changes of stressed vowels in middle english and new english
TRANSCRIPT
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Changes of stressed vowels in Middle Changes of stressed vowels in Middle English and New EnglishEnglish and New English
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1. ავტო- თუ აუტო-
არაერთ ლექსიკონსა თუ სხვ. გამოცემაში მონაცვლეობით გვხვდება ფორმები ავტო- ან აუტო- :
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ავტო- თუ აუტო- (გაგრძელება)
თუნდაც ზოგიერთ შემთხვევაში პარალელური აუტო- ფორმის გამოყენება ორთოგრაფიის სიჭრელეს იწვევს და ქაოსურ შთაბეჭდილებას ტოვებს. ამდენად, უმჯობესად მიგვაჩნია ყველგან ერთი ფორმის: ავტო- გამოყენება.
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Insular Minuscule Script is replaced by the Continental Minuscule Script
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ʒ - replaced by the continental g
ʒ - [g] [g’] [j] [ღ]
Early ME g – [g] [dʒ]3 – [j] [X]ʒeonʒ, ʒeard
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ʒ - replaced by the continental g
Late ME3 [j] - yyoung, yard, year3 [X] – ghlight [lixt], night [nixt], right [rixt]
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Runic letters fell into disuse Þ ð - th
j k v q
g [g] [dʒ]c [k] [s]
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u – [v] [u]f is no more used for [v]
Orthographic reform of the XVII c. normalised the use of u and v
u – [u]v – [v]
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Y became an equivalent of [i] at the end of a word
boy, toy, lorry, trolley …
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u – o munuc – monk [munk] lufian – loven [luven] sune – sone [sune]
boy, toy, lorry, trolley …
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Wide use of digraphs
ou – [u:]OE hus – ME hous [hu:s]OE ut – ME out [u:t]OE mus – ME mous [mu:s]ie [e:]chief [tʃe:f] thief [θe:f]
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Wide use of digraphs
ch – [tʃ]sh [ʃ]OE scip [skip] – ME ship [ʃɪp]dg [dʒ]wh – OE hwOE hwæt – ME what [hwat]
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Long vowels replaced by double letters
OE fot – ME foot [fo:t]OE boc – ME book [bo:k]OE fet – ME feet [fe:t]OE toþ – ME tooth [to:θ]
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ავტო- თუ აუტო- (გაგრძელება)
თუნდაც ზოგიერთ შემთხვევაში პარალელური აუტო- ფორმის გამოყენება ორთოგრაფიის სიჭრელეს იწვევს და ქაოსურ შთაბეჭდილებას ტოვებს. ამდენად, უმჯობესად მიგვაჩნია ყველგან ერთი ფორმის: ავტო- გამოყენება.
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Runic letters fell into disuse Þ ð - th
j k v q
g [g] [dʒ]c [k] [s]
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Qualitative vowel changes in ME
OE y – ME IOE cyninʒ - ME kingOE fyrst – ME firstOE mys – ME mice
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Qualitative vowel changes in ME
OE a – ME o [ɔ:] spelling oaOE bat – ME boat [bɔ:t]OE ac – ME oak [ɔ:k]
2 long Os – [o:] spelling oo [ɔ:] spelling oa
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Qualitative vowel changes in ME
OE ea [ea:] – ME [ɛ:] spelling eaOE east - ME east [ɛ:st]
2 long Es – [e:] spelling ee [ɛ:] spelling ea
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Quantitative vowel changes in early ME
Short vowels lengthened before two homorganic consonants sonorant + plosive
OE cild – ME child [tʃi:ld]
OE findan – ME finden [fi:ndən]
OE climban – ME climben [kli:mbən]
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Quantitative vowel changes in early ME
All other groups of two or more consonants produced the reverse effect, they made the preceding long vowels short
OE fiftiʒ - ME fifty [fifti]OE fedde – ME fedde [feddə]
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Quantitative vowel changes in early ME
Short vowels became long in open syllables
OE nama – ME name [na:mə]OE mete – ME mete [me:tə]
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Qualitative vowel changes in New English
ME [a] – NE [æ]ME man [man] – NE man [mæn]
ME [wa] – NE [wo]ME was [was] – NE was [woz]ME water [water] – NE water [wotə]
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Qualitative vowel changes in New English
ME [u] – NE [ʌ] ME hut [hut] – NE hut [hʌt]ME loven [luven] – NE love [lʌv]
ME X – j – NE Inight [niXt] – [nijt] – [niit] – [ni:t]
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Quantitative vowel changes in New English
Lengthening – before ss, st, nt, ftShortening – before [θ, d, t, k]
ME plant [plant] – NE plant [pla:nt]ME after [after] – NE after [a:ftə]ME deed [de:d] – NE dead [ded]ME book [bo:k] – [bu:k] – [buk]ME breath [bre:θ] – NE breath [breθ]
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Great Vowel Shift
table [ta:blə] – [teibl]maken [ma:kən] – [meik]stone [stɔ:n] – [stəun]open [ɔ:pən] – [əupən]