Joaqun Guzmn Loera

Mugshot of Joaqun Guzmn LoeraBorn Joaqun Archivaldo Guzmn Loera

25 December 1954 or4 April 1957 La Tuna, Badiraguato, Sinaloa,Mexico

Other names "El Chapo" GuzmnOccupation Leader of Sinaloa CartelHeight 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in)Weight 75 kg (165 lb)Predecessor Miguel ngel Flix GallardoCriminalcharge

Drug trafficking, murder, moneylaundering

Spouse(s)Children

Rewardamount

Mexico: 3.8 million USD[1]United States: $5 million USD[2]

Capturestatus

Escaped (2nd time)

Wanted by The Mexican PGR and the US DEA

Joaqun Guzmn LoeraFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Joaqun Archivaldo Guzmn Loera (Spanishpronunciation: [xoakin artialdo uzman loea]; born either25 December 1954 or 4 April 1957; disputed)[2] is a Mexicandrug lord who heads the Sinaloa Cartel, a criminalorganization named after the Mexican Pacific coast state ofSinaloa where it was formed. Known as "El ChapoGuzmn" ("The Shorty Guzmn", pronounced: [el tapo uzman]) for his 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) stature, he became Mexico'stop drug kingpin in 2003 after the arrest of his rival OsielCrdenas of the Gulf Cartel, and until his February 2014arrest, he was considered the "most powerful drug traffickerin the world" by the United States Department of theTreasury.[3][4]

In 2011 Forbes magazine ranked Guzmn as one of the mostpowerful people in the world every year since 2009, ranking41st, 60th and 55th respectively.[5][6] He was named as the10th richest man in Mexico (1,140th in the world) in 2011,with a net worth of roughly US$1 billion.[7][8] The magazinealso calls him the "biggest drug lord of all time",[9] and theUS Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) estimates hehas surpassed the influence and reach of Pablo Escobar, andnow considers him "the godfather of the drug world".[10] In2013, the Chicago Crime Commission named Guzmn"Public Enemy Number One" for the influence of his criminalnetwork in Chicago, though there is no evidence that Guzmnhas ever been in that city.[11] The last person to receive suchnotoriety was Al Capone in 1930.[12]

Guzmn's Sinaloa Cartel smuggles multi-ton cocaineshipments from Colombia through Mexico to the UnitedStates, the world's top consumer,[2] and has distribution cellsthroughout the U.S.[2] The organization has also beeninvolved in the production, smuggling and distribution ofMexican methamphetamine, marijuana, ecstasy (MDMA)[13]and heroin across both North America and Europe.[14][15] Atthe time of his 2014 arrest, Guzmn imported more drugs intothe United States than anyone else.[16]

At least 4At least 10

Wanted since 2001Escaped July 11, 2015

Guzmn was captured in 1993 in Guatemala, extradited andsentenced to 20 years in prison in Mexico for murder anddrug trafficking.[2][17] After bribing prison guards, he wasable to escape from a federal maximum-security prison in2001.[2] He was wanted by the governments of Mexico and the United States, and by INTERPOL.[18] The U.S.offered a US$5 million reward for information leading to his capture, and the Mexican government offered areward of 30 million pesos (approximately US$2 million) for information on Guzmn.[2]

Guzmn was arrested by Mexican authorities in Mexico on February 22, 2014. He was found inside his fourth-floor apartment at 608 Avenida del Mar in the beachfront Miramar condominium in Mazatln, Sinaloa,[19] andwas captured without a gunshot being fired.[16][20] Guzmn escaped from prison again on July 11, 2015.[21]

Contents1 Early life2 Initial stages in organized crime3 Conflict with the Tijuana Cartel: 19891993

3.1 Exodus and arrest: 19934 Drug empire

4.1 Methamphetamine5 First arrest and escape: 199320016 Mexican Cartel Wars7 Break with the Beltrn Leyva Cartel8 Whereabouts and manhunt: 200120149 Rearrest: 2014

9.1 Reactions9.2 Charges and imprisonment

10 Second escape: 201510.1 Manhunt and investigation

11 Family12 See also13 References14 Bibliography15 External links

Early lifeJoaqun Archivaldo Guzmn Loera was born into a poor family in the rural community of La Tuna,Badiraguato, Sinaloa, Mexico.[22][23] Sources disagree on the date of his birth, with some stating he was bornon 25 December 1954,[24] while others report he was born on 4 April 1957.[25] His parents were EmilioGuzmn Bustillos and Mara Consuelo Loera Prez.[26] His paternal grandparents were Juan Guzmn and OtiliaBustillos, and his maternal grandparents were Ovidio Loera Cobret and Pomposa Prez Uriarte. For manygenerations, his family lived and died at La Tuna.[27] His father was officially a cattle rancher, as were most in

the area where Guzmn grew up; according to some sources, however, he may have possibly also been agomero, a Sinaloan word for opium poppy farmer.[28] Guzmn has two younger sisters, Armida and Bernarda,and four younger brothers: Miguel ngel, Aureliano, Arturo and Emilio. He had three unnamed older brotherswho reportedly died of natural causes when he was very young.[27]

Few details are known of Guzmn's upbringing. As a child, Guzmn sold oranges, and dropped out of school inthird grade to work with his father.[17] Guzmn was regularly beaten and sometimes fled to his maternalgrandmother's house to escape such treatment. However, when he was home, Guzmn stood up to his father toprotect his younger siblings from being beaten.[29][30] It is possible that Guzmn incurred his fathers wrath fortrying to stop him from beating them. His mother, however, was the "foundation of [his] emotional support."[31]As the nearest school to his home was about 60 mi (100 km) away, Guzmn was taught by traveling teachersduring his early years, just like the rest of his brothers. The teachers stayed for a few months before moving toother areas.[30] With few opportunities for employment in his hometown, he turned to the cultivation of opiumpoppy, a common practice among local residents.[32] During harvest season, Guzmn and his brothers hiked thehills of Badiraguato to cut the bud of the poppy. Once the plant was stacked in kilos, his father sold the harvestto other suppliers in Culiacn and Guamchil.[33] He sold marijuana at commercial centers near the area whileaccompanied by Guzmn. His father spent most of the profits on liquor and women and often returned homewith no money. Tired of his mismanagement, Guzmn, at the age of 15, cultivated his own marijuana plantationwith four distant cousins (Arturo, Alfredo, Carlos, and Hctor), who lived nearby. With his first marijuanaproductions, Guzmn supported his family financially.[29]

When he was a teenager, however, his father kicked him out of his house, and he went to live with hisgrandfather.[34] It was during his adolescence that Guzmn earned the nickname El Chapo, Mexican slang for"Shorty", for his 1.68 m (5 ft., 6 in.) stature and stocky physical appearance.[35][36] Though most people inBadiraguato worked in the poppy fields of the Sierra Madre Occidental throughout most of their lives, Guzmnleft his hometown in search of greater opportunities; through his uncle Pedro Avils Prez, one of the pioneersof Mexican drug trafficking, he left Badiraguato in his 20s and joined organized crime.[37]

Initial stages in organized crimeDuring the 1980s, the leading crime syndicate in Mexico was the Guadalajara Cartel,[38] which was headed byMiguel ngel Flix Gallardo (alias "El Padrino" ["the Godfather"]), Rafael Caro Quintero, Ernesto FonsecaCarrillo (alias "Don Neto"), Juan Jos Esparragoza Moreno (alias "El Azul" ["the Blue One"]) and others.[39] Inthe 1970s, Guzmn first worked for the drug lord Hctor "El Gero" Palma by transporting drugs andoverseeing their shipments from the Sierra Madre region to urban areas near the U.S.-Mexico border by aircraft.Since his initial steps in organized crime, Guzmn was ambitious and regularly pressed on his superiors to allowhim to increase the share of narcotics that were smuggled across the border. The drug lord also favored apragmatic and serious approach when doing business; if any of his drug shipments were not on time, Guzmnwould simply kill the smuggler himself by shooting him in the head. Those around him learned that cheatinghim or going with other competitorseven if they offered better priceswas inconvenient. The leaders of theGuadalajara Cartel liked Guzmn's business acumen, and in the early 1980s, they introduced him to FlixGallardo, one of the major drug czars in Mexico.[40] Guzmn first worked as a chauffeur for Flix Gallardo

before he put him in charge of logistics,[41] where Guzmn coordinated drug shipments from Colombia toMexico by land, air, and sea. Palma, on the other hand, made sure the deliveries arrived to consumers in theUnited States. Guzmn soon earned enough standing and began working for Flix Gallardo directly.[40]

Throughout most of the late 1970s and early 1980s, the Mexican drug traffickers were middlemen for theColombian drug trafficking groups, and would simply move the drugs through the U.S.-Mexico border andreceive a fee for each kilogram. Mexico, however, remained a secondary route for the Colombians, given thatmost of the drugs trafficked by their cartels were smuggled through the Caribbean and the Floridacorridor.[42][43] Flix Gallardo was the leading drug baron in Mexico and friend of Juan Ramn Matta-Ballesteros, but his operations were still limited by his counterparts in South America. In the mid-1980s,however, the U.S. government increased law enforcement surveillance and put pressure on the Medell0n andCali Cartels by effectively reducing the drug trafficking operations in the Caribbean corridor. Realizing it wasmore profitable to hand over the operations to their Mexican counterparts, the Colombian cartels gave FlixGallardo more control over their drug shipments.[44][45] This power shift gave the Mexican organized crimegroups more leverage over their Central American and South American counterparts.[42] During the 1980s,however, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) was conducting undercover groundwork in Mexico,where several of its agents worked as informants.

One DEA agent, Enrique Camarena Salazar, was working as an informant and grew close to many top drugbarons, including Flix Gallardo.[46] In November 1984, the Mexican militaryacting on the intelligenceinformation provided by Camarenaraided a large marijuana plantation owned by the Guadalajara Cartel andknown as "Rancho Bfalo."[47] Angered by the suspected betrayal, Flix Gallardo and his men sought revengeby kidnapping, torturing, and killing the DEA agent in February 1985.[48] Guzmn's life changed that day,according to federal agents of the DEA; the drug lord took advantage of the internal crisis to gain ground withinthe cartel and take over more drug trafficking operations.[29] The death of Camarena outraged Washington, andMexico responded by carrying out a massive manhunt to arrest those involved in the incident.[49] In 1989, FlixGallardo was arrested; while in prison and through a number of envoys, the drug lord called for a summit inAcapulco, Guerrero. In the conclave, Guzmn and others discussed the future of Mexico's drug trafficking andagreed to divide the territories previously owned by the Guadalajara Cartel.[50] The Arellano Flix brothersformed the Tijuana Cartel, which controlled the Tijuana corridor and parts of Baja California; in Chihuahuastate, a group controlled by Carrillo Fuentes family formed the Jurez Cartel; and the remaining faction left toSinaloa and the Pacific Coast and formed the Sinaloa Cartel under the traffickers Ismael "El Mayo" Zambada,Palma, and Guzmn.[51][38] Guzmn was specifically in charge of the drug corridors of Tecate, BajaCalifornia,[51] and Mexicali and San Luis Ro Colorado, two border crossings that connect the states of Sonoraand Baja California with the U.S. states of Arizona and California.[52]

When Flix Gallardo was arrested, Guzmn reportedly lived in Guadalajara, Jalisco for some time. One of hisother centers of operation, however, was in the border city of Agua Prieta, Sonora, where he coordinated drugtrafficking activities more closely. The drug lord had dozens of properties in various parts of the country. Peoplehe trusted purchased the properties for him and registered them under false names. Most of them were locatedin residential neighborhoods and served as stash houses for drugs, weapons, and cash. Guzmn also ownedseveral ranches across Mexico, but most of them were located in the states of Sinaloa, Durango, Chihuahua, andSonora, where locals working for the drug lord grew opium and marijuana.[53] The first time Guzmn wasdetected by U.S. authorities for his involvement in organized crime was in 1987, when several protected

Joaqun Guzmn Loera photographedby Fabrizio Len Diez (1992)

witnesses testified in a U.S. court that the drug lord was in fact heading the Sinaloa Cartel. An indictment issuedin the state of Arizona alleged that Guzmn had coordinated the shipment of 4,600 pounds (roughly 2 085 kg)of cannabis and 10,504 pounds (roughly 4 765 kg) of cocaine from 19 October 1987 to 18 May 1990, and hadreceived roughly US$1.5 million in drug proceeds that were shipped back to his home state. Another indictmentalleged that Guzmn earned US$100,000 for trafficking 35 tons (roughly 31.8 t) of cocaine and an unspecifiedamount of marijuana in a period of three years.[54] In the border areas between Tecate and San Luis RoColorado, Guzmn ordered his men to traffic most of the drugs overland, but also through a few aircraft. Byusing the so-called piecemeal strategy, in which traffickers kept drug quantities relatively low, risks werereduced. The drug lord also pioneered the use of sophisticated underground tunnels to move drugs across theborder and into the United States.[55] Aside from pioneering the tunnels, Palma and Guzmn packed cocaineinto chili pepper cans under the brand Comadre before they were shipped to the U.S. by train. In return, the druglords were paid through large suitcases filled with millions of dollars in cash. These suitcases were flown fromthe U.S. to Mexico City, where corrupt customs agents at the airport made sure the deliveries were notinspected. Large sums of that money were reportedly used as bribes for members of the Attorney General'sOffice.[17]

Conflict with the Tijuana Cartel: 19891993When Flix Gallardo was arrested, the Tijuana corridor was handed overto the Arellano Flix brothers, Jess Labra viles (alias "El Chuy"), andJavier Caro Payn (alias "El Doctor"), cousin of the former GuadalajaraCartel leader Rafael Caro Quintero. In fears of a coup, however, CaroPayn fled to Canada and was later arrested. Guzmn and the rest of theSinaloa Cartel leaders consequently grew angry at the Arellano Flixclan about this.[56] In 1989, Guzmn sent Armando Lpez (alias "ElRayo"), one of his most trusted men, to speak with the Arellano Flixclan in Tijuana. Before he had a chance to speak face-to-face with them,Lpez was killed by Ramn Arellano Flix. The corpse was disposed inthe outskirts of the city and the Tijuana Cartel ordered a hit on theremaining members of the Lpez family to prevent futurereprisals.[57][58] That same year, the Arellano Flix brothers sent the Venezuelan drug trafficker Enrique RafaelClavel Moreno to infiltrate Palma's family and seduce his wife Guadalupe Leija Serrano.[59] After convincingher to withdraw US$7 million from one of Palma's bank accounts in San Diego, California, Clavel beheaded herand sent her head to Palma in a box.[60] It was known as the first beheading linked to the drug trade inMexico.[61] Two weeks later, Clavel killed Palma's children, Hctor (aged 5) and Nataly (aged 4), by throwingthem off a bridge in Venezuela. Palma retaliated by sending his men to kill Clavel while he was in prison.[62] In1991, Ramn killed another Sinaloa Cartel associate, Rigoberto Campos Salcido (alias "El Rigo"), promptingbigger conflicts with Guzmn.[57][58] In early 1992, a Tijuana Cartel-affiliated and San Diego-based gangknown as Calle Treinta kidnapped six of Guzmns men in Tijuana, tortured them to attain information, andthen shot them execution-style in the backs of their heads. Their bodies were dumped on the outskirts of thecity. Shortly after the attack, a car bomb exploded outside one of Guzmns properties in Culiacn. No injurieswere reported, but the drug lord became fully aware of the intended message.[63]

Guzmn and Palma struck back against the Arellano Flix brothers (Tijuana Cartel) with nine killings on 3September 1992 in Iguala;[17][64] among the dead were lawyers and family members of Flix Gallardo, whowas also believed to have orchestrated the attack against Palma's family.[65] Mexico's Attorney General formeda special unit to look into the killings, but the investigation was called off after the unit found that Guzmn hadpaid off some of the top police officials in Mexico with $10 million, according to police reports and confessionsof former police officers.[17] In November 1992, gunmen of Arellano Flix attempted to kill Guzmn as he wastraveling in a vehicle through the streets of Guadalajara. Ramn and at least four of his henchmen shot at themoving vehicle with AK-47 assault rifles, but the drug lord managed to escape unharmed. The attack forcedGuzmn to leave Guadalajara and live under a false name under fears of future attacks.[17][29] He and Palma,however, responded to the assassination attempt in a similar fashion; several days later, on 8 November 1992, alarge commando of the Sinaloa Cartel posing as policemen stormed the Christine discothque in Puerto Vallarta,spotted Ramn and Francisco Javier Arellano Flix, and opened fire at them. The shooting lasted for at leasteight minutes, and more than 1,000 rounds were fired by both Guzmn's and Arellano Flix's gunmen.[66] Sixpeople were killed in the shootout, but the Arellano Flix brothers were in the restroom when the raid startedand reportedly escaped through an air-conditioning duct before leaving the scene in one of their vehicles.[67][68]On 9 and 10 December 1992, four alleged associates of Flix Gallardo were killed. The antagonism betweenGuzmn's Sinaloa Cartel and the Arellano Flix clan left several more dead and was accompanied by violentacts in the states of Baja California, Sonora, Sinaloa, Durango, Jalisco, Guerrero, Michoacn and Oaxaca.[69]

The war between both groups continued for six more months, yet none of their respective leaders was killed. Inmid-1993, the Arellano Flix clan sent their top gunmen on a final mission to kill Guzmn in Guadalajara,where he moved around frequently to avoid any possible attacks. Having no success, the Tijuana Cartel hitmendecided to return to Baja California on 24 May 1993. As Francisco Javier was at the Guadalajara InternationalAirport booking his flight to Tijuana, informant tips notified him that Guzmn was at the airport parking lotawaiting a flight to Puerto Vallarta.[70] Having spotted the white Mercury Grand Marquis car where Guzmnwas thought to be hiding, about 20 gunmen of the Tijuana Cartel descended from three Jeep-like vehicles andopened fire at around 4:10 p.m. However, the drug lord was inside a green Buick sedan a short distance from thetarget. Inside the Mercury Grand Marquis was the Cardinal and Archbishop of Guadalajara Juan Jess PosadasOcampo, who died at the scene from fourteen gunshot wounds.[71] Six other people, including the cardinal'schauffeur, were caught in the crossfire and killed.[72] Amidst the shootout and confusion, Guzmn escaped in ataxi and headed to one of his safe houses in Bugambilias, a neighborhood 20 minutes away from theairport.[70][73] News of the death of the cardinal quickly circulated across Mexico and the rest of the world.[74]

Exodus and arrest: 1993The night the cardinal was killed, President Carlos Salinas de Gortari flew to Guadalajara and condemned theattack, stating it was "a criminal act" that targeted innocent civilians, but he did not give any indications of theinvolvement of organized crime.[71] The death of such a high-profile religious figure like Posadas Ocampooutraged the Mexican public, the Catholic Church, and many politicians. The government responded bycarrying out a massive manhunt to arrest the people involved in the shootout, and offered about US$5 millionbounties for each of them.[75] Pictures of Guzmn's face, previously unknown to the public, started to appear innewspapers and television programs across Mexico. Fearing his capture, Guzmn fled Guadalajara and hid inTonal, Jalisco, where he reportedly owned a ranch. The drug lord then fled to Mexico City and stayed at a hotel

for about ten days.[73] He met with one of his associates in an unknown location and handed him US$200million to provide for his family in case of his absence. He gave that same amount to another of his employeesto make sure the Sinaloa Cartel ran its day-to-day activities smoothly in case he was gone for some time.[75]

After obtaining a passport with the fake name of Jorge Ramos Prez, Guzmn was transported to the southernstate of Chiapas by one of his trusted associates before leaving the country and settling in Guatemala on 4 June1993.[75] His plan was to move across Guatemala with his girlfriend Mara del Roco del Villar Becerra andseveral of his bodyguards and settle in El Salvador.[73] During his travel, Mexican and Guatemalan authoritieshad the drug lord on their radar. Guzmn had bribed a Guatemalan military official with US$1.2 million in orderto hide south of the Mexican border. The unnamed official, however, was working as an infiltrated informantand was passing down information about Guzmn's whereabouts to law enforcement.[76][77]

On 9 June 1993, Guzmn was arrested by the Guatemalan Army at a hotel near Tapachula, close to theGuatemalaMexico border.[78][79] He was extradited back to Mexico two days later aboard a militaryairplane.[73][80] Guzmn was flown from Guatemala to the airport in Toluca,[81] where he was immediatelytaken to the Federal Social Readaptation Center No. 1 (often referred to simply as "La Palma" or "Altiplano"), amaximum-security prison in Almoloya de Jurez, State of Mexico.[82]

Drug empireGuzmn's Sinaloa Cartel, at the time of his arrest, was the wealthiest and most powerful of Mexico's drugcartels. It smuggles multi-ton cocaine shipments from Colombia through Mexico to the United States by air, seaand road, and has distribution cells throughout the U.S.[2][16] The organization has also been involved in theproduction, smuggling and distribution of Mexican methamphetamine, marijuana, and heroin, as well as heroinfrom Southeast Asia.[83]

When Palma was arrested by the Mexican Army on 23 June 1995, Guzmn took leadership of the cartel.[84][85]Palma was later extradited to the United States, where he is in prison on charges of drug trafficking andconspiracy.[17]

After Guzmn's prison escape nearly a decade after his initial arrest, he and close associate Ismael ZambadaGarca became Mexico's undisputed top drug kingpins after the 2003 arrest of their rival Osiel Crdenas of theGulf Cartel. Until Guzmn's arrest in 2014, he was considered the "most powerful drug trafficker in the world"by the United States Department of the Treasury.[3][4] Guzmn also had another close associate, his trustedfriend Ignacio "Nacho" Coronel Villarreal.[86][87]

His drug empire made him a billionaire, and he was ranked as the 10th richest man in Mexico and 1,140th in theworld in 2011, with a net worth of roughly US$1 billion.[7] To assist his drug trafficking, the Sinaloa Cartel alsobuilt a shipping and transport empire.[16] Guzmn has been referred to as the "biggest druglord of all time",[9]and the U.S. DEA considered him "the godfather of the drug world" and strongly estimates he surpassed the

influence and reach of Pablo Escobar.[10] In 2013, the Chicago Crime Commission named Guzmn "PublicEnemy Number One" for the influence of his criminal network in Chicago (there is no evidence that Guzmnhas ever been in that city, however.)[11] The last person to receive such notoriety was Al Capone in 1930.[12]

At the time of his 2014 arrest, Guzmn imported more drugs into the United States than anyone else.[16] Hetook advantage of the power vacuum created by crackdowns on cartels in Colombia, gaining business andmarket share there as Colombia's own cartels were decimated.[88] He took similar advantage of the situationwhen his rival cartels were brought down by an intense crackdown from the Mexican government, but theSinaloa gang emerged largely unscathed.[89]

MethamphetamineAfter the fall of the Amezcua brothers founders of the Colima Cartel in 1999 on methamphetaminetrafficking charges, there was a demand for leadership throughout Mexico to coordinate methamphetamineshipments north. Guzmn saw an opportunity and seized it.[90] Easily arranging precursor shipments, Guzmnand Ismael Zambada Garca ("El Mayo") made use of their previous contacts on Mexico's Pacific coast.Importantly, for the first time, the Colombians would not have to be paid they simply joinedmethamphetamine with cocaine shipments. This fact meant no additional money was needed for planes, pilots,boats and bribes; they used the existing infrastructure to pipeline the new product.[90]

Until this point, the Sinaloa Cartel had been a joint venture between Guzmn and Ismael Zambada Garca; themethamphetamine business would be Guzmn's alone. He cultivated his own ties to China, Thailand and Indiato import the necessary precursor chemicals. Throughout the mountains of the states of Sinaloa, Durango,Jalisco, Michoacn and Nayarit, Guzmn constructed large methamphetamine laboratories and rapidlyexpanded his organization.[90]

His habit of moving from place to place allowed him to nurture contacts throughout the country. He was nowoperating in 17 of 31 Mexican states. With his business expanding, he placed his trusted friend Ignacio CoronelVillarreal in charge of methamphetamine production; this way Guzmn could continue being the boss of bosses.Coronel Villarreal proved so reliable in the Guzmn business that he became known as the "Crystal King".[91]

First arrest and escape: 19932001Guzmn was captured in Guatemala on 9 June 1993,[17] extradited to Mexico and sentenced to 20 years, ninemonths in prison on charges of drug trafficking, criminal association and bribery. He was jailed in at FederalSocial Readaptation Center No. 1, a maximum-security prison. On 22 November 1995, he was transferred to themaximum security prison Federal Center for Social Rehabilitation No. 2 (also known as "Puente Grande") inJalisco, after being convicted of three crimes: possession of firearms, drug trafficking and the murder ofCardinal Juan Jess Posadas Ocampo (the charge would later be dismissed by another judge). He had been triedand sentenced inside the federal prison on the outskirts of Almoloya de Jurez, Mexico State.[90]

While he was in prison, Guzmn's drug empire and cartel continued to operate unabated, run by his brother,Arturo Guzmn Loera, known as El Pollo, with Guzmn himself still considered a major international drugtrafficker by Mexico and the U.S. even while he was behind bars.[83] Associates brought him suitcases of cash

to bribe prison workers and allow the drug lord to maintain his opulent lifestyle even in prison, with prisonguards acting like his servants.[92][93] He met his longtime mistress and later Sinaloa associate, former policeofficer Zulema Hernndez, while in prison, where she was serving time for armed robbery.[94] Hernndez latercontrolled Sinaloa's expansion into Mexico City, but her body was found in a trunk, carved with multiple Zs,signifying Los Zetas, Sinaloa's archrivals.[94]

While still in prison in Mexico, Guzmn was indicted in San Diego on U.S. charges of money laundering andimporting tons of cocaine into California, along with his Sinaloa attorney Humberto Loya-Castro, or LicenciadoPerez ("Lawyer Perez"), who was charged with bribing Mexican officials on Sinaloa's behalf and making surethat any cartel members arrested were released from custody.[93][95] After a ruling by the Supreme Court ofMexico made extradition between Mexico and the United States easier, Guzmn bribed guards to aid his escape.On 19 January 2001, Francisco "El Chito" Camberos Rivera, a prison guard, opened Guzmn's electronicallyoperated cell door, and Guzmn got in a laundry cart that maintenance worker Javier Camberos rolled throughseveral doors and eventually out the front door. He was then transported in the trunk of a car driven byCamberos out of the town. At a gas station, Camberos went inside, but when he came back, Guzmn was goneon foot into the night. According to officials, 78 people have been implicated in his escape plan.[90] Camberos isin prison for his assistance in the escape.[17]

The police say Guzmn carefully masterminded his escape plan, wielding influence over almost everyone in theprison, including the facility's director, who is now in prison for aiding in the escape.[17] One prison guard whocame forward to report the situation at the prison was found dead years later, presumed to be killed byGuzmn.[17] Guzmn allegedly had the prison guards on his payroll, smuggled contraband into the prison andreceived preferential treatment from the staff. In addition to the prison-employee accomplices, police in Jaliscowere paid off to ensure he had at least 24 hours to get out of the state and stay ahead of the military manhunt.The story told to the guards, being bribed not to search the laundry cart, was that Guzmn was smuggling gold,ostensibly extracted from rock at the inmate workshop, out of the prison. The escape allegedly cost Guzmn$2.5 million.[90][96]

Mexican Cartel WarsSince his escape from prison, Guzmn had been wanting to take over the Ciudad Jurez crossing points, whichwere under the control of the Carrillo Fuentes family of the Jurez Cartel.[90] Despite a high degree of mistrustbetween the two organizations, the Sinaloa and Jurez cartels had an alliance at the time. Guzmn convened ameeting in Monterrey with Ismael Zambada Garca ("El Mayo"), Juan Jos Esparragoza Moreno ("El Azul")and Arturo Beltrn Leyva and they discussed killing Rodolfo Carrillo Fuentes, who was in charge of the JurezCartel. On 11 September 2004, Rodolfo, his wife and two young children were visiting a Culiacn shoppingmall. While leaving the mall, escorted by police commander Pedro Prez Lpez, the family was ambushed bymembers of Los Negros, assassins for the Sinaloa Cartel. Rodolfo and his wife were killed; the policemansurvived.[90]

This now meant the plaza would no longer be controlled only by the Carrillo Fuentes family. Instead, the cityfound itself as the front line in the Mexican Drug War and would see homicides skyrocket as rival cartels foughtfor control. With this act, Guzmn was the first to break the nonaggression "pact" the major cartels had agreed

Guzmn's lieutenantAlfredo Beltrn Leyva -arrested

to, setting in motion the fighting between cartels for drug routes that has claimed more than 50,000 lives sinceDecember 2006.[97][98][99]

When Mexican President Felipe Caldern took office in December 2006, he announced a crackdown on cartelsby the Mexican military to stem the increasing violence.[100] After four years, the additional efforts had notslowed the flow of drugs or the killings tied to the drug war.[100] Of the 53,000 arrests made as of 2010, only1,000 involved associates of the Sinaloa Cartel, which led to suspicions that Caldern was intentionallyallowing Sinaloa to win the drug war, a charge Caldern denied in advertisements in Mexican newspapers,pointing to his administration's killing of top Sinaloa deputy "Nacho" Coronel as evidence.[100] Sinaloa's rivalcartels saw their leaders killed and syndicates dismantled by the crackdown, but the Sinaloa gang was relativelyunaffected and took over the rival gangs' territories, including the coveted Ciudad Jurez-El Paso corridor, in thewake of the power shifts.[88]

Break with the Beltrn Leyva CartelA Newsweek investigation alleges that one of Guzmn's techniques for maintaininghis dominance among cartels included giving information to the DEA and U.S.Immigration and Customs Enforcement that led to the arrests of his enemies in theJurez Cartel, in addition to information that led to the arrests of some of the topSinaloa leaders.[93] The arrests are said to have been part of a deal Guzmn struckwith Caldern and the DEA, in which he intentionally gave up some of hispurported Sinaloa colleagues to U.S. agents in exchange for immunity fromprosecution, while perpetuating the idea that the Caldern government was heavilypursuing his organization during the cartel crackdown.[101]

This became a key factor influencing the break between the Sinaloa Cartel and theBeltrn Leyva brothers, five brothers who served as Guzmn's top lieutenants,primarily working for the cartel in the northern region of Sinaloa.[102][103] Sinaloa lawyer Loya-Castro, wholike Guzmn had been wanted on federal charges in the United States since 1993, voluntarily approached theDEA offering them information in 1998, eventually signing paperwork as a formal informant in 2005, and hisU.S. indictment was thrown out in 2008.[93] Loya-Castro's leaks to the DEA led to the dismantling of theTijuana Cartel, as well as the Mexican Army's arrest of Guzmn's lieutenant and the top commander of theBeltrn Leyva organization, Alfredo Beltrn Leyva (also known as El Mochomo, or "Desert Ant"), in Culiacnin January 2008, with Guzmn believed to have given up El Mochomo for various reasons.[93][101][103] Guzmnhad been voicing concerns with Alfredo Beltrn's lifestyle and high-profile actions for some time before hisarrest. After El Mochomo's arrest, authorities said he was in charge of two hit squads, money laundering,transporting drugs and bribing officials for Sinaloa.[102][104]

That high-profile arrest was followed by the arrest of 11 Beltrn Leyva hit squad members in Mexico City, withpolice noting that the arrests were the first evidence that Sinaloa had expanded into the capital city.[102][105]United States Ambassador to Mexico Tony Garza called the arrests a "significant victory" in the drug war.[102]With Alfredo in custody, his brother Arturo Beltrn Leyva took over as the brothers' top commander, but he waskilled in a shootout with Mexican marines the next year.[103]

Photograph taken of ElChapo.

Whether Guzmn was responsible for Alfredo Beltrn's arrest is not known. However, the Beltrn Leyvas andtheir allies suspected he was behind it,[103] and after Alfredo Beltrn's arrest, a formal "war" was declared. Anattempt on the life of cartel head Zambada's son Vicente Zambada Niebla (El Vincentillo) was made just hoursafter the declaration. Dozens of killings followed in retaliation for that attempt.[90] The Beltrn Leyva brothersordered the assassination of Guzmn's son, dgar Guzmn Lpez, on 8 May 2008, in Culiacn, which broughtmassive retaliation from Guzmn. They were also fighting over the allegiance of the Flores brothers, Margaritoand Pedro, leaders of a major, highly lucrative cell in Chicago that distributed over two tons of cocaine everymonth.[106] The Mexican military claims that Guzmn and the Beltrn Leyva brothers were at odds overGuzmn's relationship with the Valencia brothers in Michoacn.[90]

Following the killing of Guzmn's son dgar, violence increased. From 8 May through the end of the month,over 116 people were murdered in Culiacn, 26 of them police officers. In June 2008, over 128 were killed; inJuly, 143 were slain.[90] Gen. No Sandoval ordered another 2,000 troops to the area, but it failed to stop thewar. The wave of violence spread to other cities like Guamchil, Guasave and Mazatln.

However, the Beltrn Leyva brothers were doing some double-dealing of their own. Arturo and Alfredo had metwith top members of Los Zetas in Cuernavaca, where they agreed to form an alliance to fill the power vacuum.They would not necessarily go after the main strongholds, such as the Sinaloa and Gulf Cartel; instead, theywould seek control of southern states like Guerrero (where the Beltrn Leyvas already had a big stake), Oaxaca,Yucatn and Quintana Roo. They worked their way into the center of the country, where no single group hadcontrol.[90] The Beltrn Leyva organization allied with the Gulf Cartel and its hit squad Los Zetas againstSinaloa.[105]

The split was officially recognized by the U.S. government on 30 May 2008. On that day, it recognized theBeltrn Leyva brothers as leaders of their own cartel. President George W. Bush designated Marcos ArturoBeltrn Leyva and the Beltrn Leyva Organization as subject to sanction under the Foreign Narcotics KingpinDesignation Act ("Kingpin Act").[90][107]

Whereabouts and manhunt: 20012014Guzmn was notable among drug lords for his longevity and evasion of authorities,assisted by alleged bribes to federal, state and local Mexican officials.[16][17][108]Despite the progress made in arresting others in the aftermath of Guzmn's escape,including a handful of his top logistics and security men, the huge military andfederal police manhunt failed to capture Guzmn himself for years. In the yearsbetween his escape and capture, he was Mexico's most-wanted man.[109] Hiselusiveness from law enforcement made him a near-legendary figure in Mexico'snarcotics folklore; stories abounded that Guzmn sometimes strolled into restaurants,confiscated peoples' cellphones, ate his meal, and then left after paying everyone'stabs.[110] Rumors circulated of Guzmn being seen in different parts of Mexico andabroad.[111] For more than thirteen years, Mexican security forces coordinated manyoperatives to rearrest him, but their efforts were largely in vain because Guzmnappeared to be steps ahead from his captors.[112]

Although his whereabouts were unknown, the authorities thought that he was likely hiding in the "GoldenTriangle" (Spanish: Tringulo Dorado), an area that encompasses parts of Sinaloa, Durango, and Chihuahua inthe Sierra Madre region. The region is a major producer of marijuana and opium poppy in Mexico,[113] and itsremoteness from the urban areas makes it an attractive territory for the production of synthetic drugs inclandestine laboratories and for its mountains that serve as possible hideouts.[114][115][116] Guzmn reportedlycommanded a sophisticated security circle of at least 300 informants and gunmen resembling the manpowerequivalent to those of a head of state. His inner circle would help him move around through several isolatedranches in the mountainous area and avoid capture.[111][117] He usually escaped from law enforcement usingbulletproof cars, aircraft, and all-terrain vehicles, and was known to employ sophisticated communicationsgadgetry and counterespionage practices.[117][118] Since many of these locations in the Golden Triangle canonly be reached over single-track dirt roads, local residents easily detected the arrival of law enforcement or anyoutsiders. Their distrust towards non-residents and their aversion towards the government, alongside acombination of bribery and intimidation, helped keep the locals loyal to Guzmn and the Sinaloa Cartel in thearea. According to law enforcement intelligence, attempting to have launched an attack to capture Guzmn byair would have had similar results; his security circle would have warned him of the presence of an aircraft 10minutes away from Guzmns location, giving him ample time to escape the scene and avoid arrest. In addition,his gunmen reportedly carried surface-to-air missiles that may bring down aircraft in the area.[117]

Rearrest: 2014Although Guzmn had long hidden successfully in remote areas of the Sierra Madre mountains, the arrestedmembers of his security team told the military he had begun venturing out to Culiacn and the beach town ofMazatln.[89] A week before his capture, Guzmn and Zambada were reported to have attended a familyreunion in Sinaloa.[119] The Mexican military followed the bodyguards' tips to Guzmns former wife's house,but they had trouble ramming the steel-reinforced front door, which allowed Guzmn to escape through asystem of secret tunnels that connected six houses, eventually moving south to Mazatln.[89] He had planned tostay a few days in Mazatln to see his twin baby daughters before retreating to the mountains.[120]

On 22 February 2014, at around 6:40 a.m.,[121] Mexican authorities arrested Guzmn at a hotel in a beachfrontarea in Mazatln, following an operation by the Mexican Navy, with joint intelligence from the DEA and theU.S. Marshals Service.[108][122] A few days before his capture, Mexican authorities had been raiding severalproperties owned by members of the Sinaloa Cartel who were close to Guzmn throughout the state ofSinaloa.[123][124] The operation that led to his capture started at 3:45 a.m., when ten pickup trucks of theMexican Navy carrying over 65 soldiers made their way to the resort area. Guzmn was hiding at the Miramarcondominiums, located at #608 on Avenida de Mar.[125][126] Mexican and U.S. federal agents had leads that thedrug lord had been at that location for at least two days, and that he was staying on the condominium's fourthfloor, in Room 401. When the Mexican authorities arrived at the location, they quickly subdued Carlos ManuelHoo Ramrez, one of Guzmn's presumed bodyguards, before quietly making their way to the fourth floor bythe elevators and stairs. Once they were at Guzmn's front door, they broke into the apartment and stormed thetwo rooms it had. In one of the rooms was Guzmn, lying in bed with his wife (former beauty queen EmmaCoronel Aispuro).[126][127] Their two daughters were reported to have been at the condominium during thearrest.[128] Guzmn tried to resist arrest physically,[126] but he did not attempt to grab an assault rifle he had

close to him.[129][130] Amid the quarrel with the marines, the drug lord was hit four times. By 6:40 a.m., he wasarrested, taken to the ground floor, and walked to the condominium's parking lot, where the first photos of hiscapture were taken.[126][131] His identity was confirmed through a fingerprint examination immediatelyfollowing his capture.[132] He was then flown to Mexico City, the country's capital, for formalidentification.[133] According to the Mexican government, no shots were fired during the operation.[134]

Few details of the drug lord's arrest were available early in the morning while the mugshot of Guzmn,handcuffed and with a few cuts on his face, circulated among law enforcement.[135][136] Guzmn was presentedin front of cameras during a press conference at the Mexico City International Airport that afternoon.[137]Following the press conference, he was transferred to the Federal Social Readaptation Center No. 1, amaximum-security prison in Almoloya de Jurez, State of Mexico, at around 2:55 p.m on a Federal PoliceBlack Hawk helicopter. The helicopter was escorted by two Navy helicopters and one from the Mexican AirForce.[138][139] Surveillance inside the penitentiary and in the surrounding areas was increased by a largecontingent of law enforcement.[140]

ReactionsMexican President Enrique Pea Nieto confirmed the arrest through Twitter and congratulated the Secretariat ofNational Defense (SEDENA), Secretariat of the Navy (SEMAR), Office of the General Prosecutor (PGR), theFederal Police, and the Centro de Investigacin y Seguridad Nacional (CISEN) for Guzmn's capture.[16][141]Within Mexico, several politicians recognized the efforts of the Mexican government in capturing Guzmn,[142]including the former Presidents Vicente Fox (20002006) and Felipe Caldern (20062012).[143][144] In theUnited States, Attorney General Eric Holder said Guzmn had caused "death and destruction of millions of livesacross the globe" and called the arrest "a landmark achievement, and a victory for the citizens of both Mexicoand the United States".[108] Colombia's President Juan Manuel Santos telephoned Pea Nieto and congratulatedhim for the arrest of Guzmn, highlighting its importance in the international efforts against drugtrafficking.[145] Colombia's Defense Minister, Juan Carlos Pinzn, congratulated Mexico on Guzmn's arrestand stated that his capture "contributes to eradicate this crime (drug trafficking) in the region".[146] TheGuatemalan President Otto Prez Molina congratulated the Mexican government for the arrest. He said hewould communicate personally with Pea Nieto to congratulate him.[147] Costa Rica's President LauraChinchilla congratulated the Mexican government through Twitter for the capture too.[148] The Frenchgovernment extended its congratulations on February 24 and supported the Mexican security forces in theircombat against organized crime.[149] News of Guzmn's capture made it to the headlines of many news outletsacross the U.S., Latin America, and Europe.[150][151] On Twitter, Mexico and Guzmn's capture were trendingtopics throughout most of 22 February 2014.[152]

Bob Nardoza, a spokesman for the U.S. attorney's office for the District Court for the Eastern District of NewYork, announced that U.S. authorities plan to seek the extradition of Guzmn for several cases pending againsthim in New York and other United States jurisdictions.[153]

Charges and imprisonment

Guzmn was imprisoned in area #20, Hallway #1, on 22 February 2014.[154] The area where he lived washighly restricted; the cells do not have any windows, inmates are not allowed to interact with one another, andthey are not permitted to contact their family members.[155] His cell was close to those of Jos Jorge Balderas(alias "El JJ"), former lieutenant of the Beltrn Leyva Cartel, and Jaime Gonzlez Durn (alias "El Hummer"),a former leader of Los Zetas drug cartel. In one of the other units is Miguel ngel Guzmn Loera, one of hisbrothers.[156][157] Guzmn was alone in his cell, and had one bed, one shower, and a single toilet. His lawyerwas scar Quirarte, who was accredited by the government. Guzmn was allowed to receive visits from hisfamily members every nine days from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. (if approved by a judge), and was granted by lawto receive MXN$638 (about US$48) every month to buy products for personal hygiene.[156][158] He lived under23 hours of solitary confinement with an hour of outdoor exposure. He was only allowed to speak with peopleduring his judicial hearings (the prison guards that secured his cell 24 hours a day, 7 days a week were notallowed to speak with him). Unlike the other inmates, Guzmn was prohibited from practicing sport or culturalactivities. These conditions were court-approved and could only be changed if a federal judge decided to amendthem.[158]

On 24 February, the Mexican government formally charged Guzmn for drug trafficking, a process that mayslow down his possible extradition to the U.S. The decision to initially file only one charge against him showedthat the Mexican government was working on gathering more formal charges against Guzmn, and possiblyincluding the charges he faced before his escape from prison in 2001. The kingpin also faces charges in at leastseven U.S. jurisdictions, and U.S. officials have called for his extradition (though no formal extradition requestby the U.S. government exists at this time).[159][160] Guzmn was initially granted a writ of amparo (effectivelyequivalent to an injunction) preventing immediate extradition to the United States.[161] On 25 February, aMexican federal judge set the trial in motion for drug-related and organized crime charges.[162][163] Accordingto Mexican law, if Guzmn is found guilty of such charges, he may face 20 and up to 40 years in prison.[164] On4 March 2014, a Mexican federal court issued a formal charge against Guzmn for his involvement in organizedcrime.[165] A day later, another Mexican federal court charged him with organized crime and drug traffickingviolations.[166]

On 5 March 2014, a Mexico City federal court rejected Guzmn's injunction against extradition to the U.S. onthe grounds that the U.S. officials had not formally requested his extradition from Mexico. The court said that ifthe U.S. files a request in the future, Guzmn can petition for another injunction.[167] The court had until 9 April2014 to issue a formal declaration of the injunction's rejection, and Guzmn's lawyers can appeal the court'sdecision in the meantime.[168] The same day that the injunction was rejected, another federal court issuedformal charges against Guzmn, totaling up to five different Mexican federal courts where he is wanted for drugtrafficking and organized crime charges.[169] The court explained that although Guzmn faces charges in severaldifferent courts, he cannot be sentenced for the same crime twice because that would violate Article 23 of theConstitution of Mexico.[170]

On 17 April 2014, the Attorney General of Mexico, Jess Murillo Karam, said that Mexico had no intention ofextraditing Guzmn to the U.S. even if a formal request were to be presented. He said he wished to see Guzmnface charges in Mexico, and expressed his disagreement with how the U.S. cuts deals with extradited Mexicancriminals by reducing their sentences (as in Vicente Zambada Niebla's case) in exchange forinformation.[171][172]

On 16 July 2014, Guzmn reportedly helped organize a five-day hunger strike in the prison in cooperation withinmate and former drug lord Edgar Valdez Villarreal (alias "La Barbie"). Over 1,000 prisoners reportedlyparticipated in the protest and complained of the prison's poor hygiene, food, and medical treatment. TheMexican government confirmed that the strike took place and that the prisoners' demands were satisfied, butdenied that Guzmn or Valdez Villarreal were involved in it given their status as prisoners in solitaryconfinement.[173][174]

On 25 September 2014, Guzmn and his former business partner Zambada were indicted by the United StatesDistrict Court for the Eastern District of New York in Brooklyn.[175] According to the court documents, both ofthem conspired to kill Mexican law enforcement officers, government officials, and members of the MexicanArmed Forces. Among the people killed under the alleged orders of Guzmn were Roberto Velasco Bravo(2008), the chief of Mexico's organized crime investigatory division; Rafael Ramrez Jaime (2008), the chief ofthe arrest division of the Attorney General's Office; Rodolfo Carrillo Fuentes (2004), former leader of the JurezCartel, among other criminals from the Tijuana, Los Zetas, Beltrn Leyva, and Jurez crime syndicates. NeitherGuzmn nor Zambada was charged for the killings of the individuals mentioned in the indictment.[176] Thecourt alleged that Guzmn used professional assassins to carry out "... hundreds of acts of violence, includingmurders, assaults, kidnappings, assassinations and acts of torture".[177] In addition, it alleged that he oversaw adrug-trafficking empire that transported multi-ton shipments of narcotics from South America, through CentralAmerica and Mexico, and then to the U.S., and that his network was facilitated by corrupt law enforcement andpublic officials.[176] It also alleged that Guzmn laundered more than US$14 billion in drug proceeds along withseveral other high-ranking drug lords.[178]

On 11 November 2014, a federal court in Sinaloa granted Guzmn an injunction for weaponry charges, whichaccused him of violating Mexico's Federal Law of Firearms and Explosives.[179] The weaponry charges weredropped after the judge determined that the arrest was not carried out the way the Mexican Navy reported it.According to law enforcement, the Navy apprehended Guzmn after they received an anonymous tip thatsomeone was armed in the hotel where he was staying. However, no evidence of the anonymous tip wasprovided. The judge also determined that the investigations leading to his arrest were not presented in court. Hedetermined that law enforcement's version of the arrest had several irregularities because the Navy did not havea raid warrant when they entered the premises and arrested Guzmn (when he was not the subject matter of theanonymous tip in the first place).[180] The plaintiff plans to lay the firearms charges against him again once theypresent a congruent, fact-based version of the arrest.[181]

On 20 January 2015, Guzmn requested another injunction through his lawyer Andrs Granados Flores toprevent his extradition to the U.S.[182] His defense argued that if he were to be extradited and judged in aforeign court, his constitutional rights would be violated as expressed in Articles 1, 14, 16, 17, 18 and 20 of theConstitution of Mexico.[183] The decision of his defense was made after Attorney General Murillo Karam saidat a press conference that the U.S. was pushing to formally request his extradition.[184] The PGR and Mexico'sSecretariat of Foreign Affairs stated that Guzmn had a provisional arrest with extradition purposes from theU.S. government since 17 February 2001, but that the formal proceedings to officiate the extradition were notrealized because investigators considered that the request was outdated and believed it would have been difficultto gather potential witnesses.[185] Murillo Karam said that the Mexican government would process the requestwhen they deemed it appropriate.[186] He asked for a second injunction preventing his extradition on January26. Mexico City federal judge Fabricio Villegas asked federal authorities to confirm in 24 hours if there was a

pending extradition request against Guzmn.[187] In a press conference the following day, Murillo Karam saidthat he was expecting a request from Washington, but said that they would not extradite him until he facescharges and completes his sentences in Mexico. If all the charges are added up, Guzmn may receive a sentencebetween 300 to 400 years.[188][189]

Second escape: 2015On 11 July 2015, Guzmn escaped from Federal Social Readaptation Center No. 1, a maximum-securityprison.[189] After receiving medication,[190] Guzmn was last seen by security cameras at 20:52 hours near theshower area. The shower area was the only part of his cell that was not visible through the security camera.[191]After the cameras did not see him for two hours, an alert was issued at 22:55 hours and personnel went lookingfor him.[192] When they reached his cell, Guzmn was gone. It was discovered he had escaped through a tunnelleading from the shower area to a house construction site 1.5 km (0.93 mi) away in a Santa Juanitaneighborhood.[193][194] The tunnel lay 10 m (32.8 ft) deep underground, and Guzmn used a ladder to climb tothe bottom. The tunnel was 1.7 m (5.7 ft) tall and 75 cm (29.5 in) in width. It was equipped with artificial light,air ducts, and high-quality construction materials.[190] In addition, a motorcycle was found in the tunnel, whichauthorities think was used to transport materials and possibly Guzmn himself.[195]

The escape of Guzmn triggered a wide-range manhunt.[196] According to Mexico's National SecurityCommissioner Monte Alejandro Rubido Garca, the manhunt was instituted immediately in the surroundingarea by putting up several checkpoints and air searches by helicopter.[197] The entire prison was put onlockdown and no one was allowed to enter or leave it.[198] The search was then extended to other federalentities: Mexico City, the State of Mexico, Morelos, Puebla, Guerrero, Michoacn, Quertaro, Hidalgo andTlaxcala. However, most of the military officers involved in the search were sent to the State of Mexico.[199]The Mexican government also issued an international warning to prevent Guzmn from escaping the countrythrough airports, border checkpoints, or ports. Interpol and other security organizations were alerted to thepossibility of him escaping into another country.[200] Flights at the Toluca International Airport were cancelled,while soldiers occupied parts of Mexico City International Airport.[191] Out of the 120 employees that wereworking at the prison that night, eighteen employees from the prison were initially detained for questioning;those eighteen worked in the area of Guzmn's cell.[192] By the afternoon, a total of 31 people had been calledin for questioning. The director of the prison, Valentn Crdenas Lerma, was among those detained.[201]

When the news of the escape broke out, President Pea Nieto was heading to a state visit in France along withseveral top officials from his cabinet and many others.[202] The Secretary of the Interior Miguel ngel OsorioChong, who was already in France waiting for them, returned to Mexico after learning of Guzmn's prisonbreak.[203][204] Pea Nieto is scheduled to return to Mexico on July 17.[205] In a press conference, Pea Nietosaid he was very shocked by Guzmn's escape, and promised that the government would carry out an intensiveinvestigation to see if officials had collaborated in the prison break. In addition, he claimed that Guzmn'sescape was an "affront" to the Mexican government, and that they would not spare any resources in trying torecapture him.[206] Pea Nieto, however, was severely criticized for the incident, and media outlets pointed out

that this incident was among the administration's most embarrassing episodes. Critics stated that Guzmn'sescape highlighted the high levels of corruption within the government, and questioned the government's abilityto combat the country's organized crime groups.[207][208]

Manhunt and investigationAt 08:00 on July 13, Osorio Chong met with members of the cabinet that specialize in security and lawenforcement intelligence to discuss the escape of Guzmn. They scheduled a press conference at 19:00 that day.The objective of the meeting and the conference was to analyze the actions the government employed torecapture him. Among them were Rubido Garca, Arely Gmez Gonzlez, the Attorney General of Mexico andEugenio Imaz Gispert, head of the Center for Research and National Security.[209][210] At the press conference,the government placed a $60 million MXN bounty (approximately US$3.8 million) for information that leads toGuzmn's arrest.[211]

FamilyGuzmn's family is heavily involved in drug trafficking, with several members killed by Sinaloa's archrivalcartels Los Zetas and the Beltrn Leyva Organization, including his brother and one of his sons.[92]

In 1977, Guzmn married Alejandrina Mara Salazar Hernndez in a small ceremony in the town of JessMara, Sinaloa. They had at least three children: Csar, Ivn Archivaldo and Jess Alfredo. He set them up in aranch home in Jess Mara. In the mid-1980s, Guzmn remarried, this time to Griselda Lpez Prez, with whomhe had four more children: dgar, Joaqun, Ovidio and Griselda Guadalupe.[90] Guzmn's sons would followhim into the drug business. Only one of his children, Irving Andre, is not involved. Lpez Prez was arrested in2010 in Culiacn.[212]

In November 2007, Guzmn married 18-year-old beauty queen Emma Coronel Aispuro[213] the daughter of oneof his top deputies, Ins Coronel Barreras, in Canelas, Durango.[214][215][216] In August 2011, Coronel Aispuro,a citizen of the United States, gave birth to twin girls in a Los Angeles (California) County Hospital.[217]

On 1 May 2013, Guzmn's father-in-law Ins Coronel Barreras was captured by Mexican authorities in AguaPrieta, Sonora, with no gunfire exchanged. U.S. authorities believe that Coronel Barreras was a "key operative"of the Sinaloa Cartel who grew and smuggled marijuana through the Arizona border area.[215]

On 15 February 2005, his son Ivn Archivaldo, known as "El Chapito", was arrested in Guadalajara on moneylaundering charges.[218] He was sentenced to five years in a federal prison, but released in April 2008 after aMexican federal judge, Jess Guadalupe Luna, ruled that there was no proof his cash came from drugs otherthan that he was a drug lord's son.[219] Luna and another judge were later suspended on suspicion of unspecifiedirregularities in their decisions, including Luna's decision to release "El Chapito".[219]

Guzmn's son dgar Guzmn Lpez died after a 2008 ambush in a shopping center parking lot in Culiacn inSinaloa.[220] Afterwards, police found more than 500 AK-47 bullet casings (7.6239mm) at the scene.[220] Hisbrother Arturo, or "El Pollo", was killed in prison in 2004.[92]

Another of Guzmn's sons, Jess Alfredo Guzmn Salazar, known as "El Gordo" ("The Fat One"), then 23 yearsold, was suspected of being a member of the cartel and was indicted on federal charges of drug trafficking in2009 with Guzmn by the U.S. District Court of Northern Illinois, which oversees Chicago.[218][221] Withauthorities describing Guzmn Salazar as a growing force within his father's organization and directlyresponsible for Sinaloa's drug trade between the U.S. and Mexico and managing his billionaire father's growinglist of properties, Guzmn Salazar and his mother, Guzmn's former wife Mara Alejandrina Salazar Hernndez,were both described as key operatives in the Sinaloa Cartel and added to the U.S.'s financial sanction list underthe Kingpin Act on 7 June 2012.[221][222][223]

The Treasury Department described Salazar as Guzmn's wife in its sanction against her and described Guzmnas her husband.[223] The month before, the U.S. Treasury Department announced sanctions against Guzmn'ssons Ivn Guzmn Salazar and Ovidio Guzmn Lpez under the Kingpin Act, which prohibits people andcorporations in the U.S. from conducting businesses with them and freezes their U.S. assets.[224] Guzmn'ssecond wife, Griselda Lpez Prez, was also sanctioned by the U.S. under the Kingpin Act and also describedas Guzmn's wife.[225]

Jess Guzmn Salazar was reported to have been detained by Mexican Marines in an early morning raid in thewestern state of Jalisco on 21 June 2012.[226] Months later, however, the Mexican Attorney General's Officeannounced the Marines had arrested the wrong man and that the man captured was actually Flix Beltrn Len,who said he was a used-car dealer, not the drug lord's son.[218] U.S. and Mexican authorities blamed each otherfor providing the inaccurate information that led to the arrest.[218]

In 2012, Alejandrina Gisselle Guzmn Salazar, a 31-year-old pregnant physician and Mexican citizen fromGuadalajara, was said to have claimed she was Guzmn's daughter as she crossed the U.S. border into SanDiego.[227] She was arrested on fraud charges for entering the country with a false visa.[212] Unnamed officialssaid the woman was the daughter of Mara Alejandrina Salazar Hernndez but did not appear to be a majorfigure in the cartel. She had planned to meet the father of her child in Los Angeles and give birth in the UnitedStates.[212]

On the night of 17 June 2012, Obied Cano Zepeda, a nephew of Guzmn, was gunned down by unknownassailants at his home in the state capital of Culiacn while hosting a Father's Day celebration.[228] The gunmen,who were reportedly carrying AK-47 rifles, also killed two other guests and left one seriously injured.[228]Obied was a brother of Luis Alberto Cano Zepeda (alias "El Blanco"), a nephew of Guzmn who worked as apilot drug transporter for the Sinaloa cartel.[229] Nonetheless, he was arrested by the Mexican military in August2006.[229] InSight Crime notes that the murder of Obied may have been a retaliation attack by Los Zetas forGuzmn's incursions into their territory or a brutal campaign heralding Los Zetas' presence in Sinaloa.[230]

See alsoList of Mexico's 37 most-wanted drug lordsThe World's 10 Most Wanted

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