changing opportunities in social work for negroes as shown ... · alumnus ~ 23 b. question ......
TRANSCRIPT
Atlanta University CenterDigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, AtlantaUniversity Center
ETD Collection for AUC Robert W. Woodruff Library
5-1-1944
Changing opportunities in social work for negroesas shown by a study of the placements of thegraduates from the Atlanta University school ofsocial work from June 1934 through June 1943Jeanette Wymn HarveyAtlanta University
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Recommended CitationHarvey, Jeanette Wymn, "Changing opportunities in social work for negroes as shown by a study of the placements of the graduatesfrom the Atlanta University school of social work from June 1934 through June 1943" (1944). ETD Collection for AUC Robert W.Woodruff Library. Paper 246.
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ii
TABLEOFCONTENTS
ChapterPage
I.INTRODUCTION•...e•••••••••.••.S*~.•e••.••.~.~o•1Purpose•.•.e••••ss••••es•e•••*••s1Scope•.......e........••••••••~•~1Procedure..•.,•~••~•••••.......•••••2Hi~toricaJ.Background.............•.••....•.......2
II.PLACEMENTOFGRADUATESACCORDINGTOFIELDS...............4P1ace~nentofGraduatesinPublicandPrivateAgencies..•.~••~•••••••.•s.••••••..e••.••e’’12
III.THERESPONSIBILITIESANDREAUNERATIONOFGRADUATESONTHEIRFIRSTJOBS......’~’~14
IV.ORIGINANI)PLACEMENTOFGRADUATES•......................17PlacementsinRuralandUrbanAreas•................18
V•SUMMAR!ANDCONCLUSIONS..•..•..•••••••....•~•••••~•••*••*20
APPENDIX......s..•e•••.e~ee•se•e•••22A•LetterSenttoAlumnus~23B.Questionaire................................s024CMap1•...•aese•s•••••.*.....•••25D.Map2•.e...ees•e••e•,.••••26E.PlaceofOriginofGraduates..........27
BIBLIOGRAPU!~......30
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~—
I
lO)
Purpose
purposeofthistItoanalyanpsiuthofiold
ofsocial*~rkoftoofAtlanta~IveroitySohoolofSocial
~1ø$4throughJune1943.et~z1ywillatoeh
thecinprofIoppertunitleforoveratenyear
period.SpecIflythintidy111atigatethesequetiwith
regardtothefirstitionheldr~raduatione
1.fleXofIdidtheentert
2.attypeofncydidtheyrt
.tiribilitouchtir
r
4.Whetthe4Irontheplaceoforigint.thep1
offirsteuplo
Scope
ThiestudyrUinvethetiretpteat
overthetenperiodJune19thrJune1943.Fourmet
lubetocoUtheForthisstudynatoa
1.UnquestionnairestoUofthi~iOriod.
2.PerIinterviewatbovailingradueofthisperiod.
3.informationonfil,inschool.
4.Dieouesionewiththedirectoroftheschool.
Thedadrfromthesesourceswillbeensandforthis
1
2
study.
Procedure
J~listofgraduaofthe~t1ntaUniuitySchoolofSoci
WorkfromJuni1934throbJune1943assecuredfromtheitrar,
toeaohgraduatewasentaletandquco’tionnaire.1Thedate
obt~inedLartotquestionnairesandfromtheofficefilesre
t~ba1ataidinterpreted.InaIdtbtheDirectorandwith
graduateswhoaemployedintiantaagenciestthetiofthe
theisitingprovidedeuppitaryinforination1
Hiebo1Background
M~lantaUniveritySohoolofSocialWorkhadaveryhi.
ginningItwasetabUehedinMienin1920throughtheeffortof
upofcivicpersonswhorecognitheurgentneedfortrained
Negrosoei~lkere.Theplanfortheorgani~etionoftheschool
perfectedanditopenedinSeptember,1920withfourteenstud.•The
schoolbaaengflyeversin,andbaatheath
largestenrollmentofanychooiofsocialIcinthecountry.
aschooltnolongerSIdOtorgationbutaffilia
tbtheAtian~Tniaitysystemin1939,aidn~offersthedegreesof
BachelorofSocialWorterofSocialWork.Itsfirstgradating
alcoain1921number~adoev•In1943fifty-tooatesweredod
d•Ofthe290gradteeintheIatyears,123have~ecoived
~See1kppendix.
09 a 89t otSt 6 £8 198108 98 096198 69619! 6 a 9961St 18 L28t9! st 926!18 2 ,8 SSStIt 9 92616 ~4O~
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I
CHAPTERtI
P24OFGRADUATESACCORDINGTOPIELIS
andsiaty-sightquesttonuswereatouttostuden
Ofthisnumberhundredtenty—sSzrreturned.Manyofthe
graduatesttioftStingofthisthesiswarservingWith
theAmericanRedCroasov*r~eandcouldnotbereached.intormation
fromthereturnedqueation~za~rea,thefilesSntheschool,reonal
interviewstbulatedforinvestigation.
seeninTableIinthenodtidied,Itwasfoundt77percent
thegraduatereomen,and28centwonmen.Thimaybe
due~otheatthatsod1workhabeenpopularlythoughtof~a
w~*u’sprofession.
0fthe290graduates4uningtheperiodconsidered,289enteFed
thefieldofeooialrk.-Theavailabilityofpoaiticnaatti~meof
ra~uutionmayhav,beenaLstar4*erminingthenumberofgraduateswho
ri~tLi16.Eighty-ninepercentofthegraduate
fieldofsocialrk,5.0percantenteredotherLiIde,3cent
“~irnozaployedandpercentsenteredarmedarvi•Table2
a2aowutheptoofgraduatetowtheyearsstudied.
~
4
5
TABLE~
PROYESSIONSTRATTIlEGRM)UATESENTERED
NwnberofGraduatesbyPlacementYearTot1InSocialWorkInOtherFiideUnemIcInotal________________________________________________
1341~S14——•1•~—
19852222——
193616162—
19372121—-_
19S8242121—
193932301—I1940262221119412722—
19425].412—819~~534?14-
Themainfieldsofsocialworkinwhichgtaduateshaveenplaced
arecaswork,groi~work,oozmnunityorganizationandeociajresarch.
canbeseeninTable8,47prcentofthegraduatawarplacedin
caseworkagencies,36percentwereplacingroupworkagencies,27
percentwereplacedincommunityorganizationagencies,and.5percent
insocialresearchagencie
TABLE3
DISTRIBUTIONOPGRADUATESACCORDINGTOSOCIALWORKJOBSANDMTSPICES
NumberofumberofCaseGroupCommunitySocialYeGraduatesPientaorkorkOrg;stionliesarch~ota12E917855-2421934151414——
19524221813—
19361816124——
193?2121184119382421129-—
1989~230113—
194026221615119412726155411942514127771943524730114
S
Wherceacakalonea411ofthegraduateinl9~4,the
yarehaveshotmthedevelopmentofotherfieldsasaaofplacement.
InI•forezazapl•therewereuty-sevengraduatesincasework
encies,ningroupworkdavoninoo~c~iu~ityorga~ii~ation
agencies.
~Sooialcaseworkqousiataoftheproa8whichde,elep
personalitythroughadjustments,consciouslyofted,benthe
individualmidhisocialvi~onment.’~TheLi14oaco~paeseafeniily
andchildcare,socialserviceinhoepital~andclinics.paychitrie
anititutionelcare,probationaerviceeofAmenRedCrone,
theTrabr‘~AidSociety,viaitiz~treandothprivateand
publicgroups.
AscnbeaeoniuTab1e,~44~toftgradtep1in
caseworkenemplbyDepartmentsofPublicWelfare.
irteenpercentenplo~edbyta~ailynoieailetother
perosntreeupboyadinethereasewo4kfieldea4y•Dun
theearlyareincludedinthestudywefindthatnestoftbwork
adonethtchildren’sagenciesenddepartmentsatpui~liowait
In1942~X&~spreadofagenciescoveredwiththepublic
welfare,children,lyandmedicalcaneworktheloadingsources
atp1nt.In1.934on~threecasewc~agenciesloyedgraduates
ascomparedththirtagenciesin1941.
Richmond,IThatiSoctalWork?~NewTonIc,1942),p.99.
•:;‘.~;~~“
flEW
c*samAGENCIESrni~ncnG~ABUA!E3‘c~sannacai
on
WonViettisigtnvelota*msrtcsnOrphanoftearflQoemeMê~CMZ4,atttoDWt?stzohorAURodaCon
2801786$$910—S4.a04
zösSze8a•24.119$O1280125‘4
tieS?ia22a9aSa1938128$2•$52~2939192:3•18a2126282aS2•a•21*94216211•Se123
1103a4sa11iOu60408151
pue~ta
so 0% ~i raids ‘e
~~oea~ cacti o~ azoop a~oq peasde sepueSs atom azow
sanest t~zeass ~nt ez~ a~o snrnwnst o~ queuutu~drno Sz~p
04 pOppi3 P~W 01fl PU~ ~ia~nio en
0E4 ~$t UI n ;e ~roa g~ uo~t ss~
~jeM pamsaz sep~uoSs apca dtoi3 wç 4S~
435 ews~,agtaw’~t qi~~qM
flflt1flU~4*7 ~nOA tVfl ‘SSaUO4 WSW~ U3 PGa~Z&SQ tàit& Wfl ~Od os
30140 01~ GZV{& ~tS(fl3u3soefl nfleçm~) e4um~ 2t≥OL ~ z~aa (tot
fl, u0D sod Ia~eweu 4~pnun~>rj pias ais*tq mu u~ Sq pstht
~,rnn ad ~ tsuo~~oony UOnW3JUS S~U0U~ ftnna 14 dun
~oa dtoaS q peas~$ sxqsnpaz2 cu~ jø quoe azad ‘g Ut
uces ui~ cy iysvçu2ooaz £~ep~t oq oq~ un2oq true sn’j ~t U
op~% UI zoaapad aorj pea ozp qm~ ~ fl DLiQ~ OWJO
SB p ssuno~a~q~sco4 y
p• nni g 5 ~ P0$W4~ G%E*W1,JP p ~UOD aed 4ua~L
quoa t113 puts tUUO3tfl*08t pnpvs2zo £0440 ~tU 04U0U4J’Sd
tones OflQftd ‘Cqqa ay.nS #eUG UI 0,
‘aje.~u~ £~ang q~~n gi~ 03
04 ~~Pfl0WtC~ “Vt ~U8 t~CPP1PU1 014 WIll fl
a
?ABLE5
a~om’WORKAGENO~8ZNWIIIORGRAD1W1~E8WEREPLACED
~rota1Place.
YearinG•W,~WCA!MO.(~PublicCii~y
~YARousiP1rounds
ConmiunityCenters&
SettlemeatROia~e8
OrphanHomes83SOhoolsChurchesGirlSooutOem
Total~18765-741i.7~-—-~-
19351———11936.48——21937421——I1938923.22.2—1193911311221——z19401———11941532——~——
19427222.2.2.———
1943134.212—3.12
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epq~ pue~ ~e~s p GTWWMIUWIEO tea tbauoflUTL
guy qnmø i~ttt3%aO #copu~ p~0t u ~wp et~ 1010$ 3~.
•ps~flt4 cia ~niptii2 ~aw&i~ a; p~~çj
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JO PtOtS 04~ UI tcO;p8 0E4 JO
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‘afl4utOOflfl
.0 .qnazw ua~~ d~o
ebTflQg pcflufl S~ “U034afl8
44 SUDS ‘UOIWEO Ccv anseq~ e~ 44~t
• cc~q~ ‘oi*ne’f ueqasj q~ Sq pea~tdvs’ ~ 01 ~P10U P~
g~ 04430 ~ 4~1a~sCS 0J~0U 1~O~
at et~2ewt ~E~UPO ‘RV~’4 vuv t~tso4 Ga
oqqM $R seam uj aejflSw Atm pat ~rnwsdua ~aa4%8U ~IU8
~ t4~ ‘a~~srne £flmui~m ‘aepue2s ~upou je oflaubDO
W°°Z tenn&1pU1 us 5 ~an op~ pat
403 2afl~eS 4k0D eauidu; *~ 4±Irafle
we uenamcnd sflsd 2zniq~ ‘sopsoSe TmJ4eflmtJU 4prnuøO
0!
~fl~NCXESINCO~WNI~ORGNZM~XONINV~1CBGTh~S~REPL&CED
..~L~~~~~~
Yet~r~ot~1PiainC.0.Urb~floNea~.Eduoe4ionN~OSOPub]ioNouaABØooiationTot~1~-3.024~.6.2,.j...-~~i.-~..—~“t~.~.1...~ 94-
19à6331936.~
19371~.——
1938—————
~394————
i~4ô511121941413.•2—
19428211111943421•I
~‘.~.-~~..~-~
12
PlaeomentofGraduatesinPublicandPrivateAgencies
Pifty-eightpercentofthestudentsplacedintheperiodstudied
werefirstemployedbypublicagenviee•Theother42percantwere
placedinprivateagencies,Ofthoseemployedinthepublicfieldthe
greatestma3orltyfoundpositionsincityorcountywelfaredepartments
asseenin~able1,
Thepublicagencyisonewhichiscreatedbyorunderthespecific
authorityofthelaw,responsibleinallofitsopex~tionstothe
legallyconstitutedpublicauthoritiesandfinancedbytaxfundsor
by~a13lioadministrationundergovernmentsupervision?Theprivate
agencyisunderthecontrolofprivateleadership,isfinancedby
donationsfromindividualsorgroupsandisusuallygovernedbya
boardofdirectors
1J!epough.FedralGovernmentandPublic~(‘NewYork,1937),~76.,•
CHAPTERIII
~J1ERESPONSIBILITIES~I)REMUNERATIONOFGRADUATESONTHEIRFIRSTJOBS
TheresponsibiliteSofgraduatesintheirfirstplacementsafter
graduationmaybedividedintothecategoriesofpractitioner,supervisor
andexecutive.
Inthevariousfieldsofsocialworkthepractitioneristheworker
whohasadirectrelationshipwiththepersonorpersonsserved,thatis,
theclient.Onehundredandninty—twoor73percentofthegraduates
studiedwerepractitioners.
Thesupervisor’smainresponsibilityisthatofsupervisingthe
workofthepractitioner.Thesupervisorreadsanddiscussescasesor
grouprecordswithprofessionalandvolunteerworkersandhelpsthe
practitionerinmeetingtheneedsofthepeopleservedandinhis
professionaldevelopmentonthejob.
Twelvepercentofthegraduatesintheperiodstudiedwerefirst
placedassupervisors•Ninty—sevenpercentofthesupervisorswere
placedingroupworkagencies.
Theexecutiveisthepersonwhodirectstheworkofthelocal
unitinaccordancewiththepoliciesdeterminedbytheboardof
directorsortrustees.Intheeyesofthecommunitytheexecutivealone
isresponsibleforallthatoccursintheagency.Continuedefficiency
onthepartoftheexecutivewillpromoteacorrespondingsuccesson
thepartoftheorganization.Consequentlythepositionofthe
executiveentailsthegreatestresponsibility.
Theexecutivepromotessatisfactoryrelationshipswiththe
communityandprovidesforthesmoothfunctioningoftheagencyasa
14
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afl~fl tt*tU$4e ueç~ a2c4 a ai~ ãz~az
q e~ ~
S naizaut ‘ eS~bo4k~ an
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05 4G~~O 8Jt~ S~UOESL*~SX4 ~ax~çg q~c
— %e~n~ q~ jp tz ~ ‘is ~unp
U~JJ •am~op jnmm~ c pi~zae to%~Øid gatg qt~ 14
On 1~ ‘*~fl~ ~ 9a~4~fl
ERo
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enan
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at
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oQo~ 000t ilOPUfl peU.Zflq~e~ ‘UO~ 9* Jo•o J00N
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TW1GA~ O~ØN P0U~8.~ ZOJ UOT9~ JO.tt~ 2U~Gd op DUo.
9t.
CHAPTERIV
ORIGINAI~1DPLACEMENTOFGRADUATES
TheAtlantaUniversitySchoolofSocialWorkhasauniquejob
placementprogram.1Onthepremisethateverycityof5000ormore
where10percentofthepopulationisNegroneedsasocialworker,the
Schoolhassetupafileinitsofficesandcorrespondswithsocial
agenciesineachcityofthissize.Duringthespringoftheyear,
usuallyinApril,a“jobclinic”isheldwiththemembersofthesecond
yearclass.Inthisclinicthevacanciescreatedinthestaffsofthe
variousagenciesarediscussed,andthestudentsbestsuitedtothejobs
areputincontactwiththeagenciesconcerned.
AscanbeseenonMap1andtablesintheAppendix,moregraduates
havecomefromGeorgiathanfromanyotherofthethirty-fivestates
whicharetheplacesororiginofthegraduates.Georgiaisalso
highestinplacements,withMaryland,NorthCarolinaandNewYorktied
forsecondplace.Thirty—twopercentwereplacedfromfivehundredto
onethousandsmilesfromtheirplacesoforigin,while18percentfound
positionsonethousandsmilesandoverfromtheirplacesoforigin.
Thetwohundredandflintygraduatesofthisperiodattended67
differentcollegesbeforetakingprofessionaltraining.The10colleges
‘withthelargestnumberofgraduatesfromtheAtlantaUniversitySchool
ofSocialWorkcanbeseeninTable10.
1InterviewwiththeDirector,Mr.ForresterB.‘~ashington.
17
83
a
rn
rt ~c
hiT 42J3
0110 4~VS ~,OL2
• JJTI~]J0
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40
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qa~ ‘t~ut~od O~ 80Z ~od US
a
~NDGONCLUSXONS
TM.~stu4~n8n~tOdiscoverthesgopportunitiesinsocial
workforNegroesassho~mbythefirstpiacofgraduatesthe
AtlanUniversi~SchoolofSoOialWorkfranJune1934through~me
943.ehool,beingtheorzl~roneinthecountrydevotedentirely
tothetsi~iingofgresocialra,gi~goodpistaof
improvomantinsuchopportunitie
dataforstudyrecollectedtroi~~ieoiool’saffi
records,questiroenttograduates,andinterviewawith
Directoroftheschoolandgraduatesofperiodstudiedwhorenow
employedbyagencieeinAtlanta,Th.datawereorganized,dom~
tabulated.
thedataolloctedthecn~nsionsare
1.thatmoatofthegraduatesoftheAtlantaUnv’ereitySchool
ofSocialWorkhavoenteredfieldofeoci4work.
2,Mostofthegraduatesgointowork,withgroupwork
second,oomnunit~yorganizationthirdandseeresearchlast.Por~.
sevenparcentofthegraduates’firstplacementsroincasework,
36percentingroupwork,27percentinm4i~rorganizationand
.5percentinsOCialresearch.
3.Seventy..tbreepercentofthegraduateswerefirstemployed
aspractitioners,Uperoentaszecutiveand12percentanrvisors.
4.flfty-eigWcpercentofthegteswerefirstemployed
bypebUcagenciesand~percantbypritoagencies.
20
2].
5. The salaries paid graduates in their first placements
~ve doubled in the ten year period studied.
6. More students have been placed in urban areas than in rural
areas.
7, The majority of the students are employed within a radius of
five hundfed miles of their homes,
8 • More students were in supervisory positions than executive
positions on period studied.
9. The greatest increase in the number of agencies accepting
graduates -as in the group work field.
10. The number of graduates increased from 14 in 1934 to 52 in
1943.
11. The Atlanta University School of Social Work has done a good
job in the placement of its students and in keeping in contact with each
graduate to 1~iow of the progress he hats been making. The school is
responsible for 96 per cent of the placements of graduates for the
period studied.
a
letterBentto
ATLJINrAUNIVERSITYSCHOOLOFSOCIALWORK
247HenryStreet,S.W.
Atlanta,Georgia
March14,1944
DearAlumnus:
Ihopethisletterfindsyouenjoyingthebestofhealthandthesecurityofagoodpayingposition.Atmysuggestiononeofourstudentsiswritingathesison“TheChangingOpportunitiesforNegroesinSocialWorkasShownbyaStudyofthePlacementofGraduatesoftheAtlantaUniversitySchoolofSocialWork,June1934—1943.”
IthinkthatyouwillagreewithmethattherehasbeenmarkedimprovementinthestatusofNegroesinsocialworkduringthepasttenyearsalongseverallines,incluaingtypcofjobs,enteringsalariesandgeographicalplacement.
IbelievethataknowledgeoftheprogressthattheNegrohasmadeinsocialworkduringthepasttenyearswiilacceleratethepaceofhisprogressduringth~.nexttenyears.Althoughthisstudyisbeingmade,atfirst,asathesisbyoneofourstudentsIintendtohaveiteditedandis~ucdasapublicationoftheschoolandcirculatedamonginterestedpersonswhereitwilldothemostgood.Ofcourse,Iwillseethatyougetacopy-.
WeareaskingyoutofillouttheenclosedquestionnaireandreturnittoMissJeannetteHarvey,thestudent,whoismakingthestudy.Pleaseansvierallthequestions.Forinstance,youmaynotseethevalueofansweringthequestionregarding“enteringsalaries,”butitisaveryimportantiteminthestudy.Wewanttoshowsocialagenciesthroughoutthecountrythattherehasbeenaverygreatincreaseinsalariesduringthepasttenyearsandthusencouragethemtokeepupthistrend.Besuretonotethatwearenotinquiringaboutyourprese~position.Weareinquiringabout
hefirstpositioninwhichyouwereemployed.Thankyouinadvanceforyourcooperationandpromptness.
Sincerelyyours,
ForresterE.WashingtonPDirectorEnciosure
24
Queatiozmire
Name
Dateof~adu~tion~
Firstpositioflaftergraduation
DidtheSchoolmaketheplacement?
N~met0~fagency
LocaUOflofagency_
Beginningsalary(yearly)
Wastheagencyprivateorpublic?
Presentposition
Presenthomeaddress___________
Pleasereturnimm~diat~lyto
Mi35JL.annetteRarv~yAtlant~.UnivursitySchoolofSocialYgork247HenryStreet,S.W.Atlanta,Georgia
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PLACESOF0GflTOPGRADUATES
TotalH~miberofGraduates290
TJiEN0R1~89
A.NewEnglazKI6
Main-
NewI~ampshireVermont—
Massaohusetta2RhodeIslandIConnecticut3
B.MiddleAtlantic48
NewYork34hewJersey10Pennsylvania4
0.EatNorthCentral26
Ohio10Indiania6Illinois5Michigan4Wiscoasia2
P.WestNorthCeutr19
Minnesota4souri4
NorthDakotaSouthDakota-
Nebr—
Kansas3Iowa—
80~H203
A.SouthAtlantic123
Delaware4MarylandWashington,D.C.7Virginia5WestVirginiaNorthCarolina19SouthCarolina8Georgia56Florida7
28
B. East South Central 40
Kentuoky 16Alabama 14Tennessee 8Mississippi Z
-~C, Wóst South Central 40
~rkanaas 6Louisiana 20Oklahoma 9Texas x5
THE WEST 5
Mowitain 2
Montana -
Idaho -
Wyo~ngColorado 2New MexicoArzonia —
Ut -
Nevada -
P6cifio 1
Washington —
Oregon -
California I
STUDENTS FROM OTHER. COUNTRIES
Canada ISouth Africa IAustralia 1
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