changed documentation for paint.docx

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INDEX

I NDEX ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1

L I ST OF F IGURES ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3

ABSTRACT ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5

CHAPTER 1 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6

INTRODUCTION ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 6

PAINTING ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6

SPRAY PAINTING -------------------------------------------------------------------- 7

AIR GUN SPRAYING ---------------------------------------------------------------- 7

CHAPTER 2 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8

COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION --------------------------------------------- 8

1 . D.C.POWER SUPPLY UNIT ----------------------------------------------------- 8

2 D.C. MOTOR (PERMANENT MAGNET) ------------------------------------- 10

3 CONVEYOR FRAME-------------------------------------------------------------- 17

4. GEAR WHEEL ARRANGEMENT --------------------------------------------- 22

5 .IR SENSOR UNIT ----------------------------------------------------------------- 25

6. SINGLE ACTING 3/2 SOLENOID VALVE ----------------------------------- 26

7. FLOW CONTROL VALVE ------------------------------------------------------ 30

8. HOSE COLLAR AND PU CONNECTOR ------------------------------------- 30

9. MICROCONTROLLER ----------------------------------------------------------- 30

10 .SPRAY GUN ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 32

CHAPTER 3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33

SENSORS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33

TYPES OF SENSOR------------------------------------------------------------------- 33

1 . Proximity sensors ------------------------------------------------------------------ 34

2 .TOUCH SENSOR ------------------------------------------------------------------ 36

3. FORCE AND TORQUE SENSOR: ---------------------------------------------- 37

CHAPTER 4 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38

DESIGN CALCULATI ONS, SPECIF ICATIONS AND DRAWINGS ---------- 38

4.1 CALCULATIONS ----------------------------------------------------------------- 38


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4.1.1 CHAIN DRIVE DESIGN ------------------------------------------------------ 38

4.1.2 CALCULATIONS FOR VERTICAL MOTION --------------------------- 39

4.1.3 HORIZONTAL MOTION ----------------------------------------------------- 40

4.2 SPECIFICATIONS OF COMPONENTS ------------------------------------- 41

4.2.1 BEARING NO. 6202 ----------------------------------------------------------- 41

4.2.2 Solenoid Valve ----------------------------------------------------------------- 41

4.2.3 FLOW CONTROL VALVE -------------------------------------------------- 42

4.2.4 HOSE CONNECTORS -------------------------------------------------------- 42

4.2.5 Hoses ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42

CHAPTER 5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 49

FABRICATION ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 49

CHAPTER-6 -----------------------------------------------Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE --------------------------------------------------------- 51

6.1.1 AT NORMAL CONDITIO ---------------------------------------------------- 52

6.1.2 AT MATERIAL CONDITION ----------------------------------------------- 52

6.1.3 MICROCONTROLLER UNIT ----------------------------------------------- 52

6.1.4 IC 555 TIMER ------------------------------------------------------------------ 53

6.1.5 BLOCK DIAGRAM------------------------------------------------------------ 53

6.2 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES ---------------------------------- 56

6.2.1 Advantages ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 56

6.2.2 Disadvantages ------------------------------------------------------------------- 56

CHAPTER-7 -----------------------------------------------Error! Bookmark not defined.

CONCLUSION ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 57

CHAPTER- 8 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58

REFERENCES -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58

NOMENCLATURE --------------------------------------------------------------------- 4


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LIST OF FIGURES

F igure 2.3.1: CHAIN WITH OVAL LINKS------------------------------------------- 19

F igure 2.3.2: CONVEYER CHAI NS --------------------------------------------------- 20

F igure 2.3.3: BLOCK OR BUSH CHAI N --------------------------------------------- 20

F igure 2.3.4: BUSH ROLLER CHAI N ------------------------------------------------ 21

F igure 2.3.5: SILENT CHAI N ---------------------------------------------------------- 22

F igure 2.4.1: SPUR GEAR --------------------------------------------------------------- 23

F igure 2.4.2: SIM PLE GEAR TRAIN ------------------------------------------------- 24

F igure 2.4.3: COMPOUND GEAR TRAI N ------------------------------------------- 24

F igure 2.5.1 IR SENSOR ----------------------------------------------------------------- 25

F igure 2.6.1: SOLENOID VALVES OF DI RECT CONTROL TYPE ------Error!

Bookmark not defined.

F igure 2.9.1: M ICROCONTROLLER BOARDS ------------------------------------- 32

F igure 2.10.1: SPRAY GUN ------------------------------------------------------------- 32

F igure 4.2.1 BEARING -6202 ----------------------------------------------------------- 43

F igure 4.2.2: BEARING CAP ----------------------------------------------------------- 44

F igure 4.2.3: GEAR WHEEL-1 --------------------------------------------------------- 45

F igure 4.2.4: GEAR WHEEL-2 --------------------------------------------------------- 46

F igure 4.2.5: HOSE COLLAR ---------------------------------------------------------- 47

F igure 4.2.6: REDUCER ----------------------------------------------------------------- 48

F igure 5.1: BOTTOM FRAME FOR HORIZONTAL MOTION ----------------- 50

Figure 5.3: COMPLETELY FABRICATED WALL PAINTING MACHINE -- 50

F igure 6.1: WORKING MODEL -------------------------------------------------------- 51


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NOMENCLATURE

VR = velocity ratio

Z1,Z2 = teeth on sprockets 1 and 2 respectively.

p = pitch of chain in meters

D = pitch circle diameter of sprocket in meters.

= angle substended by each link in degrees.

k = number of chain links.

x = center distance between the sprockets in meters.

n = speed of motor in rpm.

T1,T2 = number of teeth on gear wheels 1 and 2 respectively.

v = output velocity in m/s.

s = distance to be sprayed by machine.


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ABSTRACT

This project deals with the fabrication ofwall Painting machine. The aim

of this project work is to acquire practical knowledge in the field of complicatedwall painting with the help of motor. The project work is concerned with the

fabrication of the portable motorized wall painting machine. This machine is very

useful for lifting and carrying loads such as painting equipment, paint etc.

Nowadays automation is widely used in many applications such as military,

medical application, factories, entertainment, automobile industries etc. However,

the application of automation is still not widely implemented in construction

industry. In construction industry, automation is used to increase speed and

improve the accuracy of construction field operations. It can also be used to do

hazardous and dangerous jobs in construction. For example, currently house

painting is done manually. This process can be simplified using a special dedicated

automation system.

It is very difficult andTrouble some for human being to work , especially for

painting, cleaning and screwing in the walls for a long time. Painting is also very

dangerous to humans as paint has hazardous fumes. To overcome this difficulty, a

automatic wall painting machine is proposed, designed and developed. This project

describes all the processes that are involved in designing and fabricating the

proposed painter . The system is divided into two main parts namely mechanical

and electronics part. In mechanical part, frame design, gear drive ,chain drive and

complete fabrication are described and in electronics part, microcontroller design

is explained. The testing results indicate that the performance of the automatic

wall painting machine is better compared with that of using manual painting

technique.


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1.INTRODUCTION

This is an era of automation where it is broadly defined as replacement of

manual effort by mechanical power in all degrees of automation. The operationremains an essential part of the system although with changing demands on

physical input as the degree of mechanization is increased.

Degrees of automation are of two types, viz.

Full automation.

Semi automation.

In semi automation a combination of manual effort and mechanical power is

required whereas in full automation human participation is very negligible.

The very essence of our economic life and growth is dependant in a great

part upon the continued improvement and development of the electronic and

mechanical fields. To aid these fields, we have WALL PAINTING MACHINE,

Mechanical type, which can be widely used to lift the less weight or heavy weigh

workpieces and etc. Extreme care should be taken while lifting the load in the jib

crane layout.

PAINTING

Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, coloror other medium to

a surface (support base). The medium is commonly applied to the base with a

brushbut other objects can be used. In art, the term painting describes both the actand the result of the action. However, painting is also used outside of art as a

common trade among craftsmen and builders.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint


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SPRAY PAINTING

Spray painting is a painting technique where a device sprays a coating

(paint, ink, varnish, etc.) through the air onto a surface. The most common types

employ compressed gasusually airto atomize and direct the paint particles.

Spray guns evolved from airbrushes, and the two are usually distinguished by their

size and the size of the spray pattern they produce. Airbrushes are hand-held and

used instead of a brush for detailed work such as photo retouching, painting nails

or fine art. Air gun spraying uses equipment that is generally larger. It is typically

used for covering large surfaces with an even coating of liquid. Spray guns can be

either automated or hand-held and have interchangeable heads to allow for

different spray patterns. Single color aerosol paint cans are portable and easy to

store

AIR GUN SPRAYING

This process occurs when paint is applied to an object through the use of an

air-pressurized spray gun. The air gun has a nozzle, paint basin, and air

compressor. When the trigger is pressed the paint mixes with the compressed air

stream and is released in a fine spray.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paintinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_compressorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbrushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosol_painthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosol_painthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbrushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_compressorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting


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2.COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION

The major components of the automatic paint spraying equipment are,

D.C. Power Supply Unit

P.M.D.C. Motor

Conveyor frame

Gear wheel Arrangement

IR Sensor Unit

Microcontroller Unit

3/2 Solenoid Valve

Flow Control Valve

Hose Collar and Connectors

Spray gun

1 . D.C.POWER SUPPLY UNIT

In order to run the motors, we need D.C.Power, which is given by the

12volts and 7Amps lead acid battery.

DESCRIPTION OF LEAD ACID BATTERIES

Leadacid batteries, invented in 1859 by French physicist Gaston Plant,

are the oldest type of rechargeable battery. Despite having a very low energy-to-

weight ratio and a low energy-to-volume ratio, their ability to supply high surge

currents means that the cells maintain a relatively large power-to-weight ratio.

These features, along with their low cost, make them attractive for use in motor

vehicles to provide the high current required by automobile starter motors.


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Electrochemistry

Discharge

Fully Discharged: Two identical lead sulfate plates

In the discharged state both the positive and negative plates become lead(II) sulfate

(PbSO4) and the electrolyte loses much of its dissolved sulfuric acid and becomes

primarily water. The discharge process is driven by the conduction of electrons

from the positive plate back into the cell at the negative plate.

Negative plate reaction: Pb(s) + HSO4(aq) PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2-e

Positive plate reaction: PbO2(s) + HSO4(aq) + 3H+

(aq) + 2-e PbSO4(s)

+2H2O(l)

4.1.1 Fully discharged lead and lead oxide plates

Charging

Fully Charged: Lead and Lead Oxide plates

In the charged state, each cell contains negative plates of elemental lead (Pb) and

positive plates of lead(IV) oxide (PbO2) in an electrolyte of approximately 33.5%

v/v (4.2 Molar) sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The charging process is driven by the

forcible removal of electrons from the negative plate and the forcible introduction

of them to the positive plate.

Negative plate reaction: PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2-e Pb(s) + HSO4(aq)


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Positive plate reaction: PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) PbO2(s) + HSO4(aq) + 3H+(aq)

+ 2-e

4.1.2Fully charged lead and lead oxide plates

2 D.C. MOTOR (PERMANENT MAGNET)

DESCRIPTION OF DC MOTOR

An electric motor is a machine which converts electrical energy to

mechanical energy. Its action is based on the principle that when a current-

carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a magnetic force

whose direction is given by Flemings left hand rule.

When a motor is in operation, it develops torque. This torque can produce

mechanical rotation. DC motors are also like generators classified into shunt

wound or series wound or compound wound motors.

FLEMINGS LEFT HAND RULE:

Keep the force finger, middle finger and thumb of the left hand mutually

perpendicular to one another. If the fore finger indicates the direction of magnetic

field and middle finger indicates direction of current in the conductor, then the

thumb indicates the direction of the motion of conductor.


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PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF DC MOTOR:

Figure I show a uniform magnetic field in which a straight conductor

carrying no current is placed. The conductor is perpendicular to the direction of

the magnetic field.

In figure II the conductor is shown as carrying a current away from the

viewer, but the field due to the N and S poles has been removed. There is no

movement of the conductor during the above two conditions. In figure III the

current carrying conductor is placed in the magnetic field. The field due to the

current in the conductor supports the main field above the conductor, but opposes

the main field below the conductor.

Movement ofConductor

Magnetic flux current carrying

Conductor

N S


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The result is to increase the flux density in to the region directly above the

conductor and to reduce the flux density in the region directly below the conductor.

It is found that a force acts on the conductor, trying to push the conductor

downwards as shown by the arrow. If the current in the conductor is reversed, the

strengthening of flux lines occurs below the conductor, and the conductor will be

pushed upwards (figure-IV).

Now consider a single turn coil carrying a current as shown in the above

figure. in view of the reasons given above, the coil side A will be forced to move

downwards, whereas the coil side B will be forced to move upwards. The forces

acting on the coil sides A and B will be of same magnitude. But their direction is

opposite to one another. As the coil is wound on the armature core which is

supported by the bearings, the armature will now rotate. The commutator

periodically reverses the direction of current flow through the armature. Therefore

the armature will have a continuous rotation.

A simplified model of such a motor is shown in figure VI. The conductors

are wound over a soft iron core. DC supply is given to the field poles forproducing flux. The conductors are connected to the DC supply through brushes

Let's start by looking at the overall plan of a simple 2-pole DC electric motor. A

simple motor has 6 parts, as shown in the diagram below.

An armature or rotor A commutator Brushes An axle A field magnet


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An electric motor is all about magnets and magnetism: a motor uses magnets

to create motion. If you have ever played with magnets you know about the

fundamental law of all magnets: Opposites attract and likes repel. So if you have 2

bar magnets with their ends marked north and south, then the North end of one

magnet will attract the South end of the other. On the other hand, the North end of

one magnet will repel the North end of the other (and similarly south will repel

south). Inside an electric motor these attracting and repelling forces create

rotational motion.

In the diagram above and below you can see two magnets in the motor, thearmature (or rotor) is an electromagnet, while the field magnet is a permanent

magnet (the field magnet could be an electromagnet as well, but in most small

motors it is not to save power).

Electromagnets and Motors:

To understand how an electric motor works, the key is to understand how the

electromagnet works. An electromagnet is the basis of an electric motor. You can

understand how things work in the motor by imagining the following scenario. Say

that you created a simple electromagnet by wrapping 100 loops of wire around a

nail and connecting it to a battery. The nail would become a magnet and have a

North and South pole while the battery is connected.


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Now say that you take your nail electromagnet, run an axle through the middle of

it, and you suspended it in the middle of a horseshoe magnet as shown in the figure

below. If you were to attach a battery to the electromagnet so that the North end of

the nail appeared as shown, the basic law of magnetism tells you what would

happen: The North end of the electromagnet would be repelled from the north end

of the horseshoe magnet and attracted to the south end of the horseshoe magnet.

The South end of the electromagnet would be

repelled in a similar way. The nail would move

about half a turn and then stop in the position

shown.

You can see that this half-turn of motion is

simple and obvious because of the way magnets

naturally attract and repel one another. The key to

an electric motor is to then go one step further so

that, at the moment that this half-turn of motion completes, the field of the

electromagnet flips. The flip causes the electromagnet to complete another half-turn of motion.

You flip the magnetic field simply by changing the direction of the electrons

flowing in the wire (you do that by flipping the battery

over). If the field of the electromagnet flipped at just the

right moment at the end of each half-turn of motion, the

electric motor would spin freely.


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The Armature:

The armature takes the place of the nail in an electric motor. The armature is

an electromagnet made by coiling thin wire around two or more poles of a metal

core. The armature has an axle, and the commutator is attached to the axle. In the

diagram above you can see three different views of the same armature: front, side

and end-on. In the end-on view the winding is eliminated to make the commutator

more obvious. You can see that the commutator is simply a pair of plates attached

to the axle. These plates provide the two connections for the coil of the

electromagnet.

The Commutator and brushes:

The "flipping the electric field" part of an electric

motor is accomplished by two parts: the commutator and

the brushes. The diagram at the right shows how the

commutator and brushes work together to let current flow to

the electromagnet, and also to flip the direction that the

electrons are flowing at just the right moment. The contacts

of the commutator are attached to the axle of the

electromagnet, so they spin with the magnet. The brushes

are just two pieces of springy metal or carbon that make contact with the contacts

of the commutator.

Putting It All Together:

When you put all of these parts together, what you have is a complete electric

motor:


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In this figure, the armature winding has been left out so that it is easier to

see the commutator in action. The key thing to notice is that as the armature passes

through the horizontal position, the poles of the electromagnet flip. Because of the

flip, the North pole of the electromagnet is always above the axle so it can repel the

field magnet's North pole and attract the field magnet's South pole.

If you ever take apart an electric motor you will find that it contains the

same pieces described above: two small permanent magnets, a commutator, two

brushes and an electromagnet made by winding wire around a piece of metal.

Almost always, however, the rotor will have three poles rather than the two poles

as shown in this article. There are two good reasons for a motor to have three

poles:

It causes the motor to have better dynamics. In a two-pole motor, if

the electromagnet is at the balance point, perfectly horizontal between the

two poles of the field magnet when the motor starts; you can imagine the

armature getting "stuck" there. That never happens in a three-pole motor.


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Each time the commutator hits the point where it flips the field in a

two-pole motor, the commutator shorts out the battery (directly connects the

positive and negative terminals) for a moment. This shorting wastes energy

and drains the battery needlessly. A three-pole motor solves this problem as

well.

It is possible to have any number of poles, depending on the size of

the motor and the specific application it is being used in.

3. CONVEYOR FRAME

This is made up of M.S. Conveyor frame is fixed with a chain drive

mechanism used to transfer the spray nozzle up and down. The chain drive consists

of sprockets and chain. The sprocket of chain drive is mounted on the shaft which

is fixed to the frame with ball bearings consisting of bearing cap. It is made upof

mild steel.

CHAIN DRIVE

The chains are made up of number of rigid links which are hinged togetherby pin joints in order to provide the necessary flexibility for wrapping round the

driving and driven wheels. These wheels have projecting teeth of special profile

and fit into the corresponding recesses in the links of the chain as shown in Fig.

The toothed wheels are known as sprocket wheels or simply sprockets. The

sprockets and the chain are thus constrained to move together without slipping and

ensures perfect velocity ratio.

The chains are mostly used to transmit motion and power from one shaft to

another, when the centre distance between their shafts is short such as in bicycles,

motor cycles, agricultural machinery, conveyors, rolling mills, road rollers etc. The

chains may also be used for long centre distance of upto8 meters. The chains are


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used for velocities up to 25 m / s and for power up to 110 kW. In some cases,

higher power transmission is also possible.

Terms Used in Chain Drive

The following terms are frequently used in chain drive.

1. Pitch of chain. It is the distance between the hinge centre of a link and the

corresponding hinge centre of the adjacent link, as shown in Fig. It is usually

denoted p.

(reference: a textbook of machine design by r.s.khurmi )

2. Pitch circle diameter of chain sprocket. It is the diameter of the circle on which

the hinge centers of the chain lie, when the chain is wrapped round a sprocket as

shown in Fig. 21.2. The points A, B, C, and D are the hinge centers of the chain

and the circle drawn through these centers is called pitch circle and its diameter

(D) is known as pitch circle diameter.

Classification of Chains

The chains, on the basis of their use, are classified into the following three groups:

1. Hoisting and hauling (or crane) chains,

2. Conveyor (or tractive) chains, and

3. Power transmitting (or driving) chains.


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1. Hoisting and Hauling Chains

These chains are used for hoisting and hauling purposes and operate at a

maximum velocity of0.25 m / s. The hoisting and hauling chains are of the

following two types:

a)Chain with oval li nks. The links of this type of chain are of oval shape, asshown in Fig. 21.4(a). The joint of each link is welded. The sprockets which

are used for this type of chain have receptaclesto receive the links. Such type

of chains are used only at low speeds such as in chain hoists and inanchors

for marine works.

FIGURE2.3.1:CHAINWITHOVALANDSQUARELINKS

(REFERENCE:A TEXTBOOK OF MACHI NE DESIGN BY R.S.KHURMI)

.b) Chain with square links. The links of this type of chain are of square shape, as

shown in Fig.21.4 (b). Such type of chains are used in hoists, cranes, dredges. The

manufacturing

cost of this type of chain is less than that of chain with oval links, but in these

chains, the kinking occurs easily on overloading.

2. Conveyor Chains

These chains are used for elevating and conveying the materials continuously at a

speed upto2 m / s. The conveyor chains are of the following two types:

1. Detachable or hook joint type chain and

2. Closed joint type chain.


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The conveyor chains are usually made of malleable cast iron. These chains do not

have smooth running qualities. The conveyor chains run at slow speeds of about

0.8 to 3 m / s.

FIGURE2.3.2:CONVEYERCHAINS


3. Power Transmitting Chains

These chains are used for transmission of power, when the distance between the

centers of shafts is short. These chains have provision for efficient lubrication. The

power transmitting chains are of the following three types.

1 .Block or bush chain.

This type of chain was used in the early stages of development in the powertransmission. It produces noise when approaching or leaving the teeth of the

sprocket because of rubbing between the teeth and the links. Such type of chains

are used to some extent as conveyor chain at small speed.

FIGURE2.3.3:BLOCKORBUSHCHAIN



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2 . Bush roller chain.A bush roller chain as shown in figure consists of outer plates or pin link

plates, inner plates or roller link plates, pins, bushes and rollers. A pin passes

through the bush which is secured in the holes of the roller between the two sides

of the chain. The rollers are free to rotate on the bush which protect the sprocket

wheel teeth against wear. The pins, bushes and rollers are made of alloy steel. bush

roller chain is extremely strong and simple in construction. It gives good service

under severe conditions. There is a little noise with this chain which is due to

impact of the rollers on the sprocket wheel teeth. This chain may be used where

there is a little lubrication. When one of these chains elongates slightly due to wear

and stretching of the parts, then the extended chain is of greater pitch than the pitch

of the sprocket wheel teeth. The rollers then fit unequally into the cavities of the

wheel. The result is that the total load falls on one teeth or on a few teeth. The

stretching of the parts increase wear of the surfaces of the roller and of the sprocket

wheel teeth.

FIGURE2.3.4:BUSHROLLERCHAIN

(REFERENCE:A TEXTBOOK OF MACH INE DESIGN BY R.S.KHURMI)

3. Sil ent chain.

It is designed to eliminate the evil effects caused by stretching and to

produce noiseless

running. When the chain stretches and the pitch of the chain increases, the links

ride on the teeth of the sprocket wheel at a slightly increased radius. This


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automatically corrects the small change in the pitch. There is no relative sliding

between the teeth of the inverted tooth chain and the sprocket wheel teeth. When

properly lubricated, this chain gives durable service and runs very smoothly and

quietly.

FIGURE2.3.5:SILENTCHAIN


4. GEAR WHEEL ARRANGEMENT

A gear is a rotating machine part having cut teeth, orcogs, which mesh with

another toothed part in order to transmit torque. Two or more gears working in

tandem are called a transmission and can produce a mechanical advantage through

a gear ratio and thus may be considered a simple machine. Geared devices can

change the speed, torque, and direction of a power source. The most common

situation is for a gear to mesh with another gear, however a gear can also mesh a

non-rotating toothed part, called a rack, thereby producing translation instead of

rotation. The gears in a transmission are analogous to the wheels in a pulley. An

advantage of gears is that the teeth of a gear prevent slipping. When two gears of

unequal number of teeth are combined a mechanical advantage is produced, with

both the rotational speeds and the torques of the two gears differing in a simple

relationship.


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In transmissions which offer multiple gear ratios, such as bicycles and cars,

the term gear, as infirst gear, refers to a gear ratio rather than an actual physical

gear. The term is used to describe similar devices even when gear ratio

is continuous rather than discrete, or when the device does not actually contain any

gears, as in a continuously variable transmission.

The spur gear arrangement is used to move the conveyor in forward and direction

a. Spur Gear Arrangement - Forward and ReverseSPUR GEAR:

The spur gears, which are designed to transmit motion and power between parallel

shafts, are the most economical gears in the power transmission industry.

FIGURE2.4.1:SPURGEAR


In the project we have used a simple gear train of spur gears, a simple gear

train uses two gears, which maybe of different sizes. If one of these gears isattached to a motor or a crank then it is called the driver gear. The gear that is

turned by the driver gear is called the driven gear.

When a simple gear train has three meshed gears, the intermediate gear

between the driver gear and the driven gear is called an idler gear. An idler gear


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does not affect the gear ratio (velocity ratio) between the driver gear and the driven

gear

FIGURE2.4.2:SIMPLEGEARTRAIN(REFERENCE:A TEXTBOOK OF MACHI NE

DESIGN BY R.S.KHURMI)

Compound gear train

Compound gear trains involve several pairs of meshing gears. They are used

where large speed changes are required or to get different outputs moving at

different speeds .Gear ratios (or velocity ratios, VR) are calculated using the same

principle as for simple gear trains, i.e. VR = number of teeth on the driver gear

divided by the number of teeth on the driven gear. However, the velocity ratio for

each pair of gears must then be multiplied together to calculate the total velocity

ratio of the gear train:

.

FIGURE2.4.3:COMPOUNDGEARTRAIN

(REFERENCE A TEXTBOOK OF MACHINE DESIGN BY R.S.KHURMI)


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APPLICATION:

Material handling Feed drives Machine tools Conveyors, Marine hoists.

5 .IR SENSOR UNIT

It is the same principle in ALL Infra-Red proximity sensors. The basic idea

is to send infra red light through IR-LEDs, which is then reflected by any object in

front of the sensor.

Then all you have to do is to pick-up the reflected IR light. For detecting the

reflected IR light, we are going to use a very original technique: we are going to

use another IR-LED, to detect the IR light that was emitted from another led of the

exact same type!This is an electrical property of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)

which is the fact that a led Produce a voltage difference across its leads when it

subjected to light. As if it was a photo-cell, but with much lower output current.

FIGURE2.5.1I RSENSOR

REFERENCE:WWW.IKALOGIC.COM

the voltage generated by the leds can't be - in any way - used to generate electrical

power from light, It can barely be detected. that's why as you will notice in the


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schematic, we are going to use a Op-Amp (operational Amplifier) to accurately

detect very small voltage changes

The IR TRANSMITTER circuit is to transmit the Infra-Red rays. This

Infra-Red rays are received by the receiver circuit is called IR RECEIVER. If

any material is there in a conveyor, the Infra-Red rays are cutted.

The IR receiver circuit receives the IR rays and giving the control signal

to the control circuit. The control circuit is used to off the solenoid valve at normal

condition and conveyor motor is in ON condition. There is any material in their

conveyor me and, the control signal is activate the solenoid valve so that the

painting operation occurs. The operating principle of solenoid valve is explained in

the bellow. At the same time the conveyor motor is in OFF condition.

The IR transmitting circuit is used in many projects. The IR transmitter

sends 40 kHz (frequency can be adjusted) carrier under computer control

(computer can turn the IR transmission on and off). IR carriers at around 40 kHz

carrier frequencies are widely used in TV remote controlling and ICs for receiving

these signals are quite easily available.

6. SINGLE ACTING 3/2 SOLENOID VALVE

The directional valve is one of the important parts of a pneumatic

system. Commonly known as DCV, this valve is used to control the direction of

air flow in the pneumatic system. The directional valve does this by changing the

position of its internal movable parts.

This valve was selected for speedy operation and to reduce the manual

effort and also for the modification of the machine into automatic machine by

means of using a solenoid valve.


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A solenoid is an electrical device that converts electrical energy into

straight line motion and force. These are also used to operate a mechanical

operation which in turn operates the valve mechanism. Solenoids may be push

type or pull type. The push type solenoid is one in which the plunger is pushed

when the solenoid is energized electrically. The pull type solenoid is one is which

the plunger is pulled when the solenoid is energized.

The name of the parts of the solenoid should be learned so that they can be

recognized when called upon to make repairs, to do service work or to install them.

Parts of a 3/2 Solenoid Valve

Coil

The solenoid coil is made of copper wire. The layers of wire are separated

by insulating layer. The entire solenoid coil is covered with a varnish that is not

affected by solvents, moisture, cutting oil or often fluids.

Coils are rated in various voltages such as 115 volts AC, 230 volts AC, 460

volts AC, 575 Volts AC, 6 Volts DC, 12 Volts DC, 24 Volts DC, 115 Volts DC &

230 Volts DC. They are designed for such frequencies as 50 Hz to 60 Hz.

Frame

The solenoid frame serves several purposes. Since it is made of laminated

sheets, it is magnetized when the current passes through the coil. The magnetized

coil attracts the metal plunger to move. The frame has provisions for attaching the

mounting. They are usually bolted or welded to the frame. The frame hasprovisions for receivers, the plunger. The wear strips are mounted to the solenoid

frame, and are made of materials such as metal or impregnated less fiber cloth.


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Solenoid Plunger

The Solenoid plunger is the mover mechanism of the solenoid. The

plunger is made of steel laminations which are riveted together under high

pressure, so that there will be no movement of the lamination with respect to one

another. At the top of the plunger a pin hole is placed for making a connection to

some device.

The solenoid plunger is moved by a magnetic force in one direction and is

usually returned by spring action. Solenoid operated valves are usually provided

with cover over either the solenoid or the entire valve. This protects the solenoid

from dirt and other foreign matter, and protects the actuator. In many applications

it is necessary to use explosion proof solenoids.

Working of Solenoid Valve:

The Solenoid control valve is used to control the flow direction is called cut

off valve or solenoid valve. This solenoid cut off valve is controlled by the

electronic control unit. In our project 3/2 Single acting solenoid valve is used. This

solenoid valve is used to painting operation in to the materials.

FIGURE2.6.1:SOLENOIDVALVESOFDIRECTCONTROLTYPE

REFERENCE:WIKIPEDIA (SOLENOIDVALVE)


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FIGURE3.6.2:SOLENOIDVALVE


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7. FLOW CONTROL VALVE

In any fluid power circuit, flow control valve is used to control the

speed of the actuator. The flow control can be achieved by varying the area of flow

through which the air in passing.

When area is increased, more quantity of air will be sent to actuator as a

result its speed will increase. If the quantity of air entering into the actuator is

reduced, the speed of the actuator is reduced.

8. HOSE COLLAR AND PU CONNECTOR

In our pneumatic system there are two types of connectors used; one is the

hose connector and the other is the reducer. Hose connectors normally comprise an

adapter (connector) hose nipple and cap nut. These types of connectors are made

up of brass or Al or hardened steel.

Reducers are used to provide inter connection between two pipes or hoses of

different sizes. They may be fitted straight, tee, V or other configurations.These reducers are made up of gunmetal or other materials like hardened steel etc.

oses used in this pneumatic system are made up of polyurethane. These hoses can

with stand at a maximum pressure level of 10 kg/cm2.

9. MICROCONTROLLER

In our project 89C52 Microcontroller is used as a control unit.

INTRODUCTION ABOUT MICRO CONTROLLER

A microcontroller consists of a powerful CPU tightly coupled with memory

(RAM, ROM or EPROM), various I/O features such as serial port(s), parallel

port(s), Timer/Counter(s), Interrupt controller, Data Acquisition interfaces-Analog


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to Digital Converter (ADC), Digital to Analog Converter (DAC), everything

integrated onto a single silicon chip.

It does not mean that any micro controller should have above said features

on-chip. Depending on the need and area of application for which it is designed,

the on-chip features present in it may or may not include all the individual sections

said above.

Any micro computer system requires memory to store a sequence of

instructions making up a program, parallel port or serial port for communicating

with an external system, timer/counter for control purposes like generating time

delays, baud rate for the serial port, apart from the controlling unit called the

Central Processing Unit.

FEATURES OF AT-89C52:

Now a days an 8-bit AT-89C52/8031/8751 and 16 bit 8097 micro controllers

available in the form of kits. Its special features are summarized as:-

4k Bytes of Flash 128 Bytes of RAM 32 I/O lines A five vector two level interrupt architecture. A full duplex serial port On chip Oscillator and clock circuitry.


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FIGURE2.9.1:MICROCONTROLLERBOARDS

10 .SPRAY GUN

In our project, we used SEMI AUTOMATIC HVLP SPRAY GUN

Semi-Automatic HVLP Spray Gun

The PRO-2000 HVLP spray gun is precision machined from solid aircraft

aluminum, no castings or plastics. A single needle, nozzle and air cap are all that

are needed to provide a better finish than high-pressure guns, the manufacturer

states. Every gun is convertible to bottom, top or remote feed and even to fully

robotic operation. Only one air cap, nozzle and needle are needed for basecoats,

clear coating and single-component colors. Pro-Finish HVLP spray gun is for use

long life. with Series 200 and 300 finishing sys- terns. The gun enables the user to

paint railings, shutters, doors, cabinets, louvers or metal work. The stainless-steel

.fluid nozzle and needle will provide longer life.

Figure 2.10.1: SPRAY GUN


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3.SENSORS

A sensor is a transducer used to make a measurement of a physical variable.

Any sensor requires calibration in order to be useful as a measuring device.Calibration is the procedure by which the relationship between the measured

variable and the converted output signal is established.

Care should be taken in the choice of sensory devices for particular tasks.

The operating characteristics of each device should be closely matched to the task

for which it is being utilized. Different sensors can be used in different ways to

sense same conditions and the same sensors can be used in different ways to sense

different conditions.

TYPES OF SENSOR

Passive sensors detect the reflected or emitted electro-magnetic radiation from

natural sources, while active sensors detect reflected responses from objects which

are irradiated from artificially generated energy sources, such as radar. Each is

divided further in to non-scanning and scanning systems.

A sensor classified as a combination of passive, non-scanning and non-

imaging method is a type of profile recorder, for example a microwave

radiometer. A sensor classified as passive, non-scanning and imaging method, is a

camera, such as an aerial survey camera or a space camera, for example on board

the Russian COSMOS satellite.

Sensors classified as a combination of passive, scanning and imaging are

classified further into image plane scanning sensors, such as TV cameras and

solid state scanners, and object plane scanning sensors, such as multi-spectral

scanners (optical-mechanical scanner) and scanning microwave radiometers.


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An example of an active, non-scanning and non-imaging sensor is a profile

recorder such as a laser spectrometer and laser altimeter. An active, scanning and

imaging sensor is radar, for example synthetic aperture radar (SAR), which can

produce high resolution, imagery, day or night, even under cloud cover. The most

popular sensors used in remote sensing are the camera, solid state scanner, such as

the CCD (charge coupled device) images, the multi-spectral scanner and in the

future the passive synthetic aperture radar.

Laser sensors have recently begun to be used more frequently for monitoring

air pollution by laser spectrometers and for measurement of distance by laser

altimeters.

The sensors are sub divided in to three types. We will see about it one by one.

1. Proximity sensors.2. Touch sensors.3. Force and torque sensors.

1 . Proximity sensors

Proximity sensors generally have a binary output, which indicates the

presence of an object within a specified distance interval. The proximity sensors

are divided into five types.

1. Inductive sensor.2. Hall-effect sensor.3. Capacitive sensor.4. Ultrasonic sensor.5. Optical proximity sensor.


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1.INDUCTIVE SENSOR:

Inductive sensors are based on a change of inductance due to the presence if

a metallic object is among the most widely used industrial proximity sensors. The

principle of operation of these sensors can be explains as a inductive sensor which

basically consist of a wound coil located

2 .HALL EFFECT SENSOR:

The Hall Effect related the voltage between two points in a conducting or

semi conducting material to a magnetic field across the material. The hall-effect

sensors can only detect magnetized objects.

The Hall-effect sensors are based on the principle of Lorenz force which

acts on a changed partial traveling through a magnetic field. This force acts on the

axis perpendicular to the plane established by the direction of motion of the

charged particle and the direction of the field.

3.CAPACTIVE SENSOR:

Unlike inductive and Hall-effect sensors which detect only Ferromagnetic

materials, capacitive sensors are potentially capable (with various degrees of

sensitivity) of detecting all solid and liquid materials. As this name implies, these

sensors are based on detecting a change in capacitance induced by a surface that is

brought near the sensing elements.

4.ULTRASONIC SENSORS:

In our project we are using ULTRASONIC SENSOR. Now, we will see

about it in detail. The response of all the proximity sensors discussed thus far

depends strangely on the material being sensed. This dependence can be reduced


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considerably by using ultrasonic sensors. The following figure shows the structure

of a typical ultrasonic transducer used for proximity sensing.

The basic element is an Electro-acoustic transducer, often of the

piezoelectric ceramic type. The resin layer protects the transducer against

humidity, dust, and other environmental factors; it also acts as an acoustical

impedance receiving, fast damping of the acoustic energy is necessary to detect

objects at close range.

This is accomplished by providing acoustic absorbers, and by de coupling

the transducer from its housing. The housing is designed so that it produces a

narrow acoustic beam for efficient energy transfer and signal directionality.

The operation of an ultrasonic proximity sensor is best understood by

analyzing the waveforms used for both transmission and detection of the acoustic

energy signals.

5.OPTICAL PROXIMITY SENSORS:

These are similar to ultrasonic sensor in the sense that they detect proximity

of an object by its influence on a propagating wave as it travels from a transmitter

to a receiver. This sensor consist of a solid state light emitting diode (LED), which

acts as a transmitter of infrared light, and a solid state photo diode which acts as a

receiver.

2 .TOUCH SENSOR

Touch sensor are used in robotics to obtain information associated with thecontact between a manipulator hand and objects location in the workspace.


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The touch sensors are divided in to two types.

1. Binary sensors.2. Analog sensors.

3. FORCE AND TORQUE SENSOR:

Force and torque sensors are used primarily for measuring the reaction

forces developed at the interface between mechanical assemblies. The principal

developed for doing this are joint and wrist sensing.


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4.DESIGN CALCULATIONS, SPECIFICATIONS AND

DRAWINGS

4.1 CALCULATIONS

4.1.1 CHAIN DRIVE DESIGN

No of teeth on sprocket 1 , Z1=45

No of teeth on sprocket 2 ,Z2 =45

(REFERENCE: A TEXTBOOK OF MACHINE DESIGN BY R.S.KHURMI )

p=pitch of chain.

D=pitch circle diameter=0.17 m

Pitch ,p= 2AOSin (

)

Where AO=

=2

Sin

Where D=0.17m

=

=


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=8degrees

p=2

sin(

)

=0.0236m

Length of chain l=kp

K=number of links

No of links ,K =(t1+t2)/2+2x/p+((t2-t1)2)^2p/x

=90/2+21.03/0.0263

=123.32

X=center distance

Length of chain L=kp

=1240.0236

=2.8m

4.1.2 CALCULATIONS FOR VERTICAL MOTION

Power of motor=90 watts.

Speed of motor, n= 60rpm

No of teeth on gear 1, T1= 20.

No of teeth on gear 2, T2 = 86.

Sprocket diameter D=0.17m.

Gear ratio = T1/T2 = 20/86.

Output velocity = (

)(T1/T2).

v= (0.176020)(6086)


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= 0.124 m/sec.

Time taken for travelling total length of chain

=distance between centers of sprocket velocity of

chain

= (1.2-D)0.124

= (1.20.17)0.124

=

= 8.2 sec

s=known values

distance to be sprayed ,S = velocity time

time T1=

Input value for vertical motion=T1

4.1.3 HORIZONTAL MOTION

velocity, v= (

)gear ratio

= (0.0756020) (6063)

=0.0785 m/sec.

Per 1second the machine covers a horizontal distance of 0.0785m over the wall.


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4.2 SPECIFICATIONS OF COMPONENTS

4.2.1 BEARING NO. 6202

Outer Diameter of Bearing (D) = 35 mm

Thickness of Bearing (B) = 12 mm

Inner Diameter of the Bearing (d) = 15 mm

r = Corner radii on shaft and housing

r = 1 (From design data book)

Maximum Speed = 14,000 rpm (From design data book)

Mean Diameter (dm) = (D + d) / 2

= (35 + 15) / 2

dm = 25 mm

Spring index (C) = ( D /d )

= 35 /15

C = 2.3

4.2.2 Solenoid Valve

Technical data

Max pressure range : 0-10 x 10 N/m

Type : 3/2

Quantity : 1

Voltage : 230V A.C


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Frequency : 50 Hz

Size : 1/8

4.2.3 FLOW CONTROL VALVE

Technical Data

Port size : 0.635 x 10 m

Pressure : 0-8 x 10 N/m

Media : Air

Quantity : 1

4.2.4 HOSE CONNECTORS

Technical data

Max working pressure : 10 x 10 N/m

Temperature : 0-100 C

Fluid media : Air

Material : Brass

Thread : 1/8

4.2.5 Hoses

Technical data

Max pressure : 10 x 10 N/m

Outer diameter : 6 mm = 6 x 10 m

Inner diameter : 3.5 mm = 3.5 x 10 m


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FIGURE4.2.1BEARING-6202


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FIGURE4.2.2:BEARINGCAP


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FIGURE4.2.3:GEAR WHEEL-1


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FIGURE4.2.4:GEAR WHEEL-2


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FIGURE4.2.5:HOSE COLLAR


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FIGURE4.2.6:REDUCER


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5 .FABRICATION

The construction of Paint Spraying equipment consists of a frame which is

used for mounting the components such as D.C motor, Battery, electronic timer

unit, solenoid valves, flow control valve and spur gear arrangement. The stand (or)

base is to carry the whole machine.

The chain drive is fixed to the two ends of the frame stand with the help of

end bearing (6202) with bearing cap. The conveyor roller shaft is coupled to the

D.C. permanent magnet motor with the help of spur gear mechanism. This total

arrangement is used to transfer the material from one place to another place with

the help of conveyor.

The IR transmitter and IR receiver circuit is used to sense the material. It is

fixed to the frame stand with a suitable arrangement. The spray gun is fixed to the

frame stand to spray painting in the material. The spray gun painting operation is

controlled by the flow control valve, single acting solenoid valve and

Microcontroller unit.


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FIGURE5.1:BOTTOMFRAMEFOR

HORIZONTALMOTION

Figure5.2: AFTER FABRICATING

CONVEYER

FIGURE5.3:COMPLETELYFABRICATEDWALLPAINTINGMACHINE


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6.WORKING PRINCIPLE

6.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE

The 12 volt power supply is used to drive the permanent magnet D.C motor.

The chain drive is fixed to the two ends of the frame stand with the help of end

bearing (6202) with bearing cap. The D.C. permanent magnet motor with the help

of spur gear mechanism. This total arrangement is used to transfer the material

from one place to another place with the help of conveyor.

The IR transmitter and IR receiver circuit is used to sense the material. It is fixed to

the frame stand with a suitable arrangement. This mechanism is also adjustable

with the help of bolt and nut. The spray gun is fixed to the frame stand to spray the

paint to the material from the conveyor. The spray gun paint is controlled by the

flow control valve, single acting solenoid valve.

Figure 6.1: WORKING MODEL


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6.1.1 AT NORMAL CONDITIO

The IR transmitter sensor is transmitting the infrared rays with the help of

555 IC timer circuit. These infrared rays are received by the IR receiver sensor.

The Transistor T1, T2 and T3 are used as an amplifier section. At normal condition

Transistor T5 is OFF condition. At that time relay is OFF, there is no signal given

to the microcontroller unit.

6.1.2 AT MATERIAL CONDITION

At material conditions the IR transmitter and IR receiver, the resistance

across the Transmitter and receiver is high due to the non-conductivity of the IR

waves. So the output of transistor T5 goes from OFF condition to ON stage. The

relay is ON and this signal is given to the Microcontroller unit.

6.1.3 MICROCONTROLLER UNIT

When the microcontroller receives the signals from IR sensor, it will be

taking a decision to operate the machine. This pulse signal received from IR sensor

circuit when there is any object. At starting time RL1 is in OFF position which is

given to the conveyor motor (conveyor Movement).

If there is any object in there conveyor, this signal receives from the IR

receiver is given to the pin number 10 of Microcontroller IC through high pass

filter and inverter IC. This high pass filter is used to eliminate the high frequency

signal due to external unwanted signal. In our circuit simple R-C high pass filter

circuit is used. The zener diode (5.6 Volt) also used to cut off the high voltage

signal from the input signal. The sensors are giving the low output signal when

there is any object in there conveyor and this low signal is change to high signal by

Inverter (NOT gate) IC.


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In that time the microcontroller (by using microcontroller program)

ON the relay -1 (conveyor Motor stop-Connected to port-p2.0)) and ON relay-

4 (solenoid valve is ON-Painting Operation) for 3 seconds and once again OFF

the relay-1 and relay-4. Reset switch connected to the pin number 9 of the

microcontroller unit for manual painting operation to the material.

6.1.4 IC 555 TIMER

The IC SE / NE 555 monolithic circuit is a highly stable controller capable

of producing accurate time delays or oscillations. Additional terminals are

provided for triggering or resetting if desired. In the timing operations, the time is

precisely controlled by one external resistor and a capacitor, by the operation as an

oscillator, the free running frequency and the duty cycle are both accurately

contributed with the external RC constants.

6.1.5 BLOCK DIAGRAM

(REFERENCE: A TEXTBOOK OF 8051 MICROCONTROLLER BY ROLIN D

M)


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PIN NO: 1

It is ground terminal.

PIN NO: 2

The trigger voltage to the lower comparator is applied. It has constant

voltage that is at least one third of the supply voltage, when trigger voltage falls

below this level the flip-flop changes its state and output becomes high.

PIN NO: 3

It is the output terminal, in low state output is equal to zero and when at higher

state output is equal to Vcc.

PIN NO: 4

It controls the flip flop directly. It turns the device to its original position when

reset pin is connected to ground the output is approximately equal to zero. When

reset is not used it is connected to Vcc.

PIN NO: 5

It is the control voltage terminal. It is connected to ground through a capacitor

of 0.01 F. Any external voltage at pin: 5 will change both the threshold voltage

and the trigger voltage reference level.

PIN NO: 6

Threshold voltage of upper comparator is applied from this terminal. The

resistor Rt connected to Vcc and pin: 6 is grounded by an external capacitor. The


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output is high capacitor charges by resistor Rt. When the capacitor changes to the

threshold level, the output becomes low.

PIN NO: 7

It is the discharge pin for external capacitor. Usually pin: 7 is connected with

pin: 6 directly to by a resistor. When the output becomes low then the external

capacitor discharges by internal discharge transistor remains at cut-off and the

external capacitor charges to Vcc.

PIN NO: 8

It is the positive supply terminal. A dc voltage from +5 to + 15 can be applied.

IC 555 SPECIFICATION

Supply Voltage (Vcc) = 4.5 to 15V

Supply Current (Vcc=5V/2) = 3 to 6mA

Supply Current (Vcc=25V/2) = 10 to 15mA

Output Current = 200mA (maximum)

Power dissipation = 600mw

Operating temperature = 0-70 degree Celsius.


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6.2 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

6.2.1 Advantages

Its advantages over conventional systems are listed below

1. Compact:

-Because of high speed and pressure capabilities they have a very small

weight to power output ratio.

2. Predictable performance:

-Losses are minimum due to less number of moving parts and so gives

expected performance.

3.It can be operated easily so unskilled person can use it.

4. Longer life.

5. Reduces labour cost.

6. The efficiency of this machine wont reduce but human ability is reduced on

continous work.

7. Wastage of material can be reduced.

8. Thickness of paint that is sprayed on wall can be operated through flow control

valve.

6.2.2 Disadvantages

1. This system operated in pneumatics, so we need air tank orcompressor.

2. It cannot sense the wall which is already painted. It is scope fordeveloping our project to next step.


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7.CONCLUSION

This project work has provided us an excellent opportunity and experience,

to use our limited knowledge. We gained a lot of practical knowledge regarding,planning, purchasing, assembling and machining while doing this project work.

We feel that the project work is a good solution to bridge the gates between

institution and industries.

And finally, we have fabricated a AUTOMATIC WALL PAINTING

MACHINE which can paint height of 2.8 meters in 8.2 seconds and covers

0.0785 meters of widths. By using more techniques, they can be modified and

developed according to the applications.


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REFERENCES

[1] R.S Khurmi , J.K.Gupta, A text book of Machine Design,(2010),pp 759-775

[2]S.Md.Jalaludeen, A text book of Machine Design,,(2010),pp 23.1-23.29

[3]S S Rattan, A text book of Theory of Machines(2010),pp 378-382,325-326.

[4]Muhammad Ali Mazidi,Rolin D. Mckinley, The 8051 microcontroller and

embedded systems (2008)

[5]V.K.Mehta, A text book of principles of electrical engineeringVol.1(2010)

[6] I. Aris, A. K. M. Parvez Iqbal, A. R. Ramli & S. Shamsuddin, Design andDevelopment of Programmable Painting Robot for houses and buildings Jun.

2005, University Teknologi, Malaysia

CYBER REFERANCE:

www.howstuffworks.com

www.visionengineer.com

www.wikipedia.com
http://www.howstuffworks.com/http://www.howstuffworks.com/http://www.visionengineer.com/http://www.visionengineer.com/http://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.visionengineer.com/http://www.howstuffworks.com/

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