The University of

Choice

CAREER GUIDANCE

BYSHABINA REHMAN

The University of

ChoiceOVERVIEW• What is Career?• What is Career Guidance?• Benefits of Career Guidance• Theories of Career Development

Trait-Factor theories Structural Theories Developmental Theories Decision making theories

• Career Guidance Process• Career Guidance Tools

The University of

ChoiceWHAT IS “CAREER?”

The totality of work and related experiences held by an individual over her or his life span.

The University of

ChoiceWHAT IS “CAREER GUIDANCE?”

Career Guidance facilitates the learning of skills, interests, beliefs, values, work habits, and personal qualities that enable each client to create a satisfying life within a constantly changing work environment.

The University of

ChoiceBenefits of Career Guidance-

1. Counselors may have information about potential employment opportunities

2. The counselor can aid the client in the process of job adjustment

The University of

Choice3. The counselor can provide assistance in

the area of job satisfaction by helping the client understand the good and bad aspects of the job prior to job entry

4. The counselor can help the individual who is either forced to or decides to change a current position.

The University of

ChoiceTheories of Career Development

• Trait-Factor theories• Structural Theories• Developmental Theories• Decision making theories

The University of

ChoiceTrait-Factor theories

• The first Trait-factor theory was proposed by Frank Parsons(1909)

• This approach is based on the assumption that each person possesses a uniquely organized pattern of personal traits (interests, abilities and personality characteristics) that are fairly stable and seldom change after adolescence.

The University of

Choice• The process of career guidance that evolves from this

theory includes

1. Gaining self understanding including information about various occupations

2. Obtaining knowledge about the world of work including information about various occupations

3. Integrating information about self and the work.

The University of

Choice• The personal traits can be identified through

objective means usually psychological tests or inventories and then profiled to represent the individual’s potential.

• Occupations can also be profiled by analyzing them in terms of the amounts of the various individual traits they require.

The University of

ChoiceStructural Theories

• The first structural theory to be examined is the one proposed by Ann Roe (1956).

• There are definite personality differences between members of various occupations and that these differences are attributable to early parent child relationships.

The University of

ChoiceRoe specifically postulates three psychological climates in the home that are a function of parent-child relations:

Emotional concentration on the child- either overprotecting or overdemanding climate

Avoidance of the child- either neglecting or rejecting climate

Acceptance of the child- either casual or loving climate.

The University of

ChoiceSecond structural theory by Hoppock (1976) proposes a series of straight forward points about career choice that give prominence to need satisfaction:

Occupations are chosen to meet needs.The occupation that we choose is the one that we

believe would best meet the needs that most concern us.

The University of

ChoiceNeeds may be intellectually perceived or

they may be only vaguely felt as attractions that draw us in certain directions, in either case, they may influence choices.

Job satisfaction depends on the extent to which the job we hold meets the needs we feel should meet.

The University of

Choice• Third structural theory by Holland (1985)

focuses primarily on vocational choice, but it also is concerned with emotional functioning, creativity and personal development.

• Four assumptions constitute the theory-• First most persons can be categorized as one

of the following types- realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising and conventional.

The University of

Choice• Most environments can be classified as-

realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising and conventional.

• People search for environments that will let them exercise their skills, abilities, express their attitudes, values and take on agreeable problems and roles.

The University of

Choice• Finally, individuals behavior is determined

by an interaction between their personalities and the characteristics of their environments.

The University of

Choice

Developmental Theories

• Ginzberg & his associates (1951) identified four sets of factors that interact to influence the ultimate career choice:

1. individual values

2. emotional factors

3. amount & kind of education

4. impact of reality thro environmental pressures.

The University of

ChoiceGinzberg & his associates (1951) also identified three phases in the period of career choice development:• Fantasy (birth to age 11)-play becomes work

oriented• Tentative (11-17)-recognition of work

requirements & one’s traits• Realistic (17-early twenties)- narrows down

occupational choices according to information of self & occupations available.

The University of

ChoiceSuper’s theory of career choice (1953) is based on the idea that individual’s self concepts influence their occupational choice and their ultimate satisfaction with their choice.

The main propositions of his theory are as follows-• People differ in their abilities, interests and

personalities.• They qualify by virtue of these characteristics,

each for a number of occupations.

The University of

Choice• Each of these occupations requires a characteristic

pattern of abilities, interests, and personality traits.

• Vocational preferences, competencies and self concepts change with time and experience

• Nature of career pattern is largely influenced by parental socio economic level, mental ability, personality characteristics and by the opportunities he is exposed to.

The University of

Choice• Work satisfaction depends upon the extent to

which the individual finds adequate outlets for his abilities, interests, personality traits and values.

The University of

ChoiceDecision making theories

The major concept in decision making theories is that each individual has several possible alternatives from which to choose.

Each alternative has identifiable results or

consequences.

The University of

Choice Each of the anticipated results has a specific value

for the individual- a value that can be estimated through some method of psychological scaling.

Therefore if the resulting values of the alternatives can be determined and arranged in a hierarchy the probable occurrence of each outcome can also be determined.

The University of

ChoiceDecision making Process

Bergland (1974) has identified a sequence of events that occur in decision making including the following steps:• Defining the problem• Generating the alternatives• Gathering information• Processing the information• Making plans & selecting goals• Implementing & evaluating plans

The University of

ChoiceCAREER GUIDANCE PROCESS

• Development of relationship• Synthesize the appraisal process• Examine the personal characteristics• Learn about the environment• Clarification & Integration• Follow-up

The University of

ChoiceCareer Guidance Process

Career Guidance generally follows an orderly process, beginning with the development of relationship and ending with follow up and potential change of plans.

The University of

Choice• Data from several sources are

presented to clients so that they better understand themselves and their vocational decisions and alternatives.

• A counselor should help clients examine their personal characteristics.

The University of

Choice• A counselor should determine a client’s

level of intelligence, interests, special abilities, aspirations, needs and values among other qualities.

• Various methods- including checklists, inventories, tests, previous records and interview data-can aid the counselor in assessing this information.

The University of

Choice• While clients are learning more about

themselves they must also learn the environment in which they will eventually be seeking employment.

• The environment includes all the facets within which the individual functions.

The University of

ChoiceCAREER COUNSELING TOOLS

Career TestingDifferential Aptitude TestThe General Aptitude Test BatteryFlanagan Aptitude Classification TestsStrong-Campbell Interest InventoryOccupational Interest Inventory

Career InformationDictionary of Occupational TitlesOccupational Outlook Handbook

The University of

Choice

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