chapter 1 background of bromine

7/22/2019 Chapter 1 Background of bromine

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CHAPTER I

PROJECT CONCEPTION-LITERATURE REVIEW

1.1 Process Background

1.1.1 Inroduc!on

Bromine(from Gr. Bromos, meaning "stench"), is a chemical elementin the

periodic table that has the symbol Br and atomic number35. A halogen element,

bromine is a red volatile liuid at room temperature !hich has a reactivity bet!een

chlorineand iodine.Bromine is so similar in its chemical properties to chlorine, !ith

!hich it is almost invariably associated, that it !as not recognied as a separate

element until #$%&, !hen it !as discovered and isolated by the 'rench chemist

Antoine r*me Balard. +his element is harmful to human tissue in a liuid state and

its vapour irritates eyes and throat.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodinehttp://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761575662/Chlorine.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodinehttp://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761575662/Chlorine.html


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%


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'igure #.# +he +able of lements

Bromine is the only liuid nonmetallic element at room temperature. -t is a

heavy, mobile, reddishbro!n liuid, that evaporates easily at standard temperature

and pressuresin a red vapor (its color resembles nitrogen dio/ide) that has a strong

disagreeable odor. A halogen, bromine resembles chlorine chemically but is less

active (it is more active than iodine ho!ever).

'igure #.% Bromine

Bromine is highly reactive and is a po!erful o/idiing agent in the presence

of !ater. -t reacts vigorously !ith amines, al0enesandphenolsas !ell as aliphaticandaromatichydrocarbons, 0etonesand acids (these are brominated by either

3
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addition or substitution). 1ith many of the metals and elements, anhydrous bromine

is less reactive than !et bromine2 ho!ever, dry bromine reacts vigorously !ith

aluminium, titanium, mercuryas !ell as al0aline earthand al0aline metals.

1.1." P#$s!ca% and C#e&!ca% Pro'er!es o( Bro&!ne

Bromine is !idely distributed in nature. -t melts at .%54 (#$.654 '), boils

at 5$.$4 (#3.$4 '), and has a specific gravity of 3.#72 the atomic !eight of the

element is 6.67. Bromine is slightly soluble in !ater, #77 parts of the latter

dissolving about 8 parts of bromine !hen cold or 3 parts !hen hot2 at temperatures

belo! 4 (884 ') it forms !ith !ater a solid, reddish hydrate, Br%9#7:%;. -n the

presence of al0alies, bromine reacts chemically !ith !ater to yield a mi/ture of

hydrobromic acid (:Br), and hypobromous acid (:;Br). Bromine is very soluble in

a !ide variety of organic solvents, such as alcohol, ether, chloroform, and carbon

disulfide. -t reacts chemically !ith many compounds and metallic elements and is

slightly less active than chlorine.

+he physical and chemical properties of bromine is sho!n as in +able #.#.

8
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline_metalhttp://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761565581/Alcohol.htmlhttp://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761576682/Ether_(chemistry).htmlhttp://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761569672/Chloroform.htmlhttp://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761552400/Carbon_Disulfide.htmlhttp://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761552400/Carbon_Disulfide.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline_metalhttp://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761565581/Alcohol.htmlhttp://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761576682/Ether_(chemistry).htmlhttp://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761569672/Chloroform.htmlhttp://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761552400/Carbon_Disulfide.htmlhttp://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761552400/Carbon_Disulfide.html


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+able #.# < =hysical and hemical =roperties of Bromine

1.1.) *!sco+er$ and H!sor$

selenium> ,ro&!ne> 0rypton

lBr

-

enera%

?ame,@ymbol,?umber bromine, Br, 35

@eries halogens

Group,=eriod, Bloc0 # (--A), 8,p

Atomic !eight 6.678 amu

ensity, :ardness 3##6 0gCm3(377 D), ?A

AppearanceGas< redbro!nsolid< metallic luster

P#$s!ca% 'ro'er!es

@tate of mattersolid at @+=, liuid atroom temp(nonmagnetic)

Eelting point %&5.$ D(#6 4')

Boiling point 33% D (#3$ 4')

Eolar volume #6.$ F#7&m3Cmol

C#e&!ca% 'ro'er!es

:eat of vaporiation #5.83$ 0Cmol

:eat of fusion 5.%$& 0Cmol

apor pressure 5$77 =aat %$7.# D

@pecific heat capacity 8$7 C(0gD)

+hermal conductivity 7.#%% 1C(mD)

5
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryptonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elements_by_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elements_by_symbolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elements_by_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table_serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table_blockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_17_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_4_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-blockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_weighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_mass_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohs_hardness_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram_per_cubic_metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram_per_cubic_metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_volumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_notationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_metre_per_molehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_metre_per_molehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_metre_per_molehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_of_vaporizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilojoule_per_molehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule_per_kilogram-kelvinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conductivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt_per_metre-kelvinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Br,35.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Br-TableImage.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryptonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elements_by_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elements_by_symbolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elements_by_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table_serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table_blockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_17_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_4_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-blockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_weighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_mass_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohs_hardness_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram_per_cubic_metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_volumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_notationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_metre_per_molehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_of_vaporizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilojoule_per_molehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule_per_kilogram-kelvinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conductivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt_per_metre-kelvin


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+he discovery of the bromine is credited to Antoine Balardin #$%& in the

course of studying the mother liuor remaining after the crystalliation of salt from

the !ater of the Eontpellier saltmarshes, !hich is rich in the magnesium bromide.

Balard !as attracted by the intense yello! coloration !hich developed !hen chlorine

!ater !as added to the liuor2 ethere/traction follo!ed by treatment !ith potassium

hydro/ide destroyed the colour, !hile the residue !as sho!n, !hen heated !ith

manganse dio/ide and sulphuric acid, to produce red fumes !hich condensed to a

dar0 bro!n liuid !ith an unpleasant smell.

+here is no uestion but that the element had been isolated by oss and by

Hiebig prior to BalardIs discovery2 ho!ever, neither of these investigators recognied

the true nature of their product, oss mista0ing it for selenium and Hiebig for iodine

chloride. ;n the other hand, Balard !as unuestionably the first to appreciate the

elemental nature of the aterial and its relation to chlorine and iodine. +he substance

!as first called muride, but the name brominefrom Gree0, a stench !as prefered

later.

Bromine !as not produced in uantity until #$&7.

1.1. Occurrence

Bromine does not occur in nature as a free element, but is found in bromide

compounds. -t !as formerly a byproduct of the production of common salt or of

potassium from brines rich in bromides. lemental bromine can be prepared from

bromides by treatment !ith manganese dio/ide or sodium chlorate. -ncreasing

demand has led to the production of bromine from sea!ater, !hich contains on the

average &5 parts of bromine per million.

&
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Jerome_Balardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Jerome_Balardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860


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+he largest natural source of bromine is the sea2 out of a total average salinity

of about 38J, sea !ater contains appro/imately #6J chlorine, mainly as sodium

chloride though !ith smaller amounts of other chlorides, 7.77&5J bromine

(representing a chlorine


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Loc0 salt 7.775 to 7.787

@ylvite 7.## to 7.377

arnallite 7.#55 to 7.7338

Bischofit 7.8&

:ard salt 7.75 to 7.%7

+he ead @ea is one of the richest sources, containing nearly 8 grams per liter

of bromine at the surface and up to & grams per liter at deeper levels.

+he most important source of bromine today is brine !ells, !hich is the

principal source in the Knited @tates. +he richest brines are found in Ar0ansas and

Eichigan in K@A, !ith bromine content ranging from % to 5 grams per

liter. Appro/imately 577 million 0ilograms (N357 million K@) of bromine are

produced per year (%77#) !orld!ide !ith the Knited @tates and -srael being the

primary producers.

1.1./ 0or&a!on o( Bro&!ne

-n an analogous manner, bromine is liberated from hydrogen bromide, metal

bromides or solutions of these by o/idation !ith reagents such as manganese dio/ide,nitric acid or bromates. +he eacon =rocess of airo/idation is applicable to the

conversion of hydrogen bromide to bromine, as is electrochemical o/idation of

bromide ions. But the only methods of importance for the manufacture of bromine

are based on the o/idation of bromidecontaining solutions by chlorine.

%Br O l% Br%O %l

$
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1.1. A''%!ca!ons

lemental bromine is used to manufacture a !ide variety of bromine

compounds used in industry and agriculture.

(i) +raditionally the largest use of bromine !as in the production of

#,%dibromoethane!hich in turn !as used as a gasoline anti0noc0

agent for leadedgasolines before they !ere largely phased out due to

environmental considerations.

(ii) Eanufacture of firee/tinguishing agents, e.g. :%lBr and '%Br%

and of flame retardants for incorporation in polymers such as

polystyrene, e.g. :%BrP:BrQ%:%Br, Brl%9l%Br,

pentabromochlorocyclohe/ane and

tetrabromoisopropylidenebisphenol.

(iii) +he production of organic derivatives such as methyl bromide,

ethylene dibromide and bromochloropropanes for insect control, as

space and soil fumigants and fungicides.

(iv) 'ormation of industrial organic intermediates, dyestuffs, medical

chemicals and solvents, e.g. bromoanthrauinomers, bromopthaleins,

'3:Brl (RhalothaneI) and mercurochrome.

(v) ;ne of the maSor uses of bromine is a !ater purifierCdisinfectant, as an

alternative to chlorine. Brominated compounds are used for !ater

treatment in s!imming pools and hot tubs and are also used to control

algae and bacterial gro!th in industrial processes.

(vi) =roduction of organic liuids of high density for gauge fluids and

gravity separations processes, e.g. Br8, :Br3, :%Br%,

Br%:9:Br%, Br:%:%Br and &:5Br.

(vii) =roduction of inorganic bromides and bromates< AgBr, central to

photography2 al0ali bromides used as mild sedatives2 !ith aueous

hypochlorite bromide gives a solution containing hydrobromide usefulfor bleaching and for desiing cotton2 hydrogen bromide, used as a

6
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ctalyst, e.g. in al0ylation reactions2 bromates, used as o/idants for

improving the ba0ing uality of !heat flour, in certain hair!ave

preparations, and during the malting process in the bre!ing industry.

(viii) A 0ey use of bromine compounds is in the manufacture of

pharmaceuticals. Brominated substances are important ingredients of

many overthecounter and prescription drugs, including analgesics,

sedatives, and antihistamines. @ome of the drugs have also proved

effective in the treatment of pneumonia, and cocaine addiction.

urrently, pharmaceuticals, that use bromine compounds in their

manufacture, are undergoing trials for treatment of AlheimerIs

disease, and ne! generations of anticancer and A-@ drugs.

(i/) Bromine is used to ma0e brominated vegetable oil, !hich is used as

an emulsifier in many citrusflavored soft drin0s.

1.1.2 3ens!!+!$ *aa

lemental bromine is a strong irritant and in concentrated form, !ill produce

painful blisters on e/posed s0in and especially mucous membranes. Hacrimation

occurs at less than # ppm and respiratory damage occurs at #7 ppm. ven lo!

concentrations of bromine vapor (from #7 ppm) can affect breathing and inhalation

of significant amounts of bromine can seriously damage the respiratory system.

Hiuid bromine penetrates the tissue rapidly and produces eruptions, irritations, and

painful inSuries !hich heal slo!ly. -rritating concentration is %.#7 mgCcu m.

Accordingly, one should al!ays !ear safety goggles and ensure adeuate

ventilation !hen handling bromine.

1.1.4 Hea%# E((ecs o( Bro&!ne

#7
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brominated_vegetable_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_drinkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucous_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_goggleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brominated_vegetable_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_drinkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucous_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_goggles


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Bromine is a naturally occurring element that can be found in many inorganic

substances. :umans ho!ever, have many years ago started the introduction of

organic bromines in the environment. +heses are all of them compounds that are not

natural and can cause serious harm to human health and the environment.

:umans can absorb organic bromines through the s0in, !ith food and during

breathing. ;rganic bromines are !idely used as sprays to 0ill insects and other

un!anted pests. But they are not only poisonous to the animals that they are used

against, but also to larger animals. -n many cases they are poisonous to humans, too.

+he most important health effects that can be caused by brominecontaining

organic contaminants are malfunctioning of the nervous system and disturbances in

genetic materials. But organic bromines can also cause damage to organs such as

liver, 0idneys, lungs and milt and they can cause stomach and gastrointestinal

malfunctioning. @ome forms of organic bromines, such as ethylene bromine, can

even cause cancer.

-norganic bromines are found in nature, but !hereas they occur naturally

humans have added too much through the years. +hrough food and drin0ing !ater

humans absorb high doses of inorganic bromines. +hese bromines can damage the

nervous system and the thyroid gland.

1.1.5 En+!ron&ena% E((ecs o( Bro&!ne

;rganic bromines are often applied as disinfecting and protecting agents, due

to their damaging effects on microorganisms. 1hen they are applied in greenhouses

and on farmland they can easily rinse off to surface !ater, !hich has very negativehealth effects on daphnia, fishes, lobsters and algae.

##


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;rganic bromines are also damaging to mammals, especially !hen they

accumulate in the bodies of their preys. +he most important effects on animals are

nerve damage and ne/t to that ?A damage, !hich can also enhance the chances of

development of cancer.

+he upta0e of organic bromine ta0es place through food, through breathing

and through the s0in.

;rganic bromines are not very biodegradable2 !hen they are decomposed

inorganic bromines !ill consist. +hese can damage the nerve system !hen high

doses are absorbed.

-t has occurred in the past that organic bromines ended up in the food of

cattle. +housands of co!s and pigs had to be 0illed in order to prevent contagion of

humans. +he cattle suffered from symptoms such as liver damage, loss of sight and

depletion of gro!th, decrease of immunity, decreasing mil0 production and sterility

and malformed children.

scape of bromine into !or0place air is main to/ic haard during production.

+he most common cause of bromism (a condition associated !ith e/cessive tissue

levels of bromide ions) is the abuse of bromide containing patent medicines, although

occupational e/posure and ingestion of !ell !ater !ith high bromide levels may also

lead to the onset of the condition.

1." 6arke 3ur+e$

#%


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1.".1 %o,a% 3cenar!o

1.".1.1 %o,a% *e&and

+he present global demand for bromine is estimated to be around annual

577,777 ton per annum. +he annual gro!th rate in demand is estimated to be around

3J per year.

+he +able #.8 belo! sho!s the demand of bromine in Knites @tate.

+able #.8 < emand of Bromine in Knited @tate

7ear *e&and (or Bro&!ne 8&!%%!on 'ounds9

#66& 868

#66 585

#66$ 5#7

#666 5%5

%777 5#5

%77# 8$7

%773 5%

#3


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Demand of Bromine

470

480

490

500

510

520

530

540

550

1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Year

Demand(millionso

f

pounds)

'igure #.3 emand of Bromine in Knited @tate

1.".1." Producers o( Bro&!ne

+hree large companies, the Great Ha0e hemical orporation and the

Albermarle orporation in America, and the ead @ea Bromine Group in -srael, are

responsible for about $7 J of the !orld production of bromine. /traction in the

K@A is from brines, !hile in -srael e/traction is from the ead @ea.

+he leading producers of brominated flame retardants and their mar0et shares

are sho!n in +able #.5.

+able #.5 < Heading =roducers of Brominated 'lame Letardants

#8


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Producers 6arke 3#are

Great Ha0es hemical orp. 3#J

Albemarle orp. %3J

ead @ea Bromine o. Htd %%J

;thers %8J

-nternational distribution of bromine production for %777 !as estimated to be

as sho!n in 'igure #.8.

Distribution of Bromine Production

for 2000

45%

35%

9%5% 6%

United State

Israel

China

United Kingdom

Others

'igure #.8 istribution of Bromine =roduction for %777

+he Great Ha0e hemical orporation has plants in the K@A and ngland,

the Albermarle orporation has plants in the K@A, 'rance and ordan. +he ead @ea

Bromine Group has plants in -srael, :olland and hina. +rade in flame retardants is

on an international scale, and there are many companies involved in the handling of

flame retardants.

#5


16/67

Albemarle operates t!o plants at the Eagnolia site. Albemarle is nearing the

completion of a Sointventure bromines comple/ under construction at @afi, ordan.

+he proSect, called ordan Bromine o. Htd., is half o!ned by Albemarle. +he

includes a 57,777metrictonperyear bromine plant, scheduled to startup in

ecember. Also included are units for tetrabromobisphenolA (+BBA) and calcium

bromide.

Great Ha0es hemical has three plants at l orado< @outh =lant, #%5 million

pounds2 entral =lant, $7 million pounds2 and the ?e!ell =lant, 55 million pounds.

+he ?e!ell =lant, ho!ever, is presently idled due to economic conditions in the

industry. Great Ha0es has another $$ million pounds of bromine capacity at Aml!ch,

1ales.

+etra +echnologies (+he 1oodlands, +e/.) ta0es all of coproduct bromine

produced at o! hemicalIs calcium and magnesium operations at Hudington,

Eich. +etra consumes this in the production of bromine derivatives.

Ambar hemical ceased production at their 37 millionpound capacity plant

in Eanistee, Eich., in %777.

1.".1.) Produc!on o( Bro&!ne

Knited @tate is the maSor !orld producer of bromine follo!ed by -srael.

+hree bromine companies accounted for &8J of !orld production. +!o of these

companies are located in the Knited @tates and accounted for about 68J of [email protected]. Hegislation during the #67Is and #6$7Is reduced the traditional demand

#&


17/67

for bromine as a gasoline additive and in agriculture, but ne! end uses in specialied

flame retardant chemicals have demanded increasing amounts of bromine.

-srael is the second largest producer of bromine in the !orld and the largest

producer of elemental bromine. Appro/imately 67J of production !as for e/port,

accounting for about $7J of international trade in bromine and bromine compounds

to more than #77 countries. A company produced bromine from ead @ea bromine

rich brines after production of potash. /ports of elemental bromine are produced

into compounds at a !holly o!ned plant in the ?etherlands. -srael has been able to

increase its production substantially from %3,777 ton in #6& to around %77,777 ton

per annum at present due to the avaibility of the rich source of bromine, i.e., ead

@ea Brine and its concentrates and the process innovations brought about by the

technologies.

+able #.& sho!s the capacity of production of several producer in year %77%.

+able #.& < apacity of =roduction

Producers Ca'ac!$:

Albemarle, Eagnolia, Ar0. 3#7

o! hemical, Hudington, Eich. %5

Great Ha0es hemical, l orado, Ar0. %&7

Great Ha0es hemical, Earysville, Ar0. #37

+otal %5

Eillions of pounds per year of elemental bromine (%77%). ommercial production is

by heating sodium bromide containing brines and o/idiing to elemental form !ith

chlorine. rude bromine is then stripped from solution !ith either steam or air.

#


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+able #. sho!s the !orld production (tonCyear) of bromine according to the

land in !orld.

+able #. < 1orld =roduction (tonCyear) of Bromine

Land 155 1552 1554 1555 ";;;

AerbaSdan % 777 % 777 % 777 % 777 % 777

hina 8# 877 57 #77 87 777 8% 777 85 777

'rance % 777 %777 % 777 % 777 % 777

-ndia # 577 # 577 # 577 # 577 # 577

-srael #&7 777 #$7 777 #$5 777 #$5 777 #$5 777

-taliy 377 377 377 377 377

apan #5 777 %7 777 %7 777 %7 777 %7 777

@pain #77 #77 #77 #77 #77

+ur0menistan #77 #57 #57 #57 #57

K0raine 3 777 3 777 3 777 3 777 3 777

Great Britain 37 &77 35 &77 35 677 55 777 55 777

K@A %% 777 %8 777 %37 777 %36 777 %%$ 777

Toa% 8$3 777 58% 777 5%7 777 557 777 58% 777

1."." 6a%a$s!a 3cenar!o

-n Ealaysia, there are no bromine producers or manufacturers in present.

+here is one manufacturer of flame retardant at Duala Humpur (malaysiae/port.com).

Ce%cure C#e&!ca%s 869 3dn B#d

Address< Hot %$ Depong -ndustrial Area,

+aman Depong,

5%#77 Duala Humpur, Ealaysia

=roducts< 1ood =reservatives, 'lame Letardents, 'ire Blan0ets

#$


19/67

1.".) Pr!ce o( Bro&!ne

'rom year #66& to %777, the price of bromine is N 7. per pound. +he price

of bromine is increased in year %778 in !hich it increase to N7. per pound. -n %778,

the price of bromine increases and reaches N 7.&$ per pound. +he +able 5 sho!s the

trend of the bromine price according to year.

+able #.$ < =rice of Bromine

7ear L!s Pr!ce 8


20/67

;ther bromine derivatives, !hich include a variety of smallervolume

compounds used in a number of diverse mar0et, !ill in the aggregate increase at the

fastest rate as they find gro!ing demand in applications such as pharmaceuticals,

organic synthesis, solvents and cleaners.

=rimary uses of bromine compounds !ere in flame retardants (8&J), drilling

fluids (%7J), brominated pesticides (mostly methyl bromide) (6J), !atertreatment

chemicals (6J), photographic chemicals and dyes (5J), pharmaceutical (8J), rubber

additives (%J) and miscellaneous (5J).

Uses of Bromine

46%

20%

9%

9%5%

4%2% 5%

lame retardants

!rilling "l#ids

$rominated esti&ides

'ater treament &hemi&als

(hotograhi& &hemi&als and

d)es(harma&e#ti&als

*#++er additi,es

-is&ellaneo#s

'igure #.5 Kses of Bromine

According to national studies in enmar0 and @!eden, the electrical and

electronic products are responsible for the greatest influ/ (around 7J) of

brominated flame retardants into these countries. According to the Bromine @cience

and nvironmental 'orum, 5& J of production goes to the electric and electronic

sector.

%7


21/67

+he estimated usage (in ton) of the most common brominated flame

retardants of year #666 and %77#, sho!n by continent9 6an 'o@er a+a!%a,!%!$

+he availability of labor type and supply in the vicinity of a proposed plant

site must be e/amined. @0illed construction !or0ers !ill usually be brought in

from outside the site area but there should be an adeuate pool of uns0illed labor

available locally and labor suitable for training to operate the plant.

k9 3a(e$ and en+!ron&ena% !&'ac

35


36/67

All industrial plants especially chemical plants !ill produce !aste products.

+he site selected should have satisfactory and efficient disposal system for plant

!astes or effluents such as the drainage systems and dumping sites. ach

individual plant has to treat their !aste disposal according to standard and

procedure of epartment of nvironment (;). 1ater discharge has to be

treated before channeled to open drains. ach plant also has to obtain approval

for site suitability from epartment ;f nvironment before commencement of

operation. +herefore it is important to choose a location that !ill secure a smooth

operation for the plant and gives lo! impact on the environment.

1.." *ea!%ed *escr!'!on on 3e+era% 3raeg!c Loca!on

+he manufacture of bromine can be classified as a chemical proSect. @o this

chemical industry must be located in a special one provided by the government. By

virtue of the factors stated above, there is three main locations have been proposed.

+he sites areung Langsa Indusr!a% Esae Jo#or

+anSung Hangsat -ndustrial area seems to be a potential area because these

areas become the creating ne! age industrial nucleus. +anSung Hangsat -ndustrial

area is located in the southern region of the ohor @tate bounded by the @traits of

ohor in the @outh and the ohor river basin in the ast. -tsI location is about 85 0m

from ohor Bahru, $ 0m from ohor port and 8& 0m from @ingapore. +he types of

industry preferred are light, medium and heavy sie industry. +he total available

industrial lands are #7#.% hectares !ith the selling price of LE#7.77 LE#%.77 per

feet suare.

A net!or0 of !ellplanned high!ays and rail!ay, an airport and seaport

serves +anSung Hangsat. +he facilities that are available in the port area include si/

berths !ith a ma/imum depth of #3 meters to cater for containers, general and dry

bul0 cargoes. +he special Setty also build for handling liuid cargo and a haardous

cargo Setty to handle the fuel oil and chemicals furthermore, there is a ferry terminal

!ith daily departure to @ingapore and Batam. +he construction of a ne! port in

+anSung Hangsat covering an area of &3 acres and #8 meters depth is already in

progress. All transport operators provide services for shippers in the free one.

1arehouse facilities are available in the port.

+here are % main utilities available utilities in +anSung Hangsatung Langsa

Jo#or

Te%uk a%ong

Terengganu

*e+e%o'er =ahang @tate

evelopment

orporation (=@)

ohor @tate conomic

evelopment

orporation (;L=)

=erbadanan +empatan

=asir Gudang (=B+G)

=erbadanan -0tisad

?egeri +erengganu

(=E-?+)

Area 3!%%

A+a!%a,%e

#877 :ectares

)

#7#.% :ectares

"

#&.8& :ectares

1

Land Pr!ce

8R6 'er (ee

suare9

%.776.77

)

#7.77#%.77

"

85.77&7.77

1

Ra@ 6aer!a%

3u''%!er P6Q

@handong Muncheng

@an/ing hem. -nd. o

Htdhina

Easer(E) @dn Bhd.DH

# )

@handong Muncheng

@an/ing hem. -nd. o

Htdhina

Easer(E) @dn Bhd.DH

)

@handong Muncheng

@an/ing hem. -nd. o

Htdhina

Easer(E) @dn Bhd.DH

)

*!sance (ro&

Neares To@n

%5 0m from Duantan

+o!n

1

85 0m from ohor

Bharu

8& 0m from

@ingapore

1

6.& 0m from

Demaman +o!n

"

T$'es o(

Indusr!es P#3Q

hemical and plastic

=etrochemical

)

Hight, medium and

heavy industry

@ea related industry

"

hemical

=etrochemical

)

8#


42/67

Road 0ac!%!!es 'ederal Load

(DuantanDertehDuala +erengganu)

'ederal Load

(Duantan@egamat)

'ederal Load

(DuantanDara0Duala Humpur)

"

=asir Gudang to Dim

Dim Liver

Bridge over Dim

Dim Liver

Bridge to ohor

Liver

?orth@outh

:igh!ay (Bu0itDayu :itam to@ingapore)

:igh!ay from =asir

Gudang+anSungDupang+uas,@ingapore

)

'ederal Load (Duala

+erengganuDerteh+elo0 DalongGebengDuantanDuala Humpur)

1

A!r'or0ac!%!!es

Duantan Airport Derteh Airport

DH-A

"

57 0m from @enai-nternational Airport

&7 0m from hangi

-nternational Airport,@ingapore

1

Duala +erengganuAirport

Derteh Airport

Duantan Airport

DH-A

"

3ea'or 5 0m from Duantan

=ort

Demaman =ort

Derteh Einor =ort

"

$ 0m from ohor =ort

(=asir Gudang)

+anSung =elepas =ort

)

Demaman =ort

Derteh Einor =ort

Duantan =ort

)Ra!%@a$ Duantan =ort

GebengDerteh "

Butter!orth=asir

Gudang@ingapore "

?ot available

;

E%ecr!c!$ =a0a =o!er =lant

-== M+H =o!er

Generation @dn. Bhd.

+asi0 Denyir :ydro

lectric

)

@ultan -s0andar

=o!er @tation

-== M+H =o!er

Generation @dn.Bhd.

"

=a0a =o!er =lant

-== M+H =o!er

Generation @dn. Bhd.

+asi0 Denyir :ydro

electric

)

Waer 3u''%$ 3% EG

@upply(@emambu1ater +reatment=lant)

% EG and #.5

EG reservoirs atBu0it =enggora0

7.5 EG and #.7

EG reservoirs atBu0it Eerah

"

@yari0at Air ohor

HoSi Air @ungai

Hayang

@ungai Buloh

(apacity< %8 EG)

1

a) Bu0it @ahb) @ungai herolc) Demasi0d) @eberang +ayor

"

8%


43/67

Res!den Area Duantan

"

=asir Gudang

Dempas

)

Derteh

=a0a

)

Hu&an

Resources

+raining facilities such as

chapter 1 background of bromine

Documents