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05/03/14 08:33oaqun Guzmn Loera - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Pgina 1 de 28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzmn_Loera

Joaqun Guzmn Loera

Born Joaqun Archivaldo Guzmn Loera

4 April 1957or 25 December 1954[1]

La Tuna,Badiraguato, Sinaloa,

Mexico

Other names "El Chapo" Guzmn

Occupation Leader of Sinaloa Cartel

Height 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in)

Weight 75 kg (165lb)

Predecessor Miguel ngel Flix Gallardo

Successor Ismael Zambada Garca

Criminalcharge

Drugtrafficking, murder, money

laundering, among others

Spouse(s)

Children

Reward

amountMexico: $30 million Mexican

Pesos;[2]

USA: $5 million USD[1]

Capturestatus

Arrested

Wanted by The Mexican PGR and the US DEA

Wanted since 2001

Escaped 19 January 2001

Escape end 22 February 2014

Joaqun Guzmn LoeraFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Joaqun Archivaldo Guzmn Loera(born either 25December 1954 or 4 April 1957; disputed) is a formerMexican drug lord who headed the Sinaloa Cartel, a

criminal organization named after the Mexican Pacificcoast state of Sinaloa where it was formed. Known as "ElChapo Guzmn"("Shorty Guzmn", pronounced: [el !t"apo#uz!man]) for his 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) stature, hebecameMexico's top drug kingpin in 2003 after the arrest of hisrival Osiel Crdenas of the Gulf Cartel, and until hisFebruary 2014 arrest, he was considered the "mostpowerful drug traffickerin the world" by the United StatesDepartment of the Treasury.[3][4]

Guzmn Loera has been ranked by Forbesmagazine asone of the most powerful people in the world every yearsince 2009, ranking 41st, 60thand 55threspectively.[5][6]

He was named as the 10thrichest man in Mexico (1,140th

in the world) in 2011, with a networth of roughly US$1billion.[7][8]Themagazine also calls him the "biggest druglord of all time",[9]and the DEA strongly believes he hassurpassed the influence and reach of Pablo Escobar, andnow considers him "the godfather of the drug world."[10]

In 2013, the Chicago Crime Commission named Guzmn"Public Enemy Number One" due to the influence of hiscriminal network in Chicago, though there is no evidencethat Guzmn has ever been in that city.[11]The last personto receive such notoriety was Al Capone in 1930.[12]

Guzmn's Sinaloa Cartel smuggles multi-ton cocaineshipments from Colombia through Mexico to the UnitedStates, the world's top consumer,[1]and has distribution

cells throughout the U.S.[1]The organization has alsobeen involved in the production, smuggling anddistribution of Mexican methamphetamine, marijuana,and heroin across both North American and Europeanmarkets.[13][14]At the time of his 2014 arrest, Guzmnimported more drugs into the United States than anyoneelse.[15]

Guzmn was captured in 1993 in Guatemala, extradited

and sentenced to 20 years in prison in Mexico for murderand drug trafficking.[1][16]After bribing prison guards, he

At least 4

At least 10
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ollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-ForbesMostPowerful-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-El_Universal-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-Milenio-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Cartelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osiel_C%C3%A1rdenashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Spanishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinaloahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinaloa_Cartelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_lordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-rewards-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_launderinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_traffickinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismael_Zambada_Garc%C3%ADahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_F%C3%A9lix_Gallardohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinaloa_Cartelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinaloahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badiraguato_Municipalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-rewards-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera,_aka_El_Chapo_Guzm%C3%A1n.jpg

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was able to escape from a federal maximum-security prison in 2001.[1]He was wanted by the governmentsof Mexico, the United States and by INTERPOL. The U.S. offered a US$5 million reward for informationleading to his capture, and the Mexican government offered a reward of 30 million pesos (approximatelyUS$2 million) for information on Guzmn.[1]

Guzmn was arrested again by Mexican authorities in Mexico on February 22, 2014. He was found inside

his 4th floor condo at 608 Av del Mar in the beachfront Miramar condominium in Mazatln, Sinaloa,[17]

andwas captured without a gunshot being fired.[15][18]

Contents

1 Early life2 Initial stages in organized crime3 Conflict with the Tijuana Cartel: 19891993

3.1 Exodus and arrest: 19934 Drug empire4.1 Methamphetamine

5 Arrest and escape: 199320016 Mexican Cartel Wars7 Break with the Beltrn Leyva Cartel8 Whereabouts and manhunt: 20012014

8.1 Public appearances9 Re-arrest: 2014

9.1 Reactions9.2 Charges and imprisonment

10 Family11 See also12 References13 Bibliography14 External links

Early life

Joaqun Archivaldo Guzmn Loera was born into a poor family in the rural community of La Tuna,Badiraguato, Sinaloa, Mexico.[19][20]Sources disagree on the date of his birth, with some stating he wasborn on 25 December 1954,[21]while others report he was born on 4 April 1957.[22]His parents were EmilioGuzmn Bustillos and Mara Consuelo Loera Prez.[23]His paternal grandparents were Juan Guzmn andOtilia Bustillos, and his maternal grandparents were Ovidio Loera Cobret and Pomposa Prez Uriarte. Formany generations, his family lived and died at La Tuna.[24]

His father was officially a cattle rancher, as were most in the area where Guzmn grew up; according tosome sources, however, he may have possibly also been a gomero, a Sinaloan word for opium poppy

farmer.[25]

Guzmn has two younger sisters, Armida and Bernarda, and four younger brothers: Miguelngel, Aureliano, Arturo and Emilio. He had three unnamed older brothers who reportedly died of natural
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeith.2C_Malcolm201050-54-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_poppyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHern.C3.A1ndez.2C_Anabel201257-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckman.2C_Jo201222-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeith.2C_Malcolm2010xvii-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badiraguato_Municipalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#Bibliographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#Familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#Charges_and_imprisonmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#Reactionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#Re-arrest:_2014http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#Public_appearanceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#Whereabouts_and_manhunt:_2001.E2.80.932014http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#Break_with_the_Beltr.C3.A1n_Leyva_Cartelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#Mexican_Cartel_Warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#Arrest_and_escape:_1993.E2.80.932001http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#Methamphetaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#Drug_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#Exodus_and_arrest:_1993http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#Conflict_with_the_Tijuana_Cartel:_1989.E2.80.931993http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#Initial_stages_in_organized_crimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#Early_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-AParrest-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinaloahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazatl%C3%A1nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-rewards-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_pesohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INTERPOLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-rewards-1

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Hctor "El Gero" Palma,former business partner ofGuzmn

causes when he was very young.[24]Few details are known of Guzmn's upbringing. As a child, Guzmnsold oranges, and dropped out of school in third grade to work with his father.[16]Guzmn was regularlybeaten and sometimes fled to his maternal grandmother's house to escape such treatment. However, when hewas home, Guzmn stood up to his father to protect his younger siblings from being beaten.[26][27]It ispossible that Guzmn incurred his fathers wrath for trying to stop him from beating them. His mother,however, was the "foundation of [his] emotional support".[28]As the nearest school to his home was about

60 mi (95.6 km) away, Guzmn was taught by traveling teachers during his early years, just like the rest ofhis brothers. The teachers stayed for a few months before moving to other areas.[27]With few opportunitiesfor employment in his hometown, he turned to the cultivation of opium poppy, a common practice amonglocal residents.[29]During harvest season, Guzmn and his brothers hiked the hills of Badiraguato to cut thebud of the poppy. Once the plant was stacked in kilos, his father sold the harvest to other suppliers inCuliacn and Guamchil.[30]He sold marijuana at commercial centers near the area while accompanied byGuzmn. His father spent most of the profits on liquor and women and often returned home with no money.Tired of his mismanagement, Guzmn, at the age of 15, cultivated his own marijuana plantation with fourdistant cousins (Arturo, Alfredo, Carlos, and Hctor), who lived nearby.[26]

With his first marijuana productions, Guzmn singlehandedly supported his family financially. When he wasa teenager, however, his father kicked him out of his house, and he went to live with his grandfather.[31]Itwas during his adolescence that Guzmn earned the nickname El Chapo, Mexican slang for "Shorty", for his1.68 m (5 ft., 6 in.) stature and stocky physical appearance.[32][33]Though most people in Badiraguatoworked in the poppy fields of the Sierra Madre Occidental throughout most of their lives, Guzmn left hishometown and aspired for greater opportunities; through his uncle, Pedro Avils Prez, one of the pioneersof Mexican drug trafficking, he left Badiraguato in his 20s and joined organized crime.[34]

Initial stages in organized crimeDuring the 1980s, the leading crime syndicate in Mexico was theGuadalajara Cartel,[35]which was headed by Miguel ngel Flix Gallardo(alias "El Padrino"), Rafael Caro Quintero, Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo (alias"Don Neto"), Juan Jos Esparragoza Moreno (alias "El Azul") andothers.[36]In the 1970s, Guzmn first worked for the drug lord Hctor "ElGero" Palma by transporting drugs and overseeing its shipments from theSierra Madre region to urban areas near the U.S.-Mexico border via

aircraft. Since his initial steps in organized crime, Guzmn was ambitiousand regularly pressed on his superiors to allow him to increase the share ofnarcotics that were smuggled across the border. The drug lord also favoreda pragmatic and serious approach when doing business; if any of his drugshipments were not on time, Guzmn would simply kill the smugglerhimself by shooting him in the head. Those around him learned that ripping

him off or going with other competitorseven if they offered better priceswas inconvenient. The leadersof the Guadalajara Cartel liked Guzmn's business acumen, and in the early 1980s, they introduced him toFlix Gallardo, one of the major drug czars in Mexico.[37]Guzmn first worked as a chauffeur for FlixGallardo before he put him in charge of logistics,[38]where Guzmn coordinated drug shipments from

Colombia to Mexico via land, air, and sea. Palma, on the other hand, made sure the deliveries arrived toconsumers in the United States. Guzmn soon earned enough standing and began working for Flix Gallardo
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Miguel ngel FlixGallardo, former leader ofthe Guadalajara Cartel

U.S. Federal agentEnrique CamarenaSalazar

directly.[37]

Throughout most of the late 1970s and early 1980s, the Mexican drug traffickers were middlemen for theColombian drug trafficking groups, and would simply move the drugsthrough the U.S.-Mexico border and receive a fee for each kilogram. Mexico,however, remained a secondary route for the Colombians, given that most of

the drugs trafficked by their cartels were smuggled through the Caribbeanand the Florida corridor.[39][40]Flix Gallardo was the leading drug baron inMexico and friend of Juan Ramn Matta-Ballesteros, but his operations werestill limited by his counterparts in South America. In the mid-1980s,however, the U.S. government increased law enforcement surveillance andput pressure on the Medelln and Cali Cartels by effectively reducing thedrug trafficking operations in the Caribbean corridor. Realizing it was moreprofitable to hand over the operations to their Mexican counterparts, theColombian cartels gave Flix Gallardo more control over their drugshipments.[41][42]This power shift gave the Mexican organized crime groups

more leverage over their Central American and South Americancounterparts.[39]During the 1980s, however, the Drug EnforcementAdministration (DEA) was conducting undercover ground work in Mexico,where several of its agents worked as informants.

One DEA agent, Enrique Camarena Salazar, was working as an informant and grewclose to many top drug barons, including Flix Gallardo.[43]In November 1984, theMexican militaryacting on the intelligence information provided by Camarenaraided a large marijuana plantation owned by the Guadalajara Cartel and known as

"Rancho Bfalo".[44]

Angered by the suspected betrayal, Flix Gallardo and his mensought revenge by kidnapping, torturing, and killing the DEA agent in February1985.[45]Guzmn's life changed that day, according to federal agents of the DEA; thedrug lord took advantage of the internal crisis to gain ground within the cartel and takeover more drug trafficking operations.[26]The death of Camarena outragedWashington, and Mexico responded by carrying out a massive manhunt to arrest thoseinvolved in incident.[46]In 1989, Flix Gallardo was arrested; while in prison andthrough a number of envoys, the drug lord called for a summit in Acapulco, Guerrero.

In the conclave, Guzmn and others discussed the future of Mexico's drug trafficking and agreed to dividethe territories previously owned by the Guadalajara Cartel.[47]The Arellano Flix brothers formed theTijuana Cartel, which controlled the Tijuana corridor and parts of Baja California; in Chihuahua state, agroup controlled by Carrillo Fuentes family formed the Jurez Cartel; and the remaining faction left toSinaloa and the Pacific Coast and formed the Sinaloa Cartel under the traffickers Ismael "El Mayo"Zambada, Palma, and Guzmn.[48][35]Guzmn was specifically in charge of the drug corridors of Tecate,Baja California,[48]and Mexicali and San Luis Ro Colorado, two border crossings that connect the states ofSonora and Baja California with the U.S. states of Arizona and California.[49]

When Flix Gallardo was arrested, Guzmn reportedly lived in Guadalajara, Jalisco for some time. One ofhis other centers of operation, however, was in the border city of Agua Prieta, Sonora, where he coordinated

drug trafficking activities more closely. The drug lord had dozens of properties in various parts of thecountry. People he trusted purchased the properties for him and registered them under false names. Most of
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agua_Prieta,_Sonorahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara,_Jaliscohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayson.2C_George_W.201156-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonorahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Luis_R%C3%ADo_Coloradohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicalihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeith.2C_Malcolm201072-73-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecate,_Baja_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmonds-Poli.2C_Emily2009262-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeith.2C_Malcolm201072-73-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismael_Zambada_Garc%C3%ADahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinaloa_Cartelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C3%A1rez_Cartelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijuanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijuana_Cartelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrillo.2C_Ioan201278-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acapulco,_Guerrerohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-univisionpg1-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburn.2C_Alexander1998348-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-nexos-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeith.2C_Malcolm201069-70-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Camarena_Salazarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-startfor80s-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeith.2C_Malcolm201066-68-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagley.2C_Bruce20126-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cali_Cartelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn_Cartelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Matta-Ballesteroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeith.2C_Malcolm201062-64-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-startfor80s-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeith.2C_Malcolm201063-64-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Camarena_Salazarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enrique-camarena.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_Cartelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_F%C3%A9lix_Gallardohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Miguel_Angel_Felix_Gallardo_2013-12-26_18-39.jpg

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Ramn ArellanoFlix, formerTijuana Cartelleader.

them were located in residential neighborhoods and served as stash houses for drugs, weapons, and cash.Guzmn also owned several ranches across Mexico, but most of them were located in the states of Sinaloa,Durango, Chihuahua, and Sonora, where locals working for the drug lord grew opium and marijuana.[50]

The first time Guzmn was detected by U.S. authorities for his involvement in organized crime was in 1987,when several protected witnesses testified in a USA court that the drug lord was in fact heading the SinaloaCartel. An indictment issued in the state of Arizona alleged that Guzmn had coordinated the shipment of

4,600 pounds of cannabis 10,504 pounds of cocaine from 19 October 1987 to 18 May 1990, and hadreceived roughly US$1.5 million in drug proceeds that were shipped back to his home state. Anotherindictment alleged that Guzmn earned US$100,000 for trafficking 35 tons of cocaine and an unspecifiedamount of marijuana in a period of three years.[51]In the border areas between Tecate and San Luis RoColorado, Guzmn ordered his men to traffic most of the drugs via land, but also through a few aircraft. Byusing the so-called piecemeal strategy, where traffickers kept drug quantities relatively low, risks werereduced. The drug lord also pioneered the use of sophisticated underground tunnels to move drugs across theborder and into the United States.[52]Aside from pioneering the tunnels, Palma and Guzmn packed cocaineinto chili pepper cans under the brand Comadre before they were shipped to the U.S. by train. In return, thedrug lords were paid through large suitcases filled with millions of dollars in cash. These suitcases were

flown from the U.S. to Mexico City, where corrupt customs agents at the airport made sure the deliverieswere not inspected. Large sums of that money were reportedly used as bribes for members of the AttorneyGeneral's Office.[16]

Conflict with the Tijuana Cartel: 19891993

When Flix Gallardo was arrested, the Tijuana corridor was handed over to the ArellanoFlix brothers, Jess Labra viles (alias "El Chuy"), and Javier Caro Payn (alias "ElDoctor"), cousin of the former Guadalajara Cartel leader Rafael Caro Quintero. In fears

of a coup, however, Caro Payn fled to Canada and was later arrested. Guzmn and therest of the Sinaloa Cartel leaders consequently grew angry at the Arellano Flix clanabout this.[53]In 1989, Guzmn sent Armando Lpez (alias "El Rayo"), one of his most-trusted men, to speak with the Arellano Flix clan in Tijuana. Before he had a chance tospeak face-to-face with them, Lpez was killed by Ramn Arellano Flix. The corpsewas disposed in the outskirts of the city and the Tijuana Cartel ordered a hit on theremaining family members of the Lpez family to prevent future reprisals. That sameyear, the Arellano Flix brothers sent the Venezuelan drug trafficker Enrique RafaelClavel Moreno to infiltrate Palma's family and seduce his wife Guadalupe Leija

Serrano.

[54]

After convincing her to withdraw US$7 million from one of Palma's bankaccounts in San Diego, California, Clavel beheaded her and sent her head to Palma in a box.[55]It wasknown as the first beheading linked to the drug trade in Mexico.[56]Two weeks later, Clavel killed Palma'schildren, Hctor (aged 5) and Nataly (aged 4), by throwing them off a bridge in Venezuela. Palma retaliatedby sending his men to kill Clavel while he was in prison.[57]In 1991, Ramn killed another Sinaloa Cartelassociate, Rigoberto Campos Salcido (alias "El Rigo"), prompting bigger conflicts with Guzmn.[58][59]Inearly 1992, a Tijuana Cartel-affiliated and San Diego-based gang known as Calle Treinta kidnapped six ofGuzmns men in Tijuana, tortured them to attain information, and then shot them execution-style in thebacks of their heads. Their bodies were dumped on the outskirts of the city. Shortly after the attack, a carbomb exploded outside one of Guzmns properties in Culiacn. No injures were reported but the drug lordbecame fully aware of the intended message.[60]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeith.2C_Malcolm201097-99-60http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-56http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego,_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards.2C_James_R.199823-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Arellano_F%C3%A9lixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayson.2C_George_W.201281-53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-online.wsj.com-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeith.2C_Malcolm201095-96-52http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeith.2C_Malcolm201093-94-51http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeith.2C_Malcolm201083-84-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijuana_Cartelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Eduardo_Arellano-Felixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ramon_Eduardo_Arellano-Felix.jpg

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Guzmn and Palma struck back against the Arellano Flix brothers (Tijuana Cartel) with nine killings on 3September 1992 in Iguala, Guerrero;[16][61]among the dead included lawyers and family members of FlixGallardo, who was also believed to have orchestrated the attack against Palma's family.[62]Mexico'sAttorney General formed a special unit to look into the killings, but the investigation was called off after theunit found that Guzmn had paid off some of the top police officials in Mexico with $10 million, accordingto police reports and confessions of ex-police officers.[16]In November 1992, gunmen of Arellano Flix

attempted to kill Guzmn as he was traveling in a vehicle through the streets of Guadalajara. Ramn and atleast four of his henchmen shot at the moving vehicle with AK-47 assault rifles, but the drug lord managedto escape unharmed. The attack forced Guzmn to leave Guadalajara and live under a false name under fearsof future attacks.[16][26]He and Palma, however, responded to the assassination attempt in a similar fashion;several days later, on 8 November 1992, a large commando of the Sinaloa Cartel posing as policemenstormed the Christine discothque in Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, spotted Ramn and Francisco Javier ArellanoFlix, and opened fire at them. The shooting lasted for at least eight minutes, and more than 1,000 roundswere fired from both Guzmn's and Arellano Flix's gunmen.[63]Six people were killed in the shootout, butthe Arellano Flix brothers were in the restroom when the raid started and reportedly escaped through an air-

conditioning duct before leaving the scene in one of their vehicles.[64][65]

On 9 and 10 December 1992, fouralleged associates of Flix Gallardo were killed. The antagonism between Guzmn's Sinaloa Cartel and theArellano Flix clan left several more dead and was accompanied by violent acts in the states of BajaCalifornia, Sonora, Sinaloa, Durango, Jalisco, Guerrero, Michoacn and Oaxaca.[66]

The war between both groups continued for six more months, yet none of their respective leaders werekilled. In mid-1993, the Arellano Flix clan sent their top gunmen on a final mission to kill Guzmn inGuadalajara, where he moved around frequently to avoid any possible attacks. Having no success, theTijuana Cartel hitmen decided to return to Baja California on 24 May 1993. As Francisco Javier was at theGuadalajara International Airport booking his flight to Tijuana, informant tips notified him that Guzmn was

at the airport parking lot awaiting a flight to Puerto Vallarta.[67]Having spotted the white Mercury GrandMarquis car where Guzmn was thought to be hiding, about 20 gunmen of the Tijuana Cartel descendedfrom three jeep-like vehicles and opened fire at around 4:10 p.m. However, the drug lord was inside a greenBuick sedan a short distance from the target. Inside the Mercury Grand Marquis was the Cardinal andArchbishop of Guadalajara Juan Jess Posadas Ocampo, who died at the scene from fourteen gunshotwounds.[68]Six other people, including the cardinal's chauffeur, were caught in the crossfire and killed.[69]

Amidst the shootout and confusion, Guzmn escaped in a taxi and headed to one of his safe houses inBugambilias, a neighborhood 20 minutes away from the airport.[67][70]News of the death of the cardinalquickly circulated across Mexico and the rest of the world.[71]

Exodus and arrest: 1993

The night the cardinal was killed, President Carlos Salinas de Gortari flew to Guadalajara and condemnedthe attack, stating it was "a criminal act" that targeted innocent civilians, but he did not give any indicationsof the involvement of organized crime.[68]The death of such a high-profile religious figure like PosadasOcampo outraged the Mexican public, the Catholic Church, and many politicians. The governmentresponded by carrying out a massive manhunt to arrest the people involved in the shootout, and offeredabout US$5 million bounties for each of them.[72]Pictures of Guzmn's face, previously unknown to thepublic, started to appear in newspapers and television programs across Mexico. Fearing his capture, Guzmnfled Guadalajara and hid in Tonal, Jalisco, where he reportedly owned a ranch. The drug lord then fled toMexico City and stayed at a hotel for about ten days.[70]He met with one of his associates in an unknown
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-univisionpg2-70http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonal%C3%A1,_Jaliscohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeith.2C_Malcolm2010100-101-72http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-criminalactnyt-68http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Salinas_de_Gortarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-71http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-univisionpg2-70http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeith.2C_Malcolm201099-100-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-69http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-criminalactnyt-68http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Jes%C3%BAs_Posadas_Ocampohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeith.2C_Malcolm201099-100-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_International_Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-65http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeith.2C_Malcolm201098-99-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Arellano_F%C3%A9lixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Vallarta,_Jaliscohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-univisionpg1-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-online.wsj.com-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-online.wsj.com-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-62http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-61http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera#cite_note-online.wsj.com-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iguala,_Guerrero

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location and handed him US$200 million to provide for his family in case of his absence. He gave that sameamount to another of his employees to make sure the Sinaloa Cartel ran its day-to-day activities smoothly incase he was gone for some time.[72]

After obtaining a passport with the fake name of Jorge Ramos Prez, Guzmn was transported to thesouthern state of Chiapas by one of his trusted associates before leaving the country and settling in

Guatemala on 4 June 1993.[72]

His plan was to move across Guatemala with his girlfriend Mara del Rocodel Villar Becerra and several of his bodyguards and settle in El Salvador.[70]During his travel, Mexicanand Guatemalan authorities had the drug lord on their radar. Guzmn had bribed a Guatemalan militaryofficial with US$1.2 million in order to hide south of the Mexican border. The unnamed official, however,was working as an infiltrated informant and was passing down information of Guzmn's whereabouts to lawenforcement.[73][74]

On 9 June 1993, Guzmn was arrested by the Guatemalan Army at a hotel near Tapachula, close to theGuatemalaMexico border.[75][76]He was extradited back to Mexico two days later aboard a militaryairplane.[70][77]Guzmn was flown from Guatemala to the airport in Toluca,[78]where he was immediatelytaken to the Federal Social Readaptation Center No. 1 (often referred to simply as "La Palma" or"Altiplano"), a maximum-security prison in Almoloya de Jurez, State of Mexico.[79]

Drug empire

Guzmn's Sinaloa Cartel, at the time of his arrest, is the wealthiest and most powerful of Mexico's drugcartels. It smuggles multi-ton cocaine shipments from Colombia through Mexico to the United States by air,sea and road, and has distribution cells throughout the U.S.[1][15]The organization has also been involved inthe production, smuggling and distribution of Mexican methamphetamine, marijuana, and heroin, as well asheroin from Southeast Asia.[80]

When Palma was arrested by the Mexican Army on 23 June 1995, Guzmn took leadership of thecartel.[81][82]Palma was later extradited to the United States, where he is in prison on charges of drugtrafficking and conspiracy.[16]

After Guzmn's prison escape nearly a decade after his initial arrest, he and close associate Ismael ZambadaGarca became Mexico's undisputed top drug kingpins after the 2003 arrest of their rival Osiel Crdenas ofthe Gulf Cartel. Until Guzmn's arrest in 2014, he was considered the "most powerful drug trafficker in the

world" by the United States Department of the Treasury.[3][4]Guzmn also had another close associate, histrusted friend Ignacio "Nacho" Coronel Villarreal.[83][84]

His drug empire made him a billionaire, and was ranked as the 10thrichest man in Mexico and 1,140thin theworld in 2011, with a net worth of roughly US$1 billion.[7]To assist his drug trafficking, the Sinaloa Cartelalso built a shipping and transport empire.[15]Guzmn has been referred to as the "biggest druglord of alltime",[9]and the U.S. DEA considered him "the godfather of the drug world" and strongly believes hesurpassed the influence and reach of Pablo Escobar.[10]In 2013, the Chicago Crime Commission namedGuzmn "Public Enemy Number One" due to the influence of his criminal network in Chicago (there is no

evidence that Guzmn has ever been in that city, however.)[11]The last person to receive such notoriety wasAl Capone in 1930.[12]
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At the time of his 2014 arrest, Guzmn imported more drugs into the United States than anyone else.[15]Hetook advantage of the power vacuum created by crackdowns on cartels in Colombia, gaining business andmarket share there as Colombia's own cartels were decimated.[85]He took similar advantage of the situationwhen his rival cartels were brought down by an intense crackdown from the Mexican government, but theSinaloa gang emerged largely unscathed.[86]

Methamphetamine

After the fall of the Amezcua brothers founders of the Colima Cartel in 1999 on methamphetaminetrafficking charges, there was a demand for leadership throughout Mexico to coordinate methamphetamineshipments north. Guzmn saw an opportunity and seized it.[87]Easily arranging precursor shipments,Guzmn and Ismael Zambada Garca ("El Mayo") made use of their previous contacts on Mexico's Pacificcoast. Importantly, for the first time, the Colombians would not have to be paid they simply joinedmethamphetamine with cocaine shipments. This fact meant no additional money was needed for planes,pilots, boats and bribes; they used the existing infrastructure to pipeline the new product.[87]

Until this point, the Sinaloa Cartel had been a joint venture between Guzmn and Ismael Zambada Garca;the methamphetamine business would be Guzmn's alone. He cultivated his own ties to China, Thailand andIndia to import the necessary precursor chemicals. Throughout the mountains of the states of Sinaloa,Durango, Jalisco, Michoacn and Nayarit, Guzmn constructed large methamphetamine laboratories andrapidly expanded his organization.[87]

His habit of moving from place to place allowed him to nurture contacts throughout the country. He wasnow operating in 17 of 31 Mexican states. With his business expanding, he placed his trusted friend IgnacioCoronel Villarreal in charge of methamphetamine production; this way Guzmn could continue being the

boss of bosses. Coronel Villarreal proved so reliable in the Guzmn business that he became known as"Crystal King".[88]

Arrest and escape: 19932001

Guzmn was captured in Guatemala on 9 June 1993,[16]extradited to Mexico and sentenced to 20 years,nine months in prison on charges of drug trafficking, criminal association and bribery. He was jailed in atFederal Social Readaptation Center No. 1, a maximum-security prison. On 22 November 1995, he wastransferred to the maximum security prison Federal Center for Social Rehabilitation No. 2 (also known as

"Puente Grande") in Jalisco, after being convicted of three crimes: possession of firearms, drug traffickingand the murder of Cardinal Juan Jess Posadas Ocampo (the charge would later be dismissed by anotherudge). He had been tried and sentenced inside the federal prison on the outskirts of Almoloya de Jurez,

Mexico State.[87]

While he was in prison, Guzmn's drug empire and cartel continued to operate unabated, run by his brother,Arturo Guzmn Loera, known asEl Pollo,with Guzmn himself still considered a major international drugtrafficker by Mexico and the U.S. even while he was behind bars.[80]Associates brought him suitcases ofcash to bribe prison workers and allow the drug lord to maintain his opulent lifestyle even in prison, withprison guards acting like his servants.[89][90]He met his longtime mistress and later Sinaloa associate,

former police officer Zulema Hernndez, while in prison, where she was serving time for armed robbery.[91]Hernndez later controlled Sinaloa's expansion into Mexico City, but her body was found in a trunk, carved
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with multiple Z's, signifying Los Zetas, Sinaloa's archrivals.[91]

While still in prison in Mexico, Guzmn was indicted in San Diego on U.S. charges of money launderingand importing tons of cocaine into California, along with his Sinaloa attorney Humberto Loya-Castro, orLicenciado Perez("Lawyer Perez"), who was charged with bribing Mexican officials on Sinaloa's behalf andmaking sure that any cartel members arrested were released from custody.[92][90]After a ruling by the

Supreme Court of Mexico made extradition between Mexico and the United States easier, Guzmn bribedguards to aid his escape. On 19 January 2001, Francisco "El Chito" Camberos Rivera, a prison guard,opened Guzmn's electronically operated cell door, and Guzmn got in a laundry cart that maintenanceworker Javier Camberos rolled through several doors and eventually out the front door. He was thentransported in the trunk of a car driven by Camberos out of the town. At a gas station, Camberos went inside,but when he came back, Guzmn was gone on foot into the night. According to officials, 78 people havebeen implicated in his escape plan.[87]Camberos is in prison for his assistance in the escape.[16]

The police say Guzmn carefully masterminded his escape plan, wielding influence over almost everyone inthe prison, including the facility's director, who is now in prison for aiding in the escape.[16]One prison

guard who came forward to report the situation at the prison was found dead years later, presumed to bekilled by Guzmn.[16]Guzmn allegedly had the prison guards on his payroll, smuggled contraband into theprison and received preferential treatment from the staff. In addition to the prison-employee accomplices,police in Jalisco were paid off to ensure he had at least 24 hours to get out of the state and stay ahead of themilitary manhunt. The story told to the guards, being bribed not to search the laundry cart, was that Guzmnwas smuggling gold, ostensibly extracted from rock at the inmate workshop, out of the prison. The escapeallegedly cost Guzmn $2.5 million.[87][93]

Mexican Cartel Wars

Main article: Mexican Drug War

Since his escape from prison, Guzmn had been wanting to take over the Ciudad Jurez crossing points,which were under the control of the Carrillo Fuentes family of the Jurez Cartel.[87]Despite a high degree ofmistrust between the two organizations, the Sinaloa and Jurez cartels had an alliance at the time. Guzmnconvened a meeting in Monterrey with Ismael Zambada Garca ("El Mayo"), Juan Jos Esparragoza Moreno("El Azul") and Arturo Beltrn Leyva and they discussed killing Rodolfo Carrillo Fuentes, who was incharge of the Jurez Cartel. On 11 September 2004, Rodolfo, his wife and two young children were visitinga Culiacn shopping mall. While leaving the mall, escorted by police commander Pedro Prez Lpez, the

family was ambushed by members of Los Negros, assassins for the Sinaloa Cartel. Rodolfo and his wifewere killed; the policeman survived.[87]

This now meant the plaza would no longer be controlled only by the Carrillo Fuentes family. Instead, thecity found itself as the front line in the Mexican Drug War and would see homicides skyrocket as rivalcartels fought for control. With this act, Guzmn was the first to break the nonaggression "pact" the majorcartels had agreed to, setting in motion the fighting between cartels for drug routes that has claimed morethan 50,000 lives since December 2006.[94][95][96]

When Mexican President Felipe Calderon took office in December 2006, he announced a crackdown oncartels by the Mexican military to stem the increasing violence.[97]After four years, the additional efforts
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Guzmn's arrestedlieutenant Alfredo BeltrnLeyva

had not slowed the flow of drugs or the killings tied to the drug war.[97]Of the 53,000 arrests made as of2010, only 1,000 involved associates of the Sinaloa Cartel, which led to suspicions that Calderon wasintentionally allowing Sinaloa to win the drug war, a charge Calderon denied in advertisements in Mexicannewspapers, pointing to his administration's killing of top Sinaloa deputy "Nacho" Coronel as evidence.[97]

Sinaloa's rival cartels saw their leaders killed and syndicates dismantled by the crackdown, but the Sinaloagang was relatively unaffected and took over the rival gangs' territories, including the coveted Ciudad

Juarez-El Paso corridor, in the wake of the power shifts.[85]

Break with the Beltrn Leyva Cartel

ANewsweekinvestigation alleges that one of Guzmn's techniques formaintaining his dominance among cartels included giving information to theDEA and U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement that led to the arrests ofhis enemies in the Jurez Cartel, in addition to information that led to the arrestsof some of the top Sinaloa leaders.[90]The arrests are said to have been part of a

deal Guzmn struck with Calderon and the DEA, in which he intentionally gaveup some of his purported Sinaloa colleagues to USA agents in exchange forimmunity from prosecution, while perpetuating the idea that the Calderngovernment was heavily pursuing his organization during the cartelcrackdown.[98]

This became a key factor influencing the break between the Sinaloa Cartel andthe Beltrn Leyva brothers, five brothers who served as Guzmn's toplieutenants, primarily working for the cartel in the northern region of Sinaloa.[99][100]Sinaloa lawyer Loya-Castro, who like Guzmn had been wanted on federal charges in the United States since 1993, voluntarily

approached the DEA offering them information in 1998, eventually signing paperwork as a formal informantin 2005, and his U.S. indictment was thrown out in 2008.[90]Loya-Castro's leaks to the DEA led to thedismantling of the Tijuana Cartel, as well as the Mexican Army's arrest of Guzmn's lieutenant and the topcommander of the Beltrn Leyva organization, Alfredo Beltrn Leyva (a.k.a.El Mochomo, or "Desert Ant"),in Culiacan in January 2008, with Guzmn believed to have given up El Mochomo for variousreasons.[98][90][100]Guzmn had been voicing concerns with Alfredo Beltrn's lifestyle and high-profileactions for some time before his arrest. After El Mochomo's arrest, authorities said he was in charge of twohit squads, money laundering, transporting drugs and bribing officials for Sinaloa.[99][101]

That high-profile arrest was followed by the arrest of 11 Beltrn Leyva hit squad members in Mexico City,with police noting that the arrests were the first evidence that Sinaloa had expanded into the capitalcity.[99][102]United States Ambassador to Mexico Tony Garza called the arrests a "significant victory" in thedrug war.[99]With Alfredo in custody, his brother Arturo Beltrn Leyva took over as the brothers' topcommander, but he was killed in a shootout with Mexican marines the next year.[100]

Whether Guzmn was responsible for Alfredo Beltrn's arrest is not known. However, the Beltrn Leyvasand their allies suspected he was behind it,[100]and after Alfredo Beltrn's arrest, a formal "war" wasdeclared. An attempt on the life of cartel head Zambada's son Vicente Zambada Niebla (El Vincentillo) was

made just hours after the declaration. Dozens of killings followed in retaliation for that attempt.[87]

TheBeltrn Leyva brothers ordered the assassination of Guzmn's son, dgar Guzmn Lopez, on 8 May 2008, inCuliacn, which brought massive retaliation from Guzmn. They were also fighting over the allegiance of
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the Flores brothers, Margarito and Pedro, leaders of a major, highly lucrative cell in Chicago that distributedover two tons of cocaine every month.[103]The Mexican military claims that Guzmn and the Beltrn Leyvabrothers were at odds over Guzmn's relationship with the Valencia brothers in Michoacn.[87]

Following the killing of Guzmn's son dgar, violence increased. From 8 May through the end of the month,over 116 people were murdered in Culiacn, 26 of them police officers. In June 2008, over 128 were killed;

in July, 143 were slain.[87]

Gen. No Sandoval ordered another 2,000 troops to the area, but it failed to stopthe war. The wave of violence spread to other cities like Guamchil, Guasave and Mazatln.

However, the Beltrn Leyva brothers were doing some double-dealing of their own. Arturo and Alfredo hadmet with top members of Los Zetas in Cuernavaca, where they agreed to form an alliance to fill the powervacuum. They would not necessarily go after the main strongholds, such as the Sinaloa and Gulf Cartel;instead, they would seek control of southern states like Guerrero (where the Beltrn Leyvas already had abig stake), Oaxaca, Yucatn and Quintana Roo. They worked their way into the center of the country, whereno single group had control.[87]The Beltrn Leyva organization allied with the Gulf Cartel and its hit squadLos Zetas against Sinaloa.[102]

The split was officially recognized by the U.S. government on 30 May 2008. On that day, it recognized theBeltrn Leyva brothers as leaders of their own cartel. President George W. Bush designated Marcos ArturoBeltrn Leyva and the Beltrn Leyva Organization as subject to sanction under the Foreign NarcoticsKingpin Designation Act ("Kingpin Act").[87][104]

Whereabouts and manhunt: 20012014

Guzmn was notable among drug lords for his longevity and evasion of authorities, assisted by bribes to

federal, state and local Mexican officials and the remote mountainous region in the Sierra Madre in Sinaloa,where he was primarily hiding.[15][16][105]Despite the progress made in arresting others in the aftermath ofGuzmn's escape, including a handful of his top logistics and security men, the huge military and federalpolice manhunt failed to capture Guzmn himself for years. In the years between his escape and capture, hewas Mexico's most wanted man.[106]

In the manhunt that initially ensued following Guzmn's 2001 escape from prison in Mexico, authoritiesarrested many of his associates in Puebla, Toluca and Mexico City. The states of Sinaloa and Nayarit wouldalso see a wave of arrests. In the summer of that year Esteban Quintero Mariscal, a hired killer and cousin ofGuzmn's, was arrested and imprisoned in Cefereso No. 1, Mexico's highest-security prison. The following

day El Chito, the prison guard most responsible for helping Guzmn escape, was captured and incarceratedin Mexico City's Reclusorio Preventivo Oriente. On 7 September 2001, authorities raided a stash house inthe eastern Mexico City neighborhood of Iztapalapa. Federal agents chased three people fleeing the house allthe way to Taxquena in the southern part of the city. Among those arrested was Arturo "El Pollo" GuzmnLoera, Guzmn's younger brother. Guzmn reportedly considered suicide following his arrest. Authoritieswere led to Arturo by information from Quintero Mariscal.[87]

In November 2001, military intelligence pinpointed Guzmn's location as somewhere between the cities ofPuebla and Cuernavaca, where they captured Miguel Angel Trillo Hernandez. Trillo had helped Guzmn inthe aftermath of his escape from Puente Grande, renting houses so Guzmn could hide in them. They nextdiscovered Guzmn was hiding out on a ranch outside Sante Fe, Nayarit. Mexican military deployedhelicopters to close in, but Ismael Zambada Garca provided his own helicopter to Guzmn to escape to the
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Sierra.[87]

On 20 December 2005, the US Drug Enforcement Administration announced a US $5 million reward forinformation leading to Guzmn's arrest and prosecution.[107][108]They placed a $5 million bounty on thehead of his henchman Coronel Villareal, who was killed in a shootout in 2010.[109]

In March 2008, the Guatemalan government reported that Guzmn's organization may have been tied to agun battle in their country that left ten gunmen dead. Three days later the Honduran government reportedthat they were investigating whether he was hiding out in Honduras.[110]

On 18 April 2009, in the state of Durango, Roman Catholic Archbishop Hctor Gonzlez announced that thefugitive drug trafficker was "living nearby and everyone knows it except the authorities, who just don'thappen to see him for some reason."[16]Four days later, the bodies of two military officers were foundblindfolded and handcuffed near a bullet-riddled car in the same area the archbishop claimed Guzmn lived.It is believed that the officers, who were dressed in civilian clothes, were working undercover in the areawhen they were abducted and executed in the remote village of Cienega de Escobar. A message was left near

them: "Neither the government nor the priests can handle 'El Chapo'."[16]

Reports byMilenio Televisionstate that Guzmn Loera was protected at all times by a personal mercenaryarmy composed of over 30 armed men, all of them in military uniform, whose only objective was to preventhis capture and/or killing by Mexican authorities.[111]

Mexican lawmen "nearly nabbed" Guzmn Loera in a coastal mansion in Los Cabos, Baja California Sur, onFebruary 19, 2012, just a day after U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton met with foreign ministers in thesame peninsula resort town.[112][113]The details of how the authorities knew he was there and why El Chapowas not caught have not been released.

On 22 February 2013, it was reported that Guzmn was killed in a gun fight near the border betweenGuatemala and Mexico. Police stated that a body was found inside a truck and that it resembled El Chapo.The authorities later dismissed the rumors after the body was not found. The Guatemalan government issuedan apology for the misleading information.[114][115]On November 2013, Honduras Vice-Minister ofDefense Roberto Funes stated in a press interview that Guzmn was possibly hiding in Honduras. However,there was no clear evidence that the drug lord had left Mexico.[116]

In the months before Guzmn's eventual arrest in 2014, authorities showed signs of closing in on the cartel:

his top henchman "El Mayo" Zambada's son Serafn Zambada Ortiz was arrested crossing into the U.S.;[117]

Zambada's top lieutenant Gonzalo Inzunza Inzunza (alias "El Macho Prieto") was gunned down in a four-hour gunfight at a mansion in a beach town;[118]and police at Amsterdam's Schiphol Airport arrested ElChino ntrax, one of the cartel's top assassins, who was also responsible for transport and logistics for thecartel.[119][120]In an operation a few weeks before Guzmn was arrested, which Mexican officials said at thetime was related to Zambada, the Mexican military swept through the Sinaloan capital of Culiacn arrestingmen, later arresting the cartel's new top assassin, as well. The week of Guzmn's arrest, officials arrested hishead of security and eight other henchmen.[86]

Public appearances

Nuevo Laredo appearance
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In 2005 on a Saturday evening, Guzmn reportedly strolled into a restaurant in Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas,with several of his bodyguards. After he took his seat, his henchmen locked the doors of the restaurant,collected the cell phones of approximately 30 diners and instructed them to not be alarmed.[121]Thegangsters then ate their meal and left paying for everyone else in the restaurant.[122]

Culiacn appearance

Later that year, Guzmn was reportedly seen in Culiacn, Sinaloa, repeating the same exploit at arestaurant.[123]According to a witness, in November 2005 Guzmn entered the restaurant in Culiacn with15 of his bodyguards, all of them carrying AK-47s.[124]The restaurant was known as "Las Palmas", a lime-green eatery with an ersatz tile roof on a busy street.[125]A man in the restaurant told those present thefollowing:

"Gentlemen, please. Give me a moment of your time. A man is going to come in, the boss. Wewill ask you to remain in your seats; the doors will be closed and nobody is allowed to leave.You will also not be allowed to use your cellulars. Do not worry; if you do everything that is

asked of you, nothing will happen. Continue eating and don't ask for your check. The boss willpay. Thank you."[124]

The diners reportedly sat still and frightened, asEl Chapowalked in through the front door of the restaurant.He walked among the tables, greeting each person there. "Hello, nice to meet you. How are you? I'm JoaqunGuzmn Loera. A pleasure. At your service," he said to all of the diners, as he shook their hands.[124]

El Chapowalked to a private salon inside the restaurant, where he ate the house specialties of "beef and fist-size shrimp." After a couple of hours, the meal ended and Guzmn departed; his gunmen left momentslater.[124]Los Angeles Timesreported on this same incident in an article published on 3 November 2008.[125]

The newspaper, however, noted that whether any of these reported exploits actually happened is irrelevant,because these stories of Guzmn's elusiveness have created a mythology around his image, where he'sclaimed to be "everywhere, and nowhere" at the same time.[125]

Other appearances

According toMilenionews, witnesses have claimed to have seen Guzmn Loera in a restaurant in IxtapaZihuatanejo; visiting a beach in San Blas, Nayarit; visiting a house he allegedly owns in San Pancho,Guanajuato; hiding in the mountains of Durango; eating at a restaurant and paying for customers in CiudadJurez; in his hideout in Michoacn; traveling through Monterrey; and attending the party of a famousbusinessman in Torren.[126]

Re-arrest: 2014

Although Guzmn had long hidden successfully in remote areas of the Sierra Madre mountains, the arrestedmembers of his security team told the military he had begun venturing out to Culiacn and the beach town ofMazatln.[86]A week prior to his capture, Guzmn and Zambada were reported to have attended a familyreunion in Sinaloa.[127]The Mexican military followed the bodyguards' tips to Guzmns ex-wife's house,

but they had trouble ramming the steel-reinforced front door, which allowed Guzmn to escape through asystem of secret tunnels that connected six houses, eventually moving south to Mazatln.[86]He had planned
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to stay a few days in Mazatln to see his twin baby daughters before retreating to the mountains.[128]

On 22 February 2014, at around 6:40 a.m.,[129]Mexican authorities arrested Guzmn at a hotel in a beachfront area in Mazatln, Sinaloa, following an operation by the Mexican Navy, with joint intelligence fromthe DEA and the U.S. Marshals Service.[105][130]A few days before his capture, Mexican authorities hadbeen raiding several properties owned by members of the Sinaloa Cartel who were close to Guzmn

throughout the state of Sinaloa.[131][132]The operation that led to his capture started at 3:45 a.m., when 10pick-up trucks of the Mexican Navy carrying over 65 soldiers made their way to the resort area. Guzmnwas hiding at the Miramar condominiums, located at #608 in Avenida de Mar street.[133][134]Mexican andU.S. federal agents had leads that the drug lord was at that location for at least two days, and that he wasstaying on the condominium's fourth floor, in Room 401. When the Mexican authorities arrived at thelocation, they quickly subdued Carlos Manuel Hoo Ramrez, one of Guzmn's presumed bodyguards, beforequietly making their way to the fourth floor through the elevators and stairs. Once they were at Guzmn'sfront door, they broke into the condo and stormed the two rooms it had. In one of the rooms was Guzmn,lying in bed with his wife (ex-beauty queen Emma Coronel Aispuro).[134][135]Their two daughters were

reported to have been at the condo during the arrest.[136]

Guzmn tried to resist arrest physically,[134]

but hedid not attempt to grab an assault rifle he had close to him.[137][138]Amid the quarrel with the marines, thedrug lord was hit four times. By 6:40 a.m., he was arrested, taken to the ground floor, and walked to thecondo's parking lot, where the first photos of his capture were taken.[134][139]His identity was confirmedthrough a fingerprint examination immediately following his capture.[140]He was then flown to MexicoCity, the country's capital, for formal identification.[141]According to the Mexican government, no shotswere fired during the operation.[142]

Few details of the drug lord's arrest were available early in the morning while the mug shot of Guzmn,

handcuffed and with a few cuts on his face, circulated among law enforcement.[143][144]

Guzmn waspresented in front of cameras during a press conference at the Mexico City International Airport thatafternoon.[145]Following the press conference, he was transferred to the Federal Social Readaptation CenterNo. 1, a maximum-security prison in Almoloya de Jurez, State of Mexico, at around 2:55 p.m via a FederalPolice Black Hawk helicopter. The helicopter was escorted by two Navy helicopters and one from theMexican Air Force.[146][147]Surveillance inside the penitentiary and in the surrounding areas was increasedby a large contingency of law enforcement.[148]

Reactions

Mexican President Enrique Pea Nieto confirmed the arrest through Twitter and congratulated theSecretariat of National Defense (SEDENA), Secretariat of the Navy (SEMAR), Office of the GeneralProsecutor (PGR), the Federal Police, and the Centro de Investigacin y Seguridad Nacional (CISEN) forGuzmn's capture.[15][149]Within Mexico, several politicians recognized the efforts of the Mexicangovernment in capturing Guzmn,[150]including the former Presidents Vicente Fox (20002006) and FelipeCaldern (20062012).[151][152]In the United States, the Attorney General Eric Holder said Guzmn hadcaused "death and destruction of millions of lives across the globe" and called the arrest "a landmarkachievement, and a victory for the citizens of both Mexico and the United States."[105]Colombia's PresidentJuan Manuel Santos telephoned Pea Nieto and congratulated him for the arrest of Guzmn, highlighting itsimportance in the international efforts against drug trafficking.[153]Colombia's Defense Minister, JuanCarlos Pinzn, congratulated Mexico on Guzmn's arrest and stated that his capture "contributes to eradicate
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this crime (drug trafficking) in the region".[154]The Guatemalan President Otto Prez Molina congratulatedthe Mexican government for the arrest. He said he would communicate personally with Pea Nieto tocongratulate him.[155]Costa Rica's President Laura Chinchilla congratulated the Mexican governmentthrough Twitter for the capture too.[156]The French government extended its cong

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