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Change and Crisis Article
1. On your own, identify at least three of the historical
themes utilized by the author. Briefly explain how these
themes are present. Be attentive to locations of
cultures and movements of peoples.
2. On a map, mark off the location of native cultures
mentioned in the article and include a brief description
for each culture on the back.
Period 1 (1491-
1607)AP US HISTORY
(APUSH)
Key Concept 1.1 (Period 1,
Concept 1)
Key Concept 1.1 “Before the arrival of Europeans,
native populations in North America developed a
wide variety of social, political, and economic
structures based in part on interactions with the
environment and each other.”
Mississippians – Cahokia and
Moundbuilders
Midwest
Developed complex society based on maize agriculture
Faded by 1500s
Maize (Corn)
Around A.D. 1000, maize agriculture began spread from
Central America through North America
Maize esp. popular in southwest
irrigation systems (Pueblos in Rio Grande)
Maize cultivation transformed societies
Less emphasis on hunting and gathering; more villages/people
Northwest And Present-Day California
Roughly 300,000 natives lived in California before Europeans
Mostly hunters and gatherers; ruled by wealthy families
Chinooks
warrior traditions; advanced fighting techniques
longhouses housed many families
Great Plains and Great Basin
Most natives lived off of hunting and gathering
Lack of natural resources; Large, flat area
Introduction of horse changed life drastically on Great Plains/Basin
Buffalo hunting much easier
Natives with horses became stronger militarily
Northeast and Atlantic Seaboard
Many societies were mix of hunting and gathering, agriculture
and developed permanent villages
Iroquois (Present day NY and PA):
Burned forests to hunt and grow crops; Villages built around maize
Iroquois - matriarchal society:
female authority
Women instrumental in councils and decision-making
Women tended crops, oversaw community affairs; men hunted
“With fifty men we could subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want.” – Christopher Columbus
Americas - 1492
Indians or Native Americans – previously uncontacted by
rest of world
Varying degrees of advancement
Susceptible to old world diseases
Africa - 1492
Had developed in their own right, complex societies
Became source of slave labor
Europeans used Africans’ agricultural knowledge
Europe - 1492
Age of Exploration – Europeans had begun to sail world in search of wealth,
power, territory
By 1600 – North America covered in European colonies
Key Concept 1.2 (Period 1,
Concept 1)
Key Concept 1.2 “European overseas expansion resulted
in the Columbian Exchange, a series of interactions and
adaptations among societies across the Atlantic.”
Impact of Europeans
Introduction (diffusion) of new plants and
animals to Europe, Africa, and the Americas
Columbian Exchange: global transfer of living
things
Started w/Columbus & continues today
Columbian Exchange
Positive Effects: spread of new crops/animals
Negative Effects: DISEASE, tobacco, slavery
Spread by air and touch
Europeans believed Indians died b/c they were
non-Christians
1492 - present
Key Concept 1.3 “Contact among
American Indians, Africans, and Europeans
challenged the worldviews of each
group.”
Roanoke Colony A first attempt at English
colonization of Americas
Sir Walter Raleigh – rec’d charter
from Queen Elizabeth I
Mysterious disappearance
Conflicting historical research –
disease, violence absorption into
local native populations
Columbus’ voyage, Spanish
Conquest and Iberian Antecedents
Treaty of Tordesillas -1494- split world between
Portugal & Spain
Treaty by Pope Alexander VI
Treaty of Tordesillas &
Spanish Conquest
After Tordesillas Spain focused on building a new world
Empire
Ferdinand Magellan – circled the world for Spain (1519-
22)
Spanish Empire and Circumnavigation
Hernan Cortes conquered Aztecs (Mexico) (1519-1523)
Francisco Pizarro – conquered Incas (Peru) – 1531
Both the Aztec and Inca Empires had been highly complex and
urbanized prior to Spanish conquests
Spain would begin to construct a massive empire in the New World
much sooner than the English
Spain’s New World Empire
Spanish destroy
Aztec statues
General European Views of Natives & Africans
Many Spanish and Portuguese did not understand Natives and
their cultures
Natives were viewed as “Savages” by many Europeans
Juan de Sepulveda:
Advocated harsh treatment of Natives
Claimed slavery for Natives was justified under Christianity
Bartolome de Las Casas:
Argued that Natives deserved the same treatment as all other men
Played an instrumental role in the ending of the encomienda system
Europeans began to develop a belief in white superiority to
justify the treatment of Africans and Natives
Views of Natives and Africans
Spanish Mission System:
Outposts throughout the Americas to help convert Natives
Outposts were often military bases as well
Don Juan de Onate defeated the Pueblos
Spanish established Santa Fe in 1610
Spanish priests and government suppressed Native practices that were
inconsistent with Christianity
Spanish demanded tribute and labor from Natives
Many Africans preserved their culture and autonomy in the
New World
Maroon Communities:
Consisted of runaway slaves, many were located in the Caribbean
Many Africans would combine elements of Christianity with their
native African religions and customs