chapter 05 *lecture outline copyright © the mcgraw-hill companies, inc. permission required for...
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Chapter 05*Lecture Outline
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*See separate Image PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into
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PowerPoints prepared by Melanie Waite-AltringerBiology Faculty Member of
Anoka-Ramsey Community College
Chapter 5
Tissues
3
Introduction: A. Cells are arranged in tissues that
provide specific functions for the body.
B. Cells of different tissues are structured differently, which leads to their differences in function.
C. The tissues of the human body include four major types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
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4
Epithelial Tissues:A. General Characteristics
1. Epithelial tissue is widespread throughout the body, covers
organs, and lines body surfaces.2. Epithelial tissues are anchored to a
basement membrane, are made up of tightly packed cells containing
little intercellular material, generally lack blood vessels, and are replaced frequently.
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5
3. Epithelial tissues function in protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, and sensory reception.
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B. Simple Squamous Epithelium1. Simple squamous epithelium is
made up of a single layer of thin, flattened cells.
2. Because it is suited for diffusion, it functions in the exchange of gases
in the lungs and lines blood and lymph vessels as well as body cavities.
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Fig05.01
(b)(a)
(d)(c)
Free surfaceof tissue
Simplesquamousepithelium
Basementmembrane
Nucleus
Free surfaceof simplesquamousepithelium
Nucleus
Connectivetissue
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©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
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C. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
1. Simple cuboidal epithelium consists of a single
layer of cube-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei.
2. It functions in secretion and absorption in the
kidneys, and in secretion in glands.
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Fig05.02
Nucleus
Basement membrane
Free surface of tissue
Simplecuboidalepithelium
Connectivetissue
Lumen
(a) (b)©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
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D. Simple Columnar Epithelium1. Simple columnar epithelium is
made up of a row of elongated cells
whose nuclei are all located near the basement membrane. It may be ciliated.
2. It lines the uterus, stomach, and intestines where it protects underlying
tissues, secretes digestive fluids, and absorbs nutrients.
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3. In the intestine, these cells possess microvilli that increase the
surface area available for absorption.4. Mucus-secreting goblet cells
can be found among columnar cells.
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Nucleus
Basementmembrane
Microvilli(free surfaceof tissue)
Connectivetissue
Mucus
Cytoplasm
Goblet cell
(a) (b)©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
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E. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
1. These cells appear layered due to the varying positions of their nuclei within the row of cells, but are not truly layered.
2. Cilia may be present, along with mucus-secreting goblet cells, that line and sweep debris from respiratory tubes.
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Fig05.04
(a) (b)
Cilia(free surfaceof tissue)
Goblet cell
Basement membrane
Nucleus
Connective tissue
Cytoplasm
©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer
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F. Stratified Squamous Epithelium
1. This type of tissue is made up of layers of flattened cells that
are designed to protect underlying layers.
2. It makes up the outer layer of skin, and lines the mouth, throat, vagina, and anal canal.
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3. In the skin, outer layers of cells undergo keratinization; however, this process does not occur where tissues remain moist in the throat, vagina, or anal canal.
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Fig05.05
Basement membrane
Layer ofdividingcells
Connectivetissue
Free surfaceof tissue
Squamouscells
(b)(a)©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
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G. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium1. This tissue consists of two to
three layers of cuboidal cells lining a lumen of the mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas.
2. Several layers of cells provide greater protection than one single layer.
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Fig05.06
Free surface of tissue
Lumen
Basement membrane
Connective tissue
Nucleus
©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
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Stratifiedcuboidalepithelium
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H. Stratified Columnar Epithelium
1. This tissue consists of several layers of cells and is found in the ductus deferens, part of the male urethra,
and parts of the pharynx.
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(b)(a)
Lumen
Stratified columnar epithelium
Connectivetissue
Basement membrane
Free surface of tissue
©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
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I. Transitional Epithelium1. Transitional epithelium is
designed to distend and return to its normal size, as it does in the lining of the urinary bladder.
2. This design provides distensibility and keeps urine from diffusing back into the internal cavity.
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Fig05.08
©Ed Reschke
©Ed Reschke
Stretched transitional epithelium
Basement membrane
Underlying connective tissue
Basement membrane
Underlying connective tissue
Unstretched transitional epithelium
(b)(a)
(d)(c)
Free surface of tissue
Free surface of tissue
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J. Glandular Epithelium1. This tissue is made up of cells
designed to produce and secrete substances into ducts or into body fluids.
2. Glands that secrete products into ducts are exocrine; those that secrete into body fluids and blood are called endocrine.
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3. Glands are classified by the ways the glands secrete their products.
a. Merocrine glands release fluid products by exocytosis (pancreas) and are grouped
as serous which produce a watery fluid or
mucus which produce a thicker, protective substance.
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b. Apocrine glands lose portions of their cell bodies during secretion (mammary glands).
c. Holocrine glands release entire cells (sebaceous glands).
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(a) Merocrine gland (b) Apocrine gland (c) Holocrine gland
Secretion
Pinched-off portion of cell (secretion)Intact
cell
Disintegrating cell and its contents (secretion)
Cell dividing
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Connective Tissues:A. General Characteristics
1. Connective tissues bind, support, protect, serve as frameworks,
fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells, protect against infection, and repair tissue damage.
2. Unlike epithelial tissues, connective tissues have an abundance of extracellular matrix, or
intercellular material, throughout, and have good blood supplies (except cartilage).
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3. Major Cell Types
a. The fibroblast is the most common cell type, and is a
fixed, star-shaped cell that secretes fibers and is large in size.
b. Wandering macrophages function as scavenger cells and defend against infection.
c. Mast cells are large and are located near blood vessels
where they release heparin (anticoagulant) and
histamine (promotes inflammation).
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Fig05.10
Macrophage
Fig05.11
Cell being engulfed
©Manfred Kage/Peter Arnold/Photolibrary
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Fig05.12
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4. Connective Tissue Fibers a. Strong collagenous fibers
(white fibers), made of the protein collagen, add strength for holding body parts together.
b. Elastic fibers (yellow fibers), made of the protein elastin, are stretchy and add flexibility to certain types of connective tissues.
c. Reticular fibers are thin collagenous fibers that form supportive networks in a variety of tissues.
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B. Categories of Connective Tissue1. Loose connective Tissue includes
areolar, adipose and reticular connective tissues.
a. Areolar Tissue forms delicate, thin membranes throughout
the body that bind body parts together such as skin and underlying organs.
i. The majority of the cells are fibroblasts that are separated by a gel-like ground substance that contains collagenous and elastic fibers.
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Fig05.13
Elastic fiber
(a) (b)
Collagenous fiber
Fibroblast
Ground substance
©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer
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b. Adipose Tissue is loose connective tissue
designed to store fat.i. It is found beneath the
skin, around joints, padding the kidneys and other internal
organs, and in certain abdominal
membranes.
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Fig05.14
(a) (b)
Fat droplet
Nucleus
Cell membrane
y.
©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
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c. Reticular connective tissue is composed of thin, collagenous fibers in a 3-D network.
i. It helps to provide framework of certain internal organs (liver and spleen).
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2. Dense Connective Tissue
a. This tissue consists of densely packed collagenous fibers and is very strong but lacks a good
blood supply.b. It is found as part of
tendons and ligaments.
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Fig05.15
Fibroblasts
Collagenous fibers
(a) (b)©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer
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3. Cartilage
a. Cartilage is a rigid connective tissue that provides a supportive framework for
various structures. It lacks a vascular system and so
heals slowly.b. Cartilage cells
(chondrocytes) lie within lacunae in the gel-
like fluid matrix.
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c. Cartilaginous structures are enclosed within a connective tissue called the perichondrium.
d. The most common, hyaline cartilage, is white with abundant fine collagen fibers,
is found at the ends of bones, and supports respiratory
passages.
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e. Elastic cartilage, with elastic fibers, provides a framework for the external ears and parts
of the larynx.f. Fibrocartilage, with
many collagenous fibers, is a tough tissue that provides a shock-
absorbing function in intervertebral discs and
in the knees and pelvic girdle.
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Fig05.16
Chondrocyte
Nucleus
Extracellular matrix
(a) (b)
Lacuna
©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
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Fig05.17
Chondrocyte
Elastic fibers
Nucleus
Extracellular matrix
(a) (b)
Lacuna
©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
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Fig05.18
Chondrocyte
Nucleus
Collagenous fiber
Extracellular matrix
(a) (b)©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
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4. Bone
a. Bone is the most rigid connective
tissue, with deposits of mineral salts and collagen within the matrix.
b. Bone internally supports the body, protects, forms muscle attachments and is the site for
blood cell formation.
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c. Bone cells, called osteocytes, lie within lacunae and are arranged in concentric circles
(osteons) around osteonic canals interconnected
by canaliculi.d. Bone has a good blood
supply, enabling rapid recovery after an injury.
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Fig05.19
Canaliculi
Lacuna
Central canal
Lamella
Osteon
©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer
(c)©Prof. P. Motta/Univ."La Sapienza"/Photo Researchers
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(a) (b)
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5. Blood a. Blood is composed of
cells (red and white) suspended in a liquid matrix called plasma.
b. It functions to transport substances
throughout the body.
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Fig05.20
Red blood cells
Plasma(extracellularmatrix of blood)
Platelets
White blood cell
(a) (b)©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer
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Types of Membranes:A. Epithelial membranes are thin,
sheetlike structures composed of epithelium and connective tissues, covering body surfaces and lining body cavities.
B. The four main types are: serous, mucous, cutaneous, and synovial.
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50
Muscle Tissues:A. General Characteristics 1. Muscle cells, or fibers, can contract
and consist of three major types: skeletal, smooth and cardiac.
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B. Skeletal Muscle Tissue
1. Skeletal muscle is attached to bone and can be controlled by conscious effort (voluntary).
2. The cells (muscle fibers) are long and
cylindrical, striated, have many nuclei and contract
from nervous impulse.
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Fig05.21
Striations
Portion of amuscle fiber
Nuclei
(a) (b)©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
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C. Smooth Muscle Tissue1. Smooth muscle tissue lacks
striations, is uninucleate, and consists of spindle-shaped cells.
2. This involuntary muscle is found in the walls
of internal organs, and in the digestive tract, blood vessels, and
urinary bladder.
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Fig05.22
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
(a) (b)©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer
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D. Cardiac Muscle Tissue
1. Cardiac muscle tissue is found only in the heart and consists of branching fibers that are connected
to each other with intercalated discs.
2. This involuntary muscle has a single nucleus in each cell but appears striated.
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Fig05.23
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Intercalated disc
Nucleus
Striations
(a) (b)©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
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Nervous Tissues: A. Nervous tissues are found in the
brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
B. Neurons, or nerve cells, conduct nervous impulses while
helper cells, or neuroglia, support and nourish the neurons.
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Fig05.24
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(a) (b)
Nucleus
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Cellular process
Nuclei of neuroglia
©Royalty-Free/Corbis