Challenges to Biomed

2010BCT

Analyze the Role of Transgenic Animals – Early Beginnings

Bio - means "Li

Techno - means "tools”

-ology means "the study of.“

Biotechnology collection of scientifictechniques that use livingcells and molecules to make products and solve problems

Analyze the Role of Transgenic Animals – Early Beginnings

• Transgenic Organisms• Organism that contain

another species’ genes within their chromosomes

• http://www.fas.org/biosecurity/education/dualuse/FAS_Jackson/1_A.html

TThe practice of cutting, pasting, and copying DNA of one species into another

Analyze the Role of Transgenic Animals – Early Beginnings

• Historically – used in selective breeding of livestock, controlled plant pollination, and microorganisms to bake bread, brew beer and make cheese

An early example of the use of biotech is:

A. Using cream to make butter

B. Using microorganism to make beer

C. Using wood to make paper

1700’s - 1800’s - Today

What is another example of selective breeding?

A. Lividity or hypostasis

B. Mutation

C. Eugenics

Transgenics is done by transferring specific genes from one species to another

Analyze the Role of Transgenic Animals – Early Beginnings

Transgenics: broken down it means

A. Across origins (original beginning)

B. Through origins

C. Into origins

First transgenic organisms were bacteria

• Reproduce quickly and grow easily in the lab• Pharmaceutical companies use transgenic

bacteria to produce insulin, human growth hormone, and interferons

As bacterium goes, E. coli is a public health scourge, but a lab favorite.

• It’s one of the most thoroughly studied microbes out there, and so one of the most easily manipulated for genetic engineering. Scientists can tweak its metabolic pathways to produce insulin , antibiotics and anticancer drugs; they can increase its ability to make ethanol or even engineer it to manufacture hydrocarbons.

Pharmaceutical companies use bacteria to produce all of the following except:

A. Bread, cheese, beer

B. Antibiotics, insulin,

C. Anticancer drugs and interferons (antiviral-part of the immune system)

Analyze the Role of Transgenic Animals – Early Beginnings

• Scientists around the world use customized transgenic animals for their own research

• Species include sheep, goats, cows, chickens, pigs, mice, rabbits, rats, chickens and fish

•

Benefits of Transgenic Animals

• Animal models• Mice are the most often

used transgenic research animal

• Use transgenic mice to study cancer, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, Alzheimer’s disease and immune deficiencies

Benefits of Transgenic Animals

• Pharmaceutical production• “Pharming” is the use of transgenic

animals to produce insulin and other substances used in medicine

• Introducing the gene into a large farm animal produces more product and is more economical than using bacteria in the lab

Pharming• A goat at GTC Biotherapeutics’

farm.• The New York Times, February 8,

2009, by Andrew Pollack — The 21st Century opens onto a new era in farming and pharmaceuticals, the Food and Drug Administration on Friday approved the first drug produced by livestock that have been given a human gene.

• The drug, meant to prevent fatal blood clots in people with a rare condition, is a human protein extracted from the milk of genetically engineered goats.

• At the same time, the F.D.A. also approved the goats used to make the drug, the first such animals cleared under guidelines the agency adopted only last month to regulate the use of transgenic animals in the nation’s drug and food supply.

An example of pharming is:

A. Sharing drugs obtained from parents prescriptions

B. Using transgenic animals to produce substances used in medications

C. Improving livestock with transgenic research

What animal is the most commonly used animal in research?

A. Rodents

B. Rabbits

C. Monkeys

Organ donors– Xenografts – organs from other species used in human

transplant– Limited success because of rejection

An awestruck world knew her only as Baby Fae.  The true identity of the two-week-old infant who made medical history on October 26, 1984 was kept strictly confidential by officials at California's Loma Linda University Medical Center, where the successful transplant of a young baboon's heart was performed to keep the baby alive.  Dr. Bailey hinged his hopes for Baby Fae on cyclosporine and the fact that an infant's immune system is not fully developed.  The baboon heart gave Baby Fae twenty one more days to live, making her the longest surviving recipient of an animal heart.  She died on November 15 when her kidneys failed and her heart stopped beating.  Her funeral was a nationally televised event. http://www.richard-t-hull.com/publications/baby_fae_case.pdf

Researchers producing transgenic pigs

• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/organfarm/etc/cron.html

• Organs “look” similar to human’s –not attacked by immune system

• Need alternatives to human organ transplants due to the need for organs

• Cloned Pigs as Organ Donors? Kristen

Philipkoski 01.03.02 • “The five piglets were cloned with

thoughts of animal-to-human organ transplants dancing in scientists' heads, but not necessarily in the near future. Most researchers believe that such "xenotransplantation," if it ever is

successful, will take many years.”

• Scientists Clone Pig For Human Organ Transplant

•Posted on: Wednesday, 22 April 2009, 15:34 CDT

• “Scientists in South Korea have cloned a pig whose organs can be transplanted into humans.”

The biggest challenge to using pig organs for human transplant was:

A. Rejection

B. Expense

C. Protest by animal rights groups

Livestock improvement

• Transgenic research being used to improve livestock but the process is expensive

• Consumers resist eating genetically engineered produce

FYI• As reported by Maria Gallagher, in the June 26, 2002 issue of the Philadelphia

Inquirer, by reading the PLU code, you can tell if the fruit was genetically modified, organically grown or produced with chemical fertilizers, fungicides, or herbicides.

• Here's how it works:• For conventionally grown fruit, (grown with chemicals inputs), the PLU code on the

sticker consists of four numbers. – Organically grown fruit has a five-numeral PLU prefaced by the number 9. – Genetically engineered (GM) fruit has a five-numeral PLU prefaced by the number 8.– For example,

• A conventionally grown banana would be: 4011 •

• An organic banana would be: 94011 •

• A genetically engineered (GE or GMO) banana would be: 984011

– Production of transgenic animals– The transgene (which contains the DNA the scientist

wants to transfer) is introduced into a single-cell embryo

– The embryo is transferred to a surrogate mother of the same strain

– Success rate is low (10%-30%) in mice– Success rate decreases in mammals

Scientist produce transgenic animals by:

A. Injecting a transgene intravenoulsy

B. Breeding two different organisms with each other

C. Injecting a transgene into a single cell embryo

Care of transgenic animals

» Most do not require special care» Some develop a susceptibility to disease