chapter 1 and 2 final(27!6!2013)

8/9/2019 Chapter 1 and 2 Final(27!6!2013)

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ALUMINIUM (MAGNESIUM)-TITANIUM DIOXIDE BASED IN SITU COMPOSITES-SYNTHESIS AND MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

During th !"#t $% &"r#' "tri"# *#ign h"# #hi$t* !h"#i# t+ !ur#u ight

%ight' n,ir+nnt $rin*in##' +% +#t' .u"it&' highr #r,i t!r"tur' highr

"#ti +*uu# "n* i!r+,* %"r r#i#t"n "n* !r$+r"n/

A +!+#it "tri" i# " +0in"ti+n +$ t%+ +r +r hi"& *i$$rnt

"tri"# %ith " *i#tint intr$" 0t%n th/ Th +n#titunt "tri"# "int"in thir

#!"r"t i*ntiti# ir+#+!i"& in th +!+#it' &t thir +0in"ti+n !r+*u#

!r+!rti# "n* h"r"tri#ti# th"t "r *i$$rnt $r+ th+# +$ th +n#titunt#/ On +$

th# "1+r +n#titunt# $+r# " +ntinu+u# !h"# "n* it i# "* "# th "tri2/ Th +thr

in+r +n#titunt i# th rin$+rnt !h"# ","i"0 in th $+r +$ $i0r# +r "# "

!"rtiu"t' in gnr"' "*** t+ th "tri2 t+ i!r+, th "tri2 !r+!rti#/

Rin$+rnt 0& " !"rtiu"t $+r# " *i#+ntinu+u# !h"# uni$+r& *i#tri0ut*

thr+ugh+ut th "tri2/ Thr$+r' +!+#it# h", i!r+,* h"ni" !r+!rti# #uh

"# #trngth "n* t+ughn## %hn +!"r* %ith +n+ithi "tri"#/

C+!+#it "tri"# "n 0 #u0*i,i** int+ thr "in gr+u!#3 P+&r' Cr"i#

"n* Mt"#/ Rin$+rnt# "*** t+ th# "tri"# !r+*u P+&r M"tri2

C+!+#it# (PMC)' Cr"i M"tri2 C+!+#it# (CMC) "n* Mt" M"tri2 C+!+#it#

(MMC)/

Th 0n$it +$ u#ing +!+#it "tri"# i# th "*,"nt"g +$ "tt"ining !r+!rt&

+0in"ti+n# th"t "n r#ut in " nu0r +$ #r,i 0n$it#/ In #itu +!+#it# r$r t+

th +!+#it# %ith th rin$+rnt "* in !" in#i* th +!+#it $r+ it#

!rur#+r# *uring th +!+#it $"0ri"ti+n/ Rin$+rnt# "* in #itu tn* t+ 0 $in"n* % *i#tri0ut*/ Th $"t+r# th"t *trin !r+!rti# +$ +!+#it# "r ,+u

$r"ti+n' ir+#trutur' h++gnit& "n* i#+tr+!& +$ th #t "n* th# "r #tr+ng&

in$un* 0& !r+!+rti+n# "n* !r+!rti# +$ th "tri2 "n* th rin$+rnt/

A+ng th ,"ri+u# t&!# +$ MMC#' !"rtiu"t-rin$+r* +!+#it# "r th

+#t ,r#"ti "n* +n+i" +n/ MMC "ttri0ut# inu* "tr"ti+n# in h"ni"

0h",i+r "n* !hi" !r+!rti# 0& th rin$+r* $ir !h"#/

MMC# r!r#nt " n% gnr"ti+n +$ nginring "tri"# in %hih " #tr+ng

!"rtiu"t rin$+rnt i# in+r!+r"t* int+ " t" "tri2 t+ i!r+, it# !r+!rti#

M/Th P"g 4 P/E/S/C/E' M"n*&"


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inu*ing #!i$i #trngth' #!i$i #ti$$n##' %"r r#i#t"n' +rr+#i+n r#i#t"n "n*

"#ti +*uu#/ MMC# "r 0ing u#* 2tn#i,& $+r high !r$+r"n "!!i"ti+n#

#uh "# in "irr"$t ngin# "n* in th "ut++ti, in*u#tri#/ Th *,+!nt +$

"uiniu "tri2 +!+#it# i# ri,ing +n#i*r"0 !h"#i# in ting thr.uirnt# +$ ,"ri+u# in*u#tri#/

In " #tir "#ting !r+##' th rin$+ring !h"## "r *i#tri0ut* int+ +tn

Auiniu 0& h"ni" #tirring/ Stir "#ting +$ t" "tri2 +!+#it# %"# initi"t*

in 4567' %hn S/ R"& intr+*u* "uin" !"rti# int+ "uiniu t 0& #tirring +tn

"uinu "+ +nt"ining th r"i !+%*r#/

Auiniu i# th +#t !+!u"r "tri2 $+r th t" "tri2 +!+#it#/ Th

"uiniu "+ "r .uit "ttr"ti, *u t+ thir +% *n#it&' thir "!"0iit& t+ 0

#trngthn* 0& !ri!it"ti+n' thir g++* +rr+#i+n r#i#t"n' high thr" "n* tri"

+n*uti,it&' "n* thir high ,i0r"ti+n *"!ing "!"it&/ Auiniu "tri2 +!+#it#

h", 0n u#* #in th 4589# "n* "r n+% u#* in #!+rting g++*#' tr+ni !":"ging'

"r+r# "n* "ut++ti, in*u#tri#/ Th& +$$r " "rg ,"rit& +$ h"ni" !r+!rti#

*!n*ing +n th hi" +!+#iti+n +$ th "uiniu "tri2/ Th& "r u#u"&

rin$+r* 0& "uiniu +2i*' #ii+n "r0i*' #ii+n *i+2i*' Tit"niu *i+2i*'

M"ng"n# *i+2i*' Gr"!hit "n* 0+r+n t/

Th !r+!rti# +$ +!+#it# +$ t" "tri2 +!+#it# "r in,it"0& "

+!r+i# 0t%n th !r+!rti# +$ th "tri2 "n* rin$+rnt !h"##/ It i# "r th"t

th +!+#iti+n "n* !r+!rti# +$ th "tri2 !h"# "$$t th !r+!rti# +$ th +!+#it

0+th *irt&' 0& n+r" #trngthning h"ni##' "n* in*irt&' 0& hi"

intr"ti+n# "t th rin$+rnt ; "tri2 intr$"/ Auiniu 0"#* +!+#it#'

rin$+r* %ith r"i !"rti#' +$$r i!r+,nt# +,r th "tri2 "+&3 "n "#ti

+*uu# highr th"n th"t +$ "uiniu h"# " ,"u +$


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"tri"#/ Th 2tr"+r*in"r& +0in"ti+n !r+!rti# inu* high #trngth t+ %ight r"ti+'

highr #ti$$n## t+ %ight r"ti+' i!r+,* $"tigu r#i#t"n' i!r+,* +rr+#i+n

r#i#t"n' highr r#i#t"n t+ thr" 2!"n#i+n' 2nt +!ti" "n* "gnti

!r+!rti#' +0in"ti+n %"r r#i#t"n "n* $r"tur t+ughn## t/ Thr "r " nu0r +$ #itu"ti+n# in #r,i th"t *"n* "n unu#u" +0in"ti+n +$ !r+!rti#/ >urthr' th

!r#nt *"& trn* i# t+ g+ in $+r ight %ight +n#truti+n# $+r "#& h"n*ing "n* r*u*

#!"' r*uti+n +$ "# "n& !"rt# in "n "##0&' "#thti "!!"r"n "n* high

r#i#t"n t+ %"thring "tt":/ Th# $"t+r# h", !r+!* th +*rn *#ignr# t+

*,+! n%r +!+#it "tri"# u! t+ th #t"g +$ "rg-#" !r+*uti+n %ith 2"ting

r.uirnt#/

Th !r+!rti# th"t "n 0 i!r+,* 0& $iring " +!+#it "tri" inu*I/ Strngth/

II/ Sti$$n##/

III/ ?ight/

IV/ >"tigu i$/

V/ C+rr+#i+n r#i#t"nt/

VI/ Thr" in#u"ti+n/

VII/ Thr" +n*uti,it&/

VIII/ T!r"tur *!n*nt 0h",i+r/

1.2 Applications of mmcs:

>++%ing "r th #+ +$ th ++n "!!i"ti+n# +$ th MMC#3

a) Aircraft

Th "!!i"ti+n +$ +!+#it "tri"# i# % #t"0i#h* in "irr"$t thn++g&

"n* th& "r n+% "!!i* in $u#"g-!r+*uti+n thn++gi# "# % "# in 1t ngin

thn++gi# t+ i!r+, th h"ni" #trngth +$ ,"ri+u# ight %ight +!+nnt#/

C+!+#it !"rt# n+% 0ing u#* in #,r" "ir+!"n# inu* >r"#' Ari"# 1+ining nt#

+$ Hu00 t#+!' Airr"$t ngin#' Hi+!tr 0"*#' Br"#' Vntr" $in# r+:t 0++#tr#'

r#r,+ir#' n+==# "n* #hi*# $+r "t+#!hr rntr"n t/

b) Automotive

MMC# h", 0n u#* in "ut++0i# "n* tru:# $+r "n& &"r# *u t+ th !r+!rti#

i: high #!i$i #trngth "n* #ti$$n##/ Th& "r u#* in Br":ing #t *u t+ 0ttr %"r

r#i#t"n' t!r"tur r#i#t"n "n* +% thr" 2!"n#i+n +$$iint/ Th& "r "#+ u#*

in Pi#t+n r+*' Pi#t+n !in#' V", #!ring "! "n* Auu"t+r !"t#/

M/Th P"g @ P/E/S/C/E' M"n*&"


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c) ConstructionC"r0+n $i0r rin$+r* %ith "gn#iu $i0r i# u#* in th #!" #hutt 0"u# +$

th !r+!rti# i: =r+ thr" 2!"n#i+n' high t!r"tur #trngth' g++* #!i$i #trngth

"n* #!i$i #ti$$n##/

d) Electronics

It i# urrnt !r"ti t+ 0+n* th r"i t+ " +% 2!"n#i+n t" #uh "# +,"r/

+,"r i# "n ir+n-ni:-+0"t "+& %ith " +$$iint +$ thr" 2!"n#i+n #ii"r t+ th"t +$

h"r* g"##/

e) Sporting goods

Th u# +$ MMC# h"# 0n #tu*i* in "n& *i$$rnt :in*# +$ #!+rt .ui!nt' $+r

2"!' g+$ u0#' h+r##h+#' tnni# r".ut# "n* 0i& !"rt# ($r"#' %h ri#' t)/

f) Defence

Inrti" gui*"n #!hr# $+r Tri*nt i##i#/ Th MMC !"rt# r!" 0r&iu in "

#ti$$n## riti" "!!i"ti+n/ Th MMC u#* i# high ,+u $r"ti+n (9) !"rti rin$+r*

"uiniu/ Th MMC i# 0+th h"!r "n* ",+i*# th t+2iit& !r+0# "##+i"t* %ith

0r&iu/

M/Th P"g P/E/S/C/E' M"n*&"


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Sin thn' "n& +*rn +!+#it# h", 0n *,+!* %ith n% $i0r# #uh "#

C"r0+n' B+r+n' Ar"i* t/' %ith "tri# "* +$ P+&r#' t"# "n* r"i#/

Thir trn*+u# #trngth-t+-%ight "n* *#ign $2i0iit& ": th i*" in #trutur"

+!+nnt# $+r th tr"n#!+rt"ti+n in*u#tr&/ High-#trngth ight%ight !riu +!+#it"tri"# #uh "# "r0+n $i0r# "n* !+2i# "r 0ing u#* $+r "r+#!" "!!i"ti+n# "n*

in high !r$+r"n #!+rting g++*#/ C+!+#it# #u!ri+r tri" in#u"ting !r+!rti#

"#+ ": th i*" $+r "!!i"n#' t++# "n* "hinr&/ T"n:# "n* !i!# +n#trut*

%ith +rr+#i+n-r#i#t"nt +!+#it# +$$r 2tn** #r,i i$ +,r th+# "* %ith

t"#/

2." Classification of Composite Materials

2.".1 #ased on t$e form of t$e %einforcement components:

"/ P"rtiu"t/

0/ ?hi#:r#/

/ >i0r rin$+rnt/

&ig 2.1: T&!# +$ rin$+rnt "tri"# in +!+#it#/

a) &ibres

>i0r# "r th i!+rt"nt "## +$ rin$+rnt#' "# th& #"ti#$& th *#ir*

+n*iti+n# "n* tr"n#$r #trngth t+ th "tri2 +n#titunt in$uning "n* nh"ning thir

!r+!rti# "# *#ir*/ G"## $i0r# "r th "ri#t :n+%n $i0r# u#* t+ rin$+r



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"tri"#/ Cr"i "n* t" $i0r# %r #u0#.unt& $+un* +ut "n* !ut t+ 2tn#i,

u#' t+ rn*r +!+#it# #ti$$r "n* +r r#i#t"nt t+ h"t/

b) '$is(ers

Sing rt"# gr+%n %ith n"r& =r+ *$t# "r tr* %hi#:r#/ Th& "r

u#u"& *i#+ntinu+u# "n* #h+rt $i0r# +$ *i$$rnt r+## #ti+n# "* $r+ #,r"

"tri"# i: Gr"!hit' Sii+n C"r0i*' C+!!r' "n* Ir+n t/ ?hi#:r# *i$$r $r+

!"rti# in %hih' %hi#:r# h", " *$init ngth t+ %i*th r"ti+ gr"tr th"n +n/

c) articulates

Mir+#trutur +$ +!+#it#' %hih #h+% !"rti# +$ +n !h"# #tr%n in th

+thr' "r :n+%n "# !"rti rin$+r* +!+#it#/ Th #h"! +$ th rin$+rnt# "n

0 #.u"r' tri"ngu"r +r r+un*/ Th *i#!r#* #i= in !"rtiu"t +!+#it# i# +$ th +r*r

+$ " $% ir+n#/ Th rin$+rnt in th "tri2 "tri"# rin$+r# th "tri2 "+& 0&

"rr#ting +ti+n +$ *i#+"ti+n# "n* n*# "rg $+r# t+ $r"tur th r#triti+n r"t*

0& *i#!r#i+n/

2.".2 #ased on t$e Structure of t$e Matri* materials:

C"##i$i"ti+n +$ +!+#it "tri"# 0"#* +n "tri2 "tri"#/

a) ol!mer matri* composite +MC) , A#+ :n+%n "# >RP->i0r rin$+r* !+&r#

(+r !"#ti)-th# "tri"# u# " !+&r 0"#* r#in "# th "tri2 "n* ,"rit& +$ $i0r#

#uh "# g"##' "r0+n' "n* "r"i* "# th rin$+rnt/

b) Metal matri* composite +MMC) , Inr"#ing& $+un* in th "ut++ti, in*u#tr&'

th# "tri"# u# " t" #uh "# "uinu "# th "tri2' "n* rin$+r it %ith

$i0r#;!"rti# #uh "# Tit"niu *i+2i*/

c) Ceramic matri* composite +CMC) , U#* in " ,r& high t!r"tur n,ir+nnt#'

th# "tri"# u# " r"i "# th "tri2 "n* rin$+r it %ith #h+rt $i0r# +r %hi#:r#

#uh "# th+# "* $r+ #ii+n "r0i* "n* 0+r+n nitri*/

2.- Metal Matri* Composites

In " +!+#it "tri"' %hn th "tri2 i# " t" +r it# "+&' " Mt" M"tri2

C+!+#it i# +0t"in*/ Th !r$+r"n +$ th# "tri"#' i// thir !hi" "n*

h"ni" h"r"tri#ti#' *!n* +n th n"tur +$ th t%+ +!+nnt# (hi"

+!+#iti+n' rt"in #trutur "n* in th "# +$ rin$+rnt' #h"! "n* #i=)' th

M/Th P"g < P/E/S/C/E' M"n*&"


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,+u $r"ti+n +$ th "*+!t* rin$+rnt "n* !r+*uti+n thn++g&/ In gnr"'

t" "tri2 +!+#it# utii= "t th #" ti' th !r+!rti# +$ th "tri2 (ight

%ight' g++* thr" +n*uti,it&' *utiit&) "n* +$ th rin$+rnt (H"r*n## "n*

Strngth) %i 0 nh"n*/Th $"i& +$ "tri"# "##i$i* "# Mt" "tri2 +!+#it# (MMC#) +!ri##

" ,r& 0r+"* r"ng +$ "*,"n* +!+#it# +$ gr"tr i!+rt"n $+r in*u#tri"' "r+#!"

"n* *$n "!!i"ti+n/ Th $"i& +$ MMC# i# u! +$ "n& ,"rit& +$ "tri"# %hih

"n 0 "tg+ri=* 0"#* +n thir "tri2 +!+#iti+n' $"0ri"ti+n !r+## +r

rin$+rnt t&!/

Gnr"& MMC# "r "##i$i* "+r*ing t+ t&! +$ rin$+rnt "n* th

g+tri h"r"tri#ti# +$ th #"/ In !"rtiu"r' th "in "##i$i"ti+n gr+u!# th#

+!+#it# int+ t%+ 0"#i "tg+ri#3

F C+ntinu+u# rin$+rnt +!+#it#' +n#titut* 0& +ntinu+u# $i0r# +r $i"nt#/

F Di#+ntinu+u# rin$+r* +!+#it#' +nt"ining #h+rt $i0r#' %hi#:r# +r !"rti#/

2.-.1 Merits of mmcs:

I/ Vr& high #!i$i #trngth "n* #!i$i +*uu#/

II/ L+% thr" +$$iint +$ 2!"n#i+n/

III/ Rtnti+n +$ !r+!rti# "t high t!r"tur#/

IV/ Highr +!r"ting t!r"tur/

V/ Bttr "!"0iit& t+ %ith#t"n* +!r##i+n "n* #h"r +"*ing/

VI/ Muh highr $r"tur t+ughn##/

2. Manufacturing /ec$ni0ues of MMC

Thr i# " utitu* +$ $"0ri"ti+n thni.u# +$ t" "tri2 +!+#it#

*!n*ing +n %hthr th& "r "i* "t +ntinu+u#& +r *i#+ntinu+u#& rin$+r*

MMC !r+*uti+n/ Th thni.u# "n $urthr 0 #u0*i,i**' "+r*ing t+ %hthr th&

"r !ri"ri& 0"#* +n tr"ting th t" "tri2 in " i.ui* +r " #+i* $+r/

Pr+##ing th+*# +$ Auiniu Mt" M"tri2(AMC) "n 0 "in& "##i$i*

int+ t%+ "tg+ri#/

I/ S+i* #t"t !r+###/

II/ Li.ui* #t"t !r+###/

2..1 Solid state processing

a) oder blending and consolidation



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Bn*ing +$ "uiniu "+& !+%*r %ith r"i #h+rt $i0r;%hi#:r;!"rti i#

,r#"ti thni.u $+r th !r+*uti+n +$ AMC#/ Bn*ing "n 0 "rri* +ut *r& +r in

i.ui* #u#!n#i+n/ Bn*ing i# u#u"& $++%* 0& +* +!"ti+n' "nning' *g"##ing

"n* high t!r"tur +n#+i*"ti+n #t"g #uh h+t i#+-#t"ti !r##ing (HIP) +r 2tru#i+n/AMC# !r+### 0& thi# r+ut +nt"in +2i* !"rti# in th $+r +$ !"t i: !"rti# +$

$% tn# +$ n"n+tr# thi: "n* in ,+u $r"ti+n# r"nging $r+ 9/9 t+ 9/ *!n*ing

+n !+%*r hi#t+r& "n* !r+##ing +n*iti+n#/ Th# $in +2i* !"rti# tn* t+ "t "#

*i#!r#i+n #trngthning "gnt "n* +$tn h"# #tr+ng in$un +n th "tri2 !r+!rti#

!"rtiu"r& *uring h"t tr"tnt/

b) $!sical vapour deposition

Thi# !r+## in,+,# +ntinu+u# !"##"g +$ $i0r thr+ugh " rgi+n +$ high !"rti"

!r##ur +$ th t" t+ 0 *!+#it*' %hr th +n*n#"ti+n t":# !" "n* " r"ti,&

thi: +"ting +$ "uiniu +n th $i0r/ C+!+#it $"0ri"ti+n i# u#u"& +!t* 0&

"##0ing th +"t* $i0r# int+ 0un* +$ "rr"& "n* +n#+i*"ting in " h+t !r## +r

!r+##/ C+!+#it# %ith uni$+r *i#tri0uti+n +$ $i0r "n* ,+u $r"ti+n "# high "#

79 "n 0 !r+*u* 0& thi# thni.u/

2..2 i0uid state processing

a) Stir casting

Thi# in,+,# in+r!+r"ti+n +$ r"i;t"i !"rtiu"t int+ i.ui* "uiniu

t "n* "+%ing th i2tur t+ #+i*i$&/ Hr' th rui" thing i# t+ r"t g++* %tting

0t%n th !"rtiu"t rin$+rnt "n* th i.ui* "uiniu "+& t/ Th #i!#t

"n* +#t +ri"& u#* thni.u i# :n+%n "# ,+rt2 thni.u +r #tir-"#ting

thni.u/ Th ,+rt2 thni.u in,+,# th intr+*uti+n +$ !r-tr"t* r"i !"rti#

int+ th ,+rt2 +$ +tn "+& r"t* 0& th r+t"ting i!r/

Inh++gnit& in rin$+rnt *i#tri0uti+n in th# "#t +!+#it# +u* "#+

0 " !r+0 "# " r#ut +$ intr"ti+n 0t%n #u#!n** r"i !"rti# "n* +,ing

#+i*-i.ui* intr$" *uring #+i*i$i"ti+n/ Gnr"& it i# !+##i0 t+ in+r!+r"t u! t+

@9 r"i !"rti# in th #i= r"ng t+ 499 ir+tr in " ,"rit& +$ +tn

"uiniu "+/ Th t-r"i !"rti #urr& "& 0 tr"n#$rr* *irt& t+ "

#h"!* +u* !ri+r t+ +!t #+i*i$i"ti+n +r it "& 0 "+%* t+ #+i*i$& in 0it +r

r+* #h"! #+ th"t it "n 0 rh"t* t+ th #urr& $+r $+r $urthr !r+##ing 0& thni.u

#uh "# *i "#ting "n* in,#tnt "#ting/ Th !r+## i# n+t #uit"0 $+r th

in+r!+r"ti+n +$ #u0-ir+n #i= r"i !"rti# +r %hi#:r#/ An+thr ,"ri"nt +$ #tir



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"#ting !r+## i# +!+-"#ting/ Hr' r"i !"rti# "r in+r!+r"t* int+ th "+&

in th #i #+i* #t"t/

&ig.2.2: Stir "#ting !r+##/

Ma3or factors to be consider during stir casting

I/ Di$$iut& +$ "hi,ing +$ uni$+r *i#tri0uti+n +$ th rin$+rnt "tri"#/

II/ ?tt"0iit& 0t%n th t%+ "in #u0#t"n#/

III/ P+r+#it& in "#t t" "tri2 +!+#it#/

IV/ Chi" r"ti+n 0t%n th rin$+rnt "tri" "n* "tri2 "+&/

b) 4nfiltration process

Li.ui* "uiniu "+& i# in1t*;in$itr"t* int+ th intr#ti# +$ th !+r+u#

!r-$+r# +$ +ntinu+u# $i0r;#h+rt $i0r +r %hi#:r +r !"rti t+ !r+*u AMC#/D!n*ing +n th n"tur +$ rin$+rnt "n* it# ,+u $r"ti+n !r-$+r "n 0

in$itr"t*' %ith +r %ith+ut th "!!i"ti+n +$ !r##ur +r ,"uu/ AMC# h",ing

rin$+rnt ,+u $r"ti+n r"nging $r+ 49 t+


11/22


"uiniu "tri2 +!+#it# h",ing !"rti;%hi#:r;#h+rt $i0r;+ntinu+u# $i0r "#

rin$+rnt/

c) Spra! deposition

S!r"& *!+#iti+n thni.u# $" int+ t%+ *i#tint "###' *!n*ing %hthr th

*r+!t #tr" i# !r+*u* $r+ " +tn 0"th (O#!r& !r+##) +r 0& +ntinu+u# $*ing

+$ +* t" int+ " =+n +$ r"!i* h"t in1ti+n (thr" #!r"& !r+##)/ Th #!r"&

!r+## h"# 0n 2tn#i,& 2!+r* $+r th !r+*uti+n +$ AMC# 0& in1ting r"i

!"rti;%hi#:r;#h+rt $i0r int+ th #!r"&/ AMC# !r+*u* in thi# %"& +$tn 2hi0it

inh++gn+u# *i#tri0uti+n +$ r"i !"rti#/ D!+#iti+n# +$ thi# t&! "r t&!i"&

+n#+i*"t* t+ $u *n#it& 0& #u0#.unt !r+##ing/ S!r"& !r+## "#+ !rit th

!r+*uti+n +$ +ntinu+u# $i0r rin$+r* "uiniu "tri2 +!+#it#/ >+r thi#' $i0r#

"r %r"!!* "r+un* " "n*r %ith +ntr+* intr $i0r #!"ing' "n* th "tri2 t" i#

#!r"&* +nt+ th $i0r#/ A +!+#it +n+t&! i# thu# $+r* 0u: +!+#it# "r

$+r* 0& h+t !r##ing +$ +!+#it +n+t&!#/ >i0r ,+u $r"ti+n "n* *i#tri0uti+n i#

+ntr+* 0& "*1u#ting th $i0r #!"ing "n* th nu0r +$ $i0r "&r#/ AMC# !r+##*

0& #!r"& *!+#iti+n thni.u "r r"ti,& in2!n#i, %ith +#t th"t i# u#u"&

intr*i"t 0t%n #tir "#t "n* PM !r+###/

d) 4n,situ processing +reactive processing)

Thr "r #,r" *i$irnt !r+### th"t %+u* $" un*r thi# "tg+r& inu*ing

i.ui*-g"#' i.ui*-#+i*' i.ui*-i.ui* "n* i2* #"t r"ti+n#/ In th# !r+###

r$r"t+r& rin$+rnt "r r"t* in th "uiniu "+& "tri2/ On +$ th 2"!#

i# *irti+n" +2i*"ti+n +$ "uiniu "#+ :n+%n "# DIMOX !r+##/ In thi# !r+## th

"+& +$ A-Mg i# !"* +n th t+! +$ r"i !r$+r in " rui0/ Th ntir "##0&

i# h"t* t+ " #uit"0 t!r"tur in th "t+#!hr +$ $r $+%ing nitr+gn 0"ring g"#

i2tur/ A-Mg "+& #++n "$tr ting in$itr"t# int+ th !r-$+r "n* +!+#it i#

$+r*/

M"rtin-M"ritt"# 2+thri *i#!r#i+n !r+## +r th XDTM !r+## i# "n+thr

in-#itu thni.u $+r +!+#it !r+##ing/ XDTM !r+## i# u#* t+ !r+*u TiB8

rin$+r* "uiniu "tri2 +!+#it#/ Th !r+## i# $2i0 "n* !rit# $+r"ti+n +$

0+th h"r* "n* #+$t !h"## +$ ,"ri+u# #i=# "n* +r!h++gi# th"t inu*# %hi#:r#'

!"rti# "n* !"tt# in "uiniu "+& "tri#/

2.5 &actors to be consider during Stir Casting



12/22


In +r*r t+ "hi, th +!tiu !r+!rti# +$ th t" "tri2 +!+#it' th

*i#tri0uti+n +$ th rin$+rnt "tri" in th "tri2 "+& u#t 0 uni$+r' "n* th

%tt"0iit& +r 0+n*ing 0t%n th# #u0#t"n# #h+u* 0 +!tii#*/ Th !+r+#it& ,#

n* t+ 0 inii#*' "n* hi" r"ti+n# 0t%n th rin$+rnt "tri"# "n*th "tri2 "+& u#t 0 ",+i**/

2.5.1 Distribution of t$e reinforcement materials

On +$ th !r+0# n+untr* in t" "tri2 +!+#it !r+##ing i# th

#tting +$ th rin$+rnt !"rti# *uring t h+*ing +r *uring "#ting/ Thi# "ri## "#

" r#ut +$ *n#it& *i$$rn# 0t%n th rin$+rnt !"rti# "n* th "tri2 "+&

t/ Th rin$+rnt *i#tri0uti+n i# in$un* *uring #,r" #t"g# inu*ing

(") *i#tri0uti+n in th i.ui* "# " r#ut +$ i2ing' (0) *i#tri0uti+n in th i.ui* "$tr

i2ing' 0ut 0$+r #+i*i$i"ti+n "n* () r*i#tri0uti+n "# " r#ut +$ #+i*i$i"ti+n/ Th

h"ni" #tirrr u#* (u#u"& *uring t !r!"r"ti+n +r h+*ing) *uring #tirring' th

t t!r"tur' r"t +$ !"rti "**iti+n "n* th t&!' "+unt "n* n"tur +$ th !"rti#

"r #+ +$ th "in $"t+r# t+ 0 +n#i*r* %hn in,#tig"ting th# !hn+n"/

Pr+!r *i#!r#i+n +$ th !"rti# in " "tri2 i# "#+ "$$t* 0& !+uring r"t' !+uring

t!r"tur "n* g"ting #t#/ Th th+* +$ th intr+*uti+n +$ !"rti# int+ th

"tri2 t i# +n +$ th +#t i!+rt"nt "#!t# +$ th "#ting !r+##/ It h!# in

*i#!r#ing th rin$+rnt "tri"# in th t/ Thr "r " nu0r +$ thni.u# $+r

intr+*uing "n* i2ing th !"rti# inu*ing

I/ In1ti+n +$ th !"rti# ntr"in* in "n inrt "rrir g"# int+ th t %ith th

h! +$ "n in1ti+n gun' %hrin th !"rti# "r i2* int+ th t "# th

0u00# ri# thr+ugh th t/

II/ A**iti+n +$ !"rti# int+ th +tn #tr" "# th +u* i# $i*/

III/ Pu#hing !"rti# int+ th t thr+ugh th u# +$ ri!r+"ting r+*#/

IV/ S!r"& "#ting +$ *r+!t# +$ "t+i#* +tn t" "+ng %ith !"rti# +nt+ "

#u0#tr"t/

V/ Di#!r#i+n +$ $in !"rti# in th t 0& ntri$ug" "ti+n/

VI/ Pr-in$itr"ting " !":* 0* +$ !"rti# t+ $+r !t# +$ " "#tr "+&' "n*

r*i#!r#ing "n* *iuting int+ " t' $++%* 0& #+% h"n* +r h"ni"

#tirring/

VII/ In1ti+n +$ !"rti# int+ th t %hi th t i# irr"*i"t* +ntinu+u#& %ith

high intn#it& utr"#+un*/



13/22


VIII/ r+ gr",it& !r+##ing %hih in,+,# utii#ing " #&nrgi# +$ utr"-high ,"uu

"n* ,"t* t!r"tur $+r " !r++ng* !ri+* +$ ti/

Th ,+rt2 th+* i# +n +$ th 0ttr :n+%n "!!r+"h# u#* t+ r"t "n*"int"in " g++* *i#tri0uti+n +$ th rin$+rnt "tri" in th "tri2 "+&/ In thi#

th+*' "$tr th "tri2 "tri" i# t*' it i# #tirr* ,ig+r+u#& t+ $+r " ,+rt2 "t th

#ur$" +$ th t' "n* th rin$+rnt "tri" i# thn intr+*u* "t th #i* +$ th

,+rt2/ Th #tirring i# +ntinu* $+r " $% inut# 0$+r th #urr& i# "#t/ A *i$$rnt

*#ign +$ h"ni" #tirrr# n"& u#* i# "# #h+%n in >ig/8/@/ A+ng th' th

tur0in #tirrr i# .uit !+!u"r/ During #tir "#ting $+r th #&nth#i# +$ +!+#it#' #tirring

h!# in t%+ %" (") tr"n#$rring !"rti# int+ th i.ui* t" "n* (0) "int"ining th

!"rti# in " #t"t +$ #u#!n#i+n/

&ig 2.": Di$$rnt t&!# +$ #tirrr u#* in #tir "#ting/

2.6 'ettabilt!

J?tting i# th "0iit& +$ " i.ui* t+ "int"in +nt"t %ith " #+i* #ur$"' r#uting

$r+ intr+u"r intr"ti+n# %hn th t%+ "r 0r+ught t+gthrK/ Th *gr +$

%tting +r %tt"0iit& i# *trin* 0& " $+r 0""n 0t%n "*h#i, "n* +h#i,

$+r#/ ?tting i# i!+rt"nt in th 0+n*ing +r "*hrn +$ t%+ "tri"#/

In "n& t&! +$ th $"0ri"ti+n th+* u#*' %tt"0iit& "n* *i#tri0uti+n +$ th

rin$+rnt "tri" in th "+& "tri2 "r "+ng th "in !r+0#/ In gnr" #tir

"#ting +$ t" "tri2 +!+#it# in,+,# !r+*uing " t +$ #t* "tri2 "tri"

M/Th P"g 4@ P/E/S/C/E' M"n*&"


14/22


$++%* 0& th intr+*uti+n +$ rin$+rnt "tri" int+ th t "n* th *i#!r#i+n +$

th rin$+ring "tri" thr+ugh #tirring/ Stirring i# "rri* +ut ,ig+r+u#& t+ $+r "

,+rt2 %hr th rin$+ring !"rti# "r intr+*u* thr+ugh th #i* +$ th ,+rt2/ Th

$+r"ti+n +$ th ,+rt2 %i *r"g n+t +n& th rin$+rnt !"rti# int+ th t' 0ut"#+ " i!uriti# %hih "r $+r* +n th #ur$" +$ th t/ Th ,+rt2 %i "#+

ntr"! "ir int+ th +u* %hih i# 2tr& *i$$iut t+ r+, "# th ,i#+#it& +$ th

#urr& inr"#/ In thi# "!!r+"h +$ $"0ri"ting "#t t" "tri2 +!+#it#' "gn#iu

%"# u#* "# " %tting "gnt "n* in %hih th +!+#it #urr& in th #i #+i* +n*iti+n

%"# "!!i* in +r*r t+ nh"n %tt"0iit& 0t%n th Tit"niu *i+2i* !"rti# "n*

"tri2 "+&/ Th !h"#i# %"# +n th %tt"0iit& "n* hi" r"ti+n 0t%n th

#u0#t"n#/

2.7 E*trusion

E2tru#i+n i# " !"#ti *$+r"ti+n !r+## in %hih " 0+: +$ t" (0it) i#

$+r* t+ $+% 0& +!r##i+n thr+ugh th *i +!ning +$ " #"r r+##-#ti+n" "r"

th"n th"t +$ th +rigin" 0it "# #h+%n in $ig/8// E2tru#i+n i# "n in*irt-+!r##i+n

!r+##/ In*irt-+!r##i, $+r# "r *,+!* 0& th r"ti+n +$ th %+r:!i

(0it) %ith th +nt"inr "n* *i th# $+r# r"h high ,"u#/ Th r"ti+n +$ th

0it %ith th +nt"inr "n* *i r#ut# in high +!r##i, #tr### th"t "r $$ti, in

r*uing th r":ing +$ th 0it "tri" *uring !ri"r& 0r":*+%n $r+ th 0it/

E2tru#i+n i# th 0#t th+* $+r 0r":ing *+%n th "#t #trutur +$ th 0it 0"u# th

0it i# #u01t* t+ +!r##i, $+r# +n&/

&ig.2.-: E2tru#i+n !r+##/



15/22


2.7.1 Classification of E*trusion rocesses+a) Classification based on metal flo against t$e force acting on ram.

1. Direct e*trusion +forard e*trusion)

In thi# t&! +$ 2tru#i+n !r+## th +,nt +$ t" in th *irti+n +$ $+r +$

"!!i"ti+n +n th 0it/ It i# #h+%n in >ig/8//

&ig2.: Dirt 2tru#i+n !r+##/

2. 4ndirect e*trusion

In thi# t&! +$ 2tru#i+n !r+## th +,nt +$ t" in +!!+#it th *irti+n

+$ $+r +$ "!!i"ti+n +n th 0it/ It i# #h+%n in >ig/8/6/

&ig2.5: In*irt 2tru#i+n !r+##/

+b) Classification based on temperature

1. Cold e*trusion



16/22


In thi# 2tru#i+n !r+## t":# !" in r++ t!r"tur/ In thi# !r+## n+

+2i*"ti+n' g"#-t" r"ti+n t":# !"/ But #tr"in h"r*ning +$ t"# t":# !"/

>+r r.uir* $+r 2tru#i+n i# +r in +* 2tru#i+n/

2. ot e*trusionIn thi# 2tru#i+n !r+## th 0it i# h"t* t+ "0+, r-rt"i="ti+n

t!r"tur/ Str"in h"r*ning i# n+t !r+0 in h+t 2tru#i+n 0ut +2i*"ti+n "n* g"#-t"

r"ti+n i# " !r+0/ >+r r.uir* in h+t 2tru#i+n i# ,r& ## +!"r* t+ +*

2tru#i+n !r+##/

Advantage of E*trusion

I/ E2tru** #h"!# inii= "n* #+ti# iin"t th n* $+r "hining/

II/ Dn#it& +$ "tri"# inr"# +!"r* t+ "#t "tri"/

III/ Th +#t +ut#t"n*ing $"tur +$ th 2tru#i+n !r+## i# it# "0iit& t+ !r+*u "

%i* ,"rit& +$ r+## #ti+n +n$igur"ti+n "n* #h"!#/

IV/ Strngth +$ th "tri"# inr"## +!"r* t+ "#t "tri"/

V/ P+r+#it& "n 0 r*u* #igni$i"nt&/

2.8 lastic deformation and metal flo in E*trusion

In t" $+ring' !"#tiit& th+r& i# "!!i* t+ in,#tig"t th h"ni# +$

!"#ti *$+r"ti+n/ Th in,#tig"ti+n "+%# th "n"i# "n* !r*iti+n +$ th $++%ing3

I/ Mt" $+%' inu*ing ,+iti#' #tr"in r"t# "n* #tr"in/

II/ T!r"tur "n* h"t tr"n#$r/

III/ V"ri"ti+n +$ +" "tri" #trngth +r $+% #tr## +$ "tri"/

IV/ Str###' $+ring +"*' !r##ur "n* nrg&/

Th h"ni# +$ !"#ti *$+r"ti+n !r+,i* th "n# $+r *trining h+% th

t" $+%# in *i$$rnt $+ring +!r"ti+n#' th "n# +$ +0t"ining *#ir* g+tr&

thr+ugh !"#ti *$+r"ti+n "n* th "n# $+r *trining th 2!t* h"ni" "n*

!hi" !r+!rti# +$ th t" !r+*u*/ Di$$rnt "th"ti" .u"ti+n# "n 0

+0t"in* thr+ugh *i$$rnt "!!r+"h $+r *i$$rnt $+ring +!r"ti+n#' inu*ing 2tru#i+n/

In #i! h++gn+u# (uni"2i") +!r##i+n +r in tn#i+n' th t" $+%#

!"#ti"& %hn th #tr## () r"h# th ,"u +$ $+% #tr## ($ )/ Th $+% +$

"uiniu *uring 2tru#i+n i# intrt"i #h"r $+%/ Th #igni$i"nt *i$$rn in th

#h"r $+% +$ "uiniu +!"r* %ith +thr t"# 0ing 2tru** i# th"t th ntr +$

th "uiniu 0it i# 2tru** $ir#t "n* th !ri!hr" !"rt +$ th 0it $+%# "tr'

"u#ing +r #,r #h"r *$+r"ti+n/ A# #++n "# th $+r r.uir* t+ !u#h th 0it



17/22


int+ th +nt"inr #ur$" 2*# th"t +$ th #h"r #trngth +$ th 0it "tri"' #ti:ing

$riti+n !r*+in"t#' "n* *$+r"ti+n !r+*# 0& #h"r in th 0u: +$ th 0it/ Mt"

$+% *uring 2tru#i+n *!n*# +n "n& $"t+r#' #uh "# th $++%ing3

I/ Bit "tri" !r+!rt& "t 0it t!r"tur/II/ Bit-+nt"inr intr$" "n* t"-*i intr$" $riti+n/

III/ E2tru#i+n r"ti+/

Th !r+!rti# +$ th 2tru** "uiniu #h"!# "r "$$t* gr"t& 0& th %"& in %hih

th t" $+%# *uring 2tru#i+n/ Th t" $+% i# in$un* 0& "n& $"t+r#3

I/ T&! +$ 2tru#i+n' *irt +r in*irt/

II/ Pr## "!"it& "n* #i= "n* #h"! +$ +nt"inr/

III/ >riti+n" $$t# "t th *i +r 0+th +nt"inr "n* *i/

IV/ T&!' "&+ut' "n* *#ign +$ *i/

V/ Th ngth +$ 0it "n* t&! +$ "+&/

VI/ Th t!r"tur +$ th 0it "n* +nt"inr/

VII/ Th 2tru#i+n r"ti+/

VIII/ Di "n* t++ing t!r"tur "n* S!* +$ 2tru#i+n/

2.19 Mec$anical properties

/ensile be$aviour of composite: Tn#i Strngth i# th !r+!rt& th"t n"0# " t" t+

r#i#t *$+r"ti+n un*r +"*/ Th uti"t #trngth i# th "2iu #tr"in " "tri" "n

%ith#t"n*/ Tn#i #trngth i# " "#urnt +$ th r#i#t"n t+ 0ing !u* "!"rt %hn

!"* in " tn#i+n +"*/

ardness: H"r*n## i# th !r+!rt& +$ " "tri" t+ r#i#t !r"nnt in*nt"ti+n/

B"u# thr "r #,r" th+*# +$ "#uring h"r*n##' th h"r*n## +$ " "tri" i#

"%" #!i$i* in tr# +$ th !"rtiu"r t#t th"t %"# u#* t+ "#ur thi# !r+!rt&/R+:%' Vi:r#' +r Brin "r #+ +$ th th+*# +$ t#ting/

iterature %evie

Yu&+ng "n* Chung 4556 h", r!+rt* th"t "n Auiniu "tri2 TiA @-P"rti

#i= (4-8) +!+#it 2hi0iting high tn#i *utiit& u!t+ (88)' high tn#i #trngth

(8@ MP") "n* "n ",r"g gr"in #i= +$ 9 ir+tr %"# "* 0& " n% in #itu th+*

in,+,ing r"ti+n# 0t%n A'TiO8 "n* N"@A>' %hih %r #u01t* t+ #tir "#ting "t

599C/

M/Th P"g 4< P/E/S/C/E' M"n*&"


18/22


Yu&+ng "n* Chung 4556 h", r!+rt* th"t %hn "uiniu "tri2QTiB

!"rti# ( !"rti #i= +$ 49 Q9 ) "n* ,+u $r"ti+n +$ 49 +!+#it %"# $+r*

0& #tir "#ting "t 599C'" #urr& +nt"ining i.ui* A 898'TiO8'B> "n* N"@A>6 in th

%ight r"ti+ 4@/3343/ Th +!+#it 2hi0it* g++* tn#i #trngth 8


19/22


D+4t " 4556 h", +0#r,* th"t th rin$+rnt %ith "n* 4@ SiC

!"rti# inr"## th &i* #tr## "n* tn#i #trngth +$ A


20/22


t!r"tur %"# 9C' th #tirring #!* %"# 599 r,/in 4' th #tirring ti "$tr th

+!ti+n +$ !"rti $*ing %"# in'th !"rti "**iti+n r"t %"# g;in "n* th

"!!i* !r##ur %"# 6MP"/ SEM +0#r,"ti+n# +$ th ir+#trutur# #h+%* th"t th

+"r#r !"rti# %r *i#!r#* +r uni$+r&' %hi th $inr !"rti# * t+"gg+r"ti+n "n* #grg"ti+n +$ !"rti# "n* !+r+#it&/ Th tn#i #trngth "n* h"r*n##

+$ MMC# inr"#* 0ut th +ng"ti+n +$ th *r"#*' %ith *r"#ing #i= "n*

inr"#ing %ight !rnt"g +$ th !"rti#/

Ding t " 8995 +nu** th"t th h"ni" !r$+r"n# "n* ir+#trutur

+$ #+ "uinu "+& +0t"in* 0& S+i*-Li.ui* Mi2ing (SLM) "#ting "r #u!ri+r t+

th "+& !r+*u* 0& tr"*iti+n" "#ting "n* #i-#+i* "#ting/ S+ :in*# +$ high

"+&ing "uinu "+ +u* 0 *,+!* 0& SLM "#ting/

R+ng t " 455@ h", r!+rt* th"t th 0#t uti"t tn#i #trngth (UTS) "n*

",r"g UTS ,"u# +$ th A@6;SiC! t#t 0"r "#ting# %r 87MP" "n* 8@MP"'

r#!ti,&/ Th UTS inr"## "# th ini*n +$ *$t# +n th #ur$"# +$ t#t 0"r#

*r"##/ SiC !"rti# %r 0"#i"& u#tr* in th gr"in 0+un*"ri# +$ th "uiniu

in th +!+#it ing+t "n* t#t 0"r# +$ th A@6;SiC! "tri"#/ Th *i#tri0uti+n +$ SiC

"& 0+ +r uni$+r "# th #+i*i$i"ti+n r"t inr"##/ G"# !+r+#it& 2i#t* 0+th

in th ing+t "n* th "#t t#t 0"r#/ Cr": !r+!"g"ti+n %"# $+un* t+ h", +rigin"t* $r+

th !+r+#it& in th $r"tur #ur$" +$ th t#t 0"r#/

Air P":* t " 8997 #tu*i* +n th $$t +$ 2tru#i+n r"ti+ +n th

ir+#trutur' h"ni" !r+!rti#' "n* $r"tur 0h",i+r +$ t"-"tri2 +!+#it#

(MMC#) +$ AA6964 "+& rin$+r* %ith 49 ,+u !rnt !"rtiu"t SiC %ith "n

",r"g #i= +$ 6 %"# #tu*i*/ Th MMC ing+t# %r $"0ri"t* 0& th #tir "#ting

th+* "n* %r 2tru** "t 9C "t " r" #!* +$ 4;# "n* "t th 2tru#i+n r"ti+# +$

634' 4834 "n* 4734/ V"ri+u# thni.u# inu*ing t"+gr"!h&' *n#it& "#urnt'

tn#i t#ting' "n* SEM $r"t+gr"!h& %r utii=* t+ h"r"tri= th h"ni"

0h",i+r +$ th MMC#/ R#ut# *+n#tr"t* th"t 2tru** +!+#it# !+####*

+n#i*r"0& +%r !+r+#it& +ntnt#' highr #trngth' "n* nh"n* *utiit& in

+!"ri#+n %ith th "# "#t #"!#/ In "**iti+n' $urthr i!r+,nt in th h"ni"

!r+!rti# +$ th 2tru** +!+#it# %"# n+ti* 0& inr"#ing th 2tru#i+n r"ti+/

>r"t+gr"!hi +0#r,"ti+n# r,"* th"t th 0ritt $r"tur 0h",i+r +$ th "#-"#t

#!in# %"# !r++t* 0& r":ing +$ th "rg SiC !"rti u#tr#' %hr"#' th

$r"tur #ur$"# +$ 2tru** +!+#it# #h+%* 2tn#i, t"r ri*g $+r"ti+n 0&

initi"ti+n "n* gr+%th +$ #h"+% *i!# "r+un* th r":* !"rti#' %hih i#



21/22


h"r"tri#ti +$ " *uti $r"tur !r+##/ Thi# h"ng in th $r"tur 0h",i+r "n*

i!r+,nt in h"ni" !r+!rti# i# "ttri0ut* t+ th 0r": u! +$ !"rti u#tr# "n*

*iini#hnt +$ !+r# *uring th 2tru#i+n !r+##/

R"#h t " 8948 r!+rt* th"t $$t# +$ h+t 2tru#i+n u#* "# " #+n*"r&

!r+## in $"0ri"ti+n +$ Mt" M"tri2 C+!+#it# /A +!rhn#i, #tu*& %"# "* +n

th !r+!rti# +$ MMC# "$tr H+t 2tru#i+n !r+##/ It %"# $+un* th"t +#t !r+!rti# "r

#u!ri+r "# +!"r* t+ +* 2tru#i+n/ Pr+!rti# inu*ing h"r*n##' i!"t #trngth'

tn#i !r+!rti#' r#i*u" #tr### t/ %r $+un* t+ 0 0ttr $+r +#t +$ th MMC#/

Th r#ut# "r *i#u##* %ith r#!ti, !+t# "n* r!+rt*/

T"r: A/ h"i$" t " 8995 r!+rt* th"t E2tru#i+n %ith 8 r*uti+n in

"r" r*u# th !+r+#it& +ntnt +$ th "#-"#t +!+#it# "n* "u##

r*i#tri0uti+n +$ SiC u#tr#' r#uting in " +r uni$+r *i#tri0uti+n +$ th SiC/

E2tru** +!+#it# #h+%* r"ti,& highr ,"u# +$ #trngth/ Th "# "#t "n*

2tru** +!+#it# 2hi0it highr r! r#i#t"n "# +!"r* t+ th unrin$+r*

"+& 2!t "t r"ti,& +% #tr### 0+% 49 MP" %hr th "tri2 #h+%# " 0ttr

r! r#i#t"n/

Air P":* t " 899


22/22


"n r#ut in 0ttr 0+n*ing "t th "tri2;rin$+rnt intr$"/

2.11 b3ective

Th $++%ing "r th +01ti,# +$ th !r#nt %+r:/

"/ >"0ri"ti+n +$ A 4499- (Mg) "+& "n* +!+#it u#ing #tir "#ting th+*/

An"i# +$ TiO8 !+%*r !"rti# 0& u#ing XRD "n* SEM

0/ Ch"r"tri="ti+n +$ A 4499-(Mg) "+& "n* +!+#it 0$+r "n* "$tr 2tru#i+n'

#uh "#3

Tn#i Strngth/

H"r*n##/

SEM/

Mir+#trutur/

chapter 1 and 2 final(27!6!2013)

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