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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 MOTIVATION

In the beginning the cars used were a great source of carbondioxide which pollute the

environment as well as great cause of health problems. The system of gasoline which

was used by these cars is a hydrocarbon which produces large amount of carbondioxide

and carbonmonooxide both are dangerous for health and environment. As we know that

carbondioxide gas is a leading green house gas and about 32% of it in environment is

from transportation.

lectric vehicles are used in the beginning of 2!th century to compensate these

problems. These vehicles are great source of reduction in corbondioxide emissions and

energy consumptions. The energy crises of "#$!s and "#!s brought a renewed interest

in electric car.

&e are living in the era of innovations and it has changed our sense of thinking.

The motivation of such innovation comes from the difficulty that the human's tackle in

performing several tasks or the places where the accurate tracking is re(uired.

To ensure the report is easy to read with consistent format) it is important that students

follow strictly the instruction during report preparation. *nly the reports according to

the above format will be considered and graded. The details about the structure of

pro+ect report are enclosed. ,or more information) please contact the ,- /ommittee.

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Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 INTRODUCTION

nergy is the basic need of human survival on earth. All are dependent on energy for

daily re(uirements. ,ossil fuel were great source of energy but are exhaustible and not

good for health and environment. To cope up these problems population move towards

renewable energy to fulfill their re(uirements based on operating devices in which the

one of the most important is transportation. opulation demands for noise free and

pollution free vehicles. The earlier process which is combustion engine was not cleaner

as well as not environment friendly and it has gradually been polluting the atmosphere.

The replacement of such system in transportation is considered to solve the problems

faced by population.

The number of technologies under consideration are nuclear energy) steam power) wind

power) tidal power and solar power.

The most popular source of renewable energy is solar energy which can be used by

photovoltiac cells . 0asically photovoltiac is the process in which the solar rays coming

from sun are converted into electricity when these rays hit the panel which is made up

of many semiconductor cells. These cells help the rays to convert it into useable electric

current. This process is called photoelectric effect.

There are many other effects in this process which leads to non linearity in system and

due to this one can not produce efficient useable current to fulfill the re(uirement. The

effects include temperature. Total resistance) and solar irradiation which have impact on

output voltage and current curves.

To solve the problem of non linear effects we have enhanced the method of

1AI11 *&4 *I5T T4A/6I57. &hich is basically extract maximum power

from solar radiations and make it possible to produce more efficient current and voltage

at output loads. And also helps in reduction of non linear curves.

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1.2 OBJECTIVE

/an carry upto 2 person

on board charger to charge the batteries through k8electric.g each 9egree of

,reedom using variety of sensors to map the hand) arm and head motions.

dc drives to control the speed of dc motor.

:olar panel to charge the batteries

4pm meter use to measure speed of dc motor

0attery monitor to estimate the status of batteries

Indicators)head lights) suspensions and braks

:peed meter

1.3 SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM

A solar tracker is a mechanical method which rotates the solar panel. &hen the sun rays

strikes the panel it starts to rotate in that direction where the panel catches the

maximum light. This method is used for effiecient power and working of solar panel

form sun light. It can work effieiently only when the rays coming out from sun are at #!

degrees with the panel which helps them in collecting more light from the sun. The sun

is a moving source which can only track the rays at peak noon time efficiently. And at

the time of sunset the panel starts to lose tracking the sun rays. The solar tracking

system is used in this pro+ect which efficiently rotate the panel in the high intensity

direction. They are used in increasing the power generated from the sun rays and make

them effiecient 2!% to ;! %.

This pro+ect helps in power generation by setting solar tracker to get maximum light

automatically. If the panel finds less intensity on it so it automatically turns its direction

where there is a large intensity.

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Chapter 1 Introduction

In our prototype design we make solar panel to move in both directions) which is x8axis

and y8axis. :ervo motors are used to rotate solar panel according to our re(uirements)

but the basic idea to move solar panel is based on . ,our

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Chapter 1 Introduction

This circuit was implemented on the top of our prototype for tracking the sun light and

it was successfully tracking the rays and moving as according to the maximum light

rays. And the lower body made used four 9/ motors for driving the prototype which is

controlled by ?8bridge circuits.

5ow we are going to implement this on our real car with the enhancement of 1aximum

ower oint Tracking.

1.3 MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING

1aximum power point tracking is a techni(ue which can be used with solar trackers. As

solar trackers are not much efficient to generate that amoiunt of power which we re(uire

fo working. The function of 1aximum power point tracking is to maximi@e the output

power from solar panel but it can not fulfil the re(uirement of solar tracking system that

is why we implement solar tracking system with 1T. As we already discussed

1aximum power varies with solar radiation) ambient temperature and solar

cell temperature.

The procedure of 1T is that it follow two main works firstly it will track the

maximum value of voltage and current within the curve of the panel and then take this

wattage and deliver it to the output load.

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As the time passes and the radiations coming out from it decreases its intensity due to

not at peak sun shine time the voltages also fluctuate and there is possibilty of not

getting the maximum power point. The values at that time occur) the 1T track the

maximum from these lower values and send these to output =load>.

As the panel value decreases the overall wattage decreases and reulting in a decrease in

battery charging current.

This is main problem that 1T only tracks what the solar panel gives. This is

restricted to only peak sun shine time. And it gives lower voltage when sun radiations

intensity starts to decrease.

,or efficient working and take the advantage of both the maximum intensity and the

maximum power the panel give we use solar tracker with 1T so that we can fulfill

our re(uirement of having panel at the sun's face and by facing it mppt could extract the

maximum available power.

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