hepat/o + cyte = hepatocyte Liver cell
Rule #3Use a combining form to link a root to another
root to form a compound wordExample
Oste/o + chondr/ + -itis =osteochondritis Inflammation of bone and cartilage