The Human Body in Health and Illness, 4th edition

Barbara Herlihy

Chapter 18:Anatomy of the Blood Vessels

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Lesson 18-1 Objectives

• Describe the pulmonary and systemic circulations.

• Describe the structure and function of arteries, capillaries, and veins.

• List the three layers of tissue found in arteries and veins.

• Explain the functions of conductance, resistance, exchange, and capacitance vessels.

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Circles, Circuits, and Circulation

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Types of Blood Vessels • Arteries

– Arterioles

• Capillaries• Veins

– Venules

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Blood Vessel Walls: Layers

• Tunica intima– Endothelium

• Tunica media– Elastic tissue and

smooth muscle

• Tunica adventitia– Connective tissue

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Blood Vessels: Functions

• Arteries: Conductance vessels• Arterioles: Resistance vessels• Capillaries: Exchange vessels• Veins and venules: Capacitance vessels

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Lesson 18-2 Objectives

• List the major arteries of the systemic circulation that are branches of the ascending aorta, aortic arch, and descending aorta.

• List the major veins of the systematic circulation.

• Describe the following special circulations: Blood supply to the head and brain, hepatic circulation, and fetal circulation.

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Naming the Aorta: Two Systems

• Aorta– Ascending– Arch– Descending

• Aorta– Thoracic – Abdominal

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Branches of Aorta: Ascending and Arch

• Ascending aorta– Left and right

coronary arteries

• Aortic arch– Brachiocephalic– Left common carotid– Left subclavian artery

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Major Arteries of Shoulders and Upper Extremities

• Subclavian • Axillary • Brachial• Radial• Ulnar• Arteries to the hand

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Branches of the Aorta: Descending

• Thoracic – Intercostal– Other arteries

• Abdominal– Celiac trunk– Mesenteric arteries– Renal arteries– Common iliacs

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Major Arteries of the Lower Extremities

• External iliac• Femoral• Popliteal• Anterior and

posterior tibial • Dorsalis pedis

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Major Veins of the Systemic Circulation

• Superior vena cava (SVC)– Drains head,

shoulders, upper extremities

• Inferior vena cava (IVC)– Drains all regions

below diaphragm Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders,

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Veins Draining into the SVC• Ulnar and radial• Median cubital• Basilic and cephalic• Brachial• Axillary• Subclavian• Brachiocephalic• Jugulars (drain brain)

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Veins Draining into the IVC• Tibial, peroneal• Popliteal• Femoral,

saphenous• External iliac• Common iliac• Renal• Hepatic

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Special Circulations

• Blood supply to the head and brain• Blood supply to the liver• Fetal circulation

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Blood Supply to Head and Brain

• Carotid arteries– Right and left

common carotid– External and internal

carotid

• Vertebral arteries– Right and left

vertebral

• Circle of Willis Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders,

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Brain’s Blood Supply: Circle of Willis

• Found in base of brain

• Left and right internal carotid arteries

• Vertebral arteries– Basilar artery

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Venous Drainage of Head and Brain

• External and internal jugular veins

• Vertebral veins• Subclavian veins

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Special Circulation: Liver • Portal vein carries

unoxygenated blood from organs of digestion.

• Hepatic vein carries blood from liver to IVC.

• Hepatic artery carries oxygenated blood to liver.

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Fetal Circulation: Heart Modification

• Foramen ovale shunts blood from the right atrium to left atrium.

• Ductus arteriosus is a connection between the pulmonary artery and descending aorta.

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Fetal Circulation: Periphery

• Umbilical vein brings oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus.

• Ductus venosus bypasses fetal liver to deliver blood to IVC.

• Two umbilical arteries bring blood from fetus to placenta.

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Assessment at Pulse Points

• Heart rate• Rhythm• Strength• Adequacy of blood

flow

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