Challenges in management and monitoring of oriental fruit moth in apple orchards

Greg Krawczyk, Ph. D

Pennsylvania State University, Department of Entomology, Fruit Research and Extension Center, Biglerville, PA

gxk13@psu.edu

Main fruit growing areas in Pennsylvania, USA

Fruit value (2015) and US Rank ( ): Apples: $ 96.7 mln (4) Peaches: $ 21.2 mln (5) Cherries: $ 2.8 mln (6) Pears: $ 2.1 mln (6) Grapes: $ 24.6 mln (5)

Apples – total of 1579 farms in PA (2017)

0 – 10 ha ≈ 1386 farms ≈ 1492 ha

11 – 40 ha ≈ 115 farms ≈ 2432 ha

41 – 200 ha ≈ 69 farms ≈ 6422 ha

Over 200 ha ≈ 6 farms ≈ 1602 ha

Peaches – 849 farms in PA (2017)

0-10 ha ≈ 810 farms ≈ 846 ha

11-40 ha ≈ 36 farms ≈ 630 ha

Over 40 ha ≈ 3 farms ≈ 222 ha

PSU Fruit Research and Extension Center in Biglerville

Pennsylvania apple and peach orchards

Ele

men

ts o

f Su

cce

ssfu

l IP

M/I

CM

Behavioral

manipulation

(MD?)

Pests Biology and Behavior

Natural Enemies

Sampling Schemes

Economic Thresholds & Injury Levels

Cultural Controls

Slide courtesy of Dr. L. A. Hull

Insecticidal

Control

Complexity of the Fruit Ecosystem

Fruit IPM in Pennsylvania

APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP

Flight periods and major control periods for major pests of apple in PA*

* Approximate dates

Grapholita molesta

Cydia pomonella

Platynota idaeusalis

Rhagolethis pomonella

Conotrachelus nenuphar

Halyomorpha halys

Seasonal activity of CM and OFM

Moth capture data collected from the the same PSU FREC Biglerville orchards Moth capture information at the PSU FREC web site available during the season

Oriental fruit moth

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

19-Apr 3-May 17-May 31-May 14-Jun 28-Jun 12-Jul 26-Jul 9-Aug 23-Aug 6-Sep 20-Sep 4-Oct

Nu

mb

er o

f m

oth

s/

tra

p/

we

ek

Codling moth, Cydia pomonella L.

2013 season 2014 season 2015 season 2016 season 2017 season 2018 season

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

22-Mar 5-Apr 19-Apr 3-May 17-May 31-May 14-Jun 28-Jun 12-Jul 26-Jul 9-Aug 23-Aug 6-Sep 20-Sep 4-Oct

Nu

mb

er o

f m

oth

s/

tra

p/

we

ek

Oriental fruit moth , Grapholita molesta (Busck)

2013 season 2014 season 2015 season 2016 season 2017 season 2018 season

Codling moth

C. pomonella/ G. molesta management recommendations

based on the degree day accumulation

Conventional insecticides such as: OPs, carbamates, pyrethroids, Avaunt, etc. …

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

OFM CM

De

gre

e D

ays

OFM 1 350 - 375°

OFM 2 1450 - 1500°

OFM 3 2450 - 2500°

OFM 3 2900 - 3000°

CM 1: 250°

CM 1: 550°

CM 2: 1250°

CM 2: 1550-1600°

Degree days thresholds: OFM - (45-90 0F); CM - (50-88 0F)

Deg

ree

day

s ac

cum

ula

tio

ns

(oF)

Weaver’s Orchard

Apple Peach Cherry Pear Small Fruits

ADAMS COUNTY, PA – 2006-2009

Biglerville

Experimental sites

Fruit Belt

≈ 7,500 ha

Each site 1-5 - 75-100 ha in size

Pennsylvania’s Area-Wide System for Mating Disruption of CM and OFM in Tree Fruit Crops

Project funded by: State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania and Pennsylvania

Department of Agriculture

Larry A. Hull, Greg Krawczyk, Eric Bohnenblust, and Jay Harper, Pennsylvania State University

PA Area –Wide Mating Disruption Project Design

Program Size:

15 growers at 5 sites ≈ 750 ha

114 total blocks - apple, peach, pear, apricot and cherry

21 - whole farm MD sites ≈ 500 ha (2009)

Pheromone Dispensers:

Apple/Pear blocks -- Isomate CM/OFM TT @ 500 disp./ha – 2006,

375-500 disp./ha – 2007 and 250- 500 disp./ha – 2008

CheckMate CM/OFM Duels 2007-2008 @ 375 disp.

Isomate M100 @ 250 disp./ha – 2007-2008 (mid-June)

Grant supplied 50% (2006), 30% (2007) and 20% (2008)

of cost of materials

MAY JUNE JULY AUG/SEPT 5-5 5-13 5-16 6-2 6-7 6-17 6-28* 7-6 7-15 8-8 9-9

azinphos-

methyl

561 g

azinphos

-methyl

561 g

azinphos

-methyl

561 g

diazinon

1121 g

methoxy

fenozide

351 g

phosmet

1121 g

methoxy

fenozide

351 g

phosmet

1121 g

phosmet

2242 g

diazinon

561 g

phosmet

1121 g

methoxy

fenozide

449 g

phosmet

1121 g

5-5 5-13 6-7 6-17 8-8 8-13

diazinon 50W

561 g

diazinon 50W

1121 g

methoxyfenozide

210 g

methoxyfenozide

261 g

methoxy

fenozide

351 g

methoxy

fenozide

351 g

5-5 6-7 6-17 8-8 8-22

acetamiprid

175 g

methoxyfenozide

561 g

methoxyfenozide

561 g/ha

rynaxypyr

68 g

rynaxypyr

68 g

5-5 5-16 6-7 6-17 7-15

acetamiprid

210 g

acetamiprid

210 g

spinetoram

158 g

spinetoram

158 g

rynaxypyr

68 g

2006: 6 complete

2007: 3 complete

2008: 2.5 complete

2009: 2.5 complete

Rates of formulated products are the actually applied rate in g/ha, all sprays ARM unless noted with * for complete application

Maintained low insect populations

Reduced insecticide output by half

Grower 2

3 years in WFMD program

Changes in insecticide usage during the AWMD project

Primary Objectives of AWMD - Conv. Program Study

1. To follow CM/OFM populations and the resulting fruit injury in orchards that either used MD for 5 consecutive years or removed MD after 3 years of use and relied upon only insecticidal control (conventional)

2. To determine if growers who continue to use MD for five consecutive years can further reduce insecticide usage targeted for these 2 pests

3. How quickly do CM/OFM adults reinvade an orchard that no longer uses MD as the principal control tactic

4. What are the short and long-term consequences of not using MD after 3 years of continuous use

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

MD BH (18)

MD CM (4)

MD CG (6)

MD LT (12)

MD JW (7)

MD BMO (5)

Cv CN (2)

Cv BR (2)

Cv MR (26)

Cv BMO (7)

Mean total # moths captured/trap ±SEM (OFM)

2009 Cv2010 Cv2009 MD2010 MD

*

*

( ) = no. traps

* = non-overlapping SEM

AW-MD vs Conventional 2009 vs 2010 season OFM Capture

Cherry Pear

Apple Peach

Most OFM travel on average 100-300 m Marked adults traveled between 75 m and 3000 m of 1,978 moths released – > 5% flew > 300 m; ≈ 0.8% flew > 800 m Wind speed/direction and adjacent crop species

highly influence dispersal capability

“the OFM population in almost any orchard is a menace to other orchards in the vicinity”

Steiner & Yetter 1933

Ellis and Hull 2012

Female moths fly 2 - 4 times as far as male moths

Unmated females fly 4 and 8 times farther than unmated males and mated males, respectively

Males after mating fly 2-3 times farther than males before mating

*Flight mill

Oriental Fruit Moth

Hughes & Dorn (2002)

CM/OFM fruit injury after 5 consecutive years of MD and MD for 3 years,

switching to conventional in 2009-2010

Me

an

% f

rass

ap

ple

s (S

EM

)-h

arv

est

130%

33%

32%

Despite use of Rynaxypyr® and Spinetoram® in 2009/2010 in CV blocks

15%

Mean $ Cost/Acre* for CM/OFM only AW-MD & Conventional Growers 2008 - 2010

Me

an

$ C

ost

/ a

cre

(S

EM

)

24.5%

* Using 2009 prices for both yrs

8.7%

17.1%

15.1%

- native to Japan, China and Korea

- important agricultural pest, feeding on fruit trees,

vegetables and ornamentals

- eggs deposited in clusters of 21-35 eggs

- five nymphal instars

- overwintering adults emerge in the spring

- two full generations per season

- very serious household nuisance and economic

agricultural pest

Brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

2nd 3rd 4th 5th

Instar Nymphs

Adult Male Adult Female

Egg Mass 1st Instar

Nymphs

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera - Pentatomidae) in United States - a brief history

1996 (?) – estimated introduction into US

2001 - first proper identification (Allentown, PA)

2004 - confirmed in NJ, MD, WV, VA (Mid-Atlantic)

2008 – first serious damages observed in orchards

2010 – estimated loses in apples over $ 35 mln

2011 - detected in more than 30 States across US

2012 -current … – collaborative search for solution(s)…

Other hosts……

BMSB host plants range/injuries

BMSB feeding is reported from more than 300 plus host plants

Changes in seasonal insecticide applications - apples 2009-2018 seasons

(Commercial orchard, PA)

Insecticides:

Carbamates (IRAC Group 1A) – methomyl,

Organophosphates (IRAC Group 1B) – phosmet,

Pyrethroids (IRAC Group 3A) – fenpropathrin, lambda cyhalothrin, bifenthrin,

Neonicotinoids (IRAC Group 4A) – acetamiprid, clothianidin, thiametoxam, dinotefuran, thiacloprid,

Other (IRAC Groups 5, 18, 28) – methoxyfenozide, spinetoram, rynaxypyr.

BMSB

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

2018

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

Insecticide applications after bloom

OP/Carb Pyrethroids Neonicotinoids Other

plus CM/OFM MD

plus CM/OFM MD

plus CM/OFM MD

plus CM/OFM MD

plus CM/OFM MD

plus CM/OFM MD

plus CM/OFM MD

Potential other controlled pests:

- Codling moth - Oriental fruit moth - Plum curculio - Japanese beetle - Tufted apple budmoth - Spirea aphids - European apple sawfly - Scales - ………..

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Nu

mb

er o

f re

ject

ed f

ruit

load

s

Year

2005-2018 seasons

Codling moth Oriental fruit moth Other

Fruit loads rejected by PA fruit processors

IRAC MoA insecticides available for the control

of CM/OFM complex (2019)

• Group 1A. (carbamates) Lannate, carbaryl

• Group 1B. (organophosphates) Imidan, Diazinon

• Group 3. (pyrethroids) Asana, Danitol, Warrior

• Group 4A. (neonicotinoids) Assail, Calypso, Clutch

• Group 5. (spinosyns) SpinTor, Delegate

• Group 15. (chitin inhibitors) Rimon

• Group 18. (ecdysone agonists) Intrepid, Confirm, Aza-Direct

• Group 22A. (oxydiazines) Avaunt

• Group 28. (ryanodine receptor modulator ) Altacor, Exirel

• Group 31. (baculoviruses) Cyd-X, Madex HP

Mating disruption projects at PSU Data from 2009-2018 seasons

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

20…

20…

20…

20…

20…

20…

20…

20…

20…

20…

Number of products tested

(1)

(2)

(1)

(1)

(3)

(3)

(x) – number of pheromone companies with products included for testing per season

Companies with MD products: Hercon

Pacific Biocontrol/CBC America Suterra Trece

CH Mating Disruption 2014 Trapping

Control

Cidetrak Meso Cidetrak OFM std

Isomate OFM TT

CheckMate Puffer Exp.

CheckMate Puffer Std.

Control No MD

OFM, CM, TABM, OBLR

OFM, CM (BioLure)

OFM, CM

Peach Block

Apple Block

OFM

2014 Mating disruption trials apples

Treatment

Percent injured fruit at harvest (apples only )

CM OFM

Puffer CM/OFM (exp) 0.0 a 0.0 a

Puffer CM/OFM 0.0 a 0.0 a

Cidetrak Meso (exp) 0.0 a 0.0 a

Cidetrak CM/OFM 0.0 a 0.0 a

Isomate CM/OFM TT 0.0 a 0.0 a

Harvest fruit evaluations, averages from 3 commercial orchards

Hand Applied MD CM High rate sprayable CM Low rate sprayable Insecticides + DA Insecticides only

1

3

4

JC Orchard

2

5

2015 CM/OFM MATING DISRUPTION TRIAL

Sites: - 4 commercial apple

orchards - Plots size from 1 to 5

ha - All plots were

grower maintained

2015 Mating disruption trials: apples

Treatment

Percent injured fruit at harvest (apples only )

CM OFM

CM sprayable High (exp) 0.0 a 0.0 a

CM sprayable Low (exp) 0.0 a 0.0 a

Cidetrak CM/OFM/DA Meso (exp) 0.0 a 0.0 a

Insecticides plus DA 0.0 a 0.0 a

Insecticides only 0.0 a 0.0 a

Harvest fruit evaluations

Average from four commercial orchards, PA, 3000 fruit per treatment ANOVA, sqrt transformation, p < 0.05

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

01

/mai

08

/mai

15

/mai

22

/mai

29

/mai

05

/ju

n

12

/ju

n

19

/ju

n

26

/ju

n

03

/ju

l

10

/ju

l

17

/ju

l

24

/ju

l

31

/ju

l

07

/ago

14

/ago

21

/ago

28

/ago

Daily rainfall (mm) 2015

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

01

/ju

n

08

/ju

n

15

/ju

n

22

/ju

n

29

/ju

n

06

/ju

l

13

/ju

l

20

/ju

l

27

/ju

l

03

/ago

10

/ago

17

/ago

24

/ago

31

/ago

07

/se

t

14

/se

t

21

/se

t

28

/se

t

Daily rainfall (mm) 2018

Mating disruption products in fruit (2019)

Mating disruption products in fruit Oriental fruit moth, 2019

3-5 /ha

3 /ha

3-5 /ha

75-80 /ha

45-80 /ha

250-700 /ha

250-500 /ha

45-88 /ha

500 /ha

•

Orchard in Adams County, 2018 Data from Hull Pest Management Services

West winds 5M

All trees planted @ 672 trees/ha

= OFM L2 lure =OFM Male/Female Lure

2018 CideTrak OFM-L MESO Study

60 Meso/ha

No MD

≈ 60 ha MESOs applied by late April, early May, top 20% tree height

OFM Moth Capture –

Orchard with No MD (2017) vs CideTrak OFM-L MESO (2018)

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400

Block 1

Block 2

Block 3

Block 4

Block 5

Block 6

Block 7

Block 8

Block 9

Block 10

OFM 2018

OFM 2017

Cumulative number of OFM captured adults per trap/season Data from

Hull Pest Management Services

Block

99.4% reduced moth capture from 2017 to 2018

Trece L2 lures used both years

OFM Total Moth Capture CideTrak OFM-L Meso Study – OFM capture in traps with L2 and M/F lures

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Block 1

Block 2 (M/F)

Block 2

Block 3

Block 4

Block 5

Block 6

Block 6 (M/F)

Block 7

Block 8

Block 8 (M/F)

Block 9

Block 10

Data from Hull Pest Management Services *Moth capture from 5/2 to 9/19

No OFM injured shoots or injured fruits were found during multiple observations throughout the summer/fall harvest

Cumulative number of OFM captured adults per trap/season

M/F = OFM Male/Female Lure Trap

Monitoring lures

• Oriental fruit moth monitoring lures: Pherocon ® OFM Combo Dual (6-8 weeks lure)

Pherocon ® OFM LL (12 week lure)

Pherocon ® OFM (4 week lure)

Plus various lures from AlphaScent ®, Suterra ®, Scentry ® , AgBio® and others…..

Treatments

Ingredients

OFM CM DA OH* TA* Z3* AA*

CM DAC X X

OFM L2 X

# 1103 X X X X X X

# 1004 X X X X X

# 1005 X X X X X

# 1123 X X X X X X X

# 1237 X X X X

#1238 X X X X X

# 1239 X X X X X

# 1240 X X X X X

* - OH- Z-8-Dodecen-1-ol; TA- terpenyl acetate; Z3 – (Z)-3-Hexenyl acetate; AA – acetic acid

Experimental OFM lures 2015 season evaluations

2015 OFM monitoring lure evaluations

Peach block Apple block

MD

No MD

MD MD MD

No MD

No MD

PSU FREC

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Apple orchards without MD program

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Apple orchards with MD program

Oriental fruit moth

AOV, sqrt transf, F9,350=7.63; p < 0.0001

AOV, sqrt transf, F9,260=3.02; p < 0.0019

b bcd bcd a cde cd bc cd e de

a ab bc ab b ab b bc d cd

Nu

mb

er o

f m

oth

s p

et t

rap

/wee

k

Nu

mb

er o

f m

oth

s p

et t

rap

/wee

k

*

* * *

*

*

* * *

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Peach orchards with MD program

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Peach orchards without MD program

Oriental fruit moth

ab ab ab a b ab a ab c b

ab c b a c c b c c c

AOV, sqrt transf, F9,260=6.22; p < 0.0001

AOV, sqrt transf, F9,260=3.05; p < 0.0017

Nu

mb

er o

f m

oth

s p

et t

rap

/wee

k

Nu

mb

er o

f m

oth

s p

et t

rap

/wee

k

*

*

* * * *

*

OFM Pheromone Trap Catch Thresholds for Apple and Peach in Pennsylvania

No. adult males/trap/week

Brood 1* Broods 2-4*

Apple Peach Apple & Peach Recommended action

0 – 15 0 – 5 0 - 5 Not a problem 16 – 30 6 – 15 6 – 10 Potential problem 31 – 60 16 – 30 11 – 25 Treatment required >60 >30 >25 Severe problem

*average moth captures from a minimum of 2 traps per 5-7 ha (Recommendations from the 2018-2019 PSU Tree Fruit Production Guide)

Orchard without OFM mating disruption

OFM Pheromone Trap Catch Thresholds for Apple and Peach in Pennsylvania

With MD treatments ???

No. adult males/trap/week

Brood 1* Broods 2-4*

Apple Peach Apple & Peach Recommended action

?

HARDWARE Z-Trap The Z-Trap attracts, zaps, and measures insects, then delivers web-based heat maps of insect pressure in near-realtime

Cellular Connection

Pattern Recognition

VS TARGET PEST

NON-TARGET INSECTS

J. Park et al. Purdue Uiversity

Summary

Combination of mating disruption products with targeted insecticide use provides excellent control of Oriental fruit moth;

Multi-component monitoring lures for oriental fruit moth provide precise information about pest presence in orchards utilizing mating

disruption for oriental fruit moth;

Development of new monitoring and management tools for oriental fruit moth will require re-evaluation (or development) of available

action thresholds and pest management recommendations;

Combinations of OFM targeted treatments with available soft and selective management tools for the control of other pests (e.g., BMSB)

will help to revive practical long term benefits from effective integrated pest management (IPM)

Comments specific for OFM management in

Vacaria Region, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

1. The OFM population in Vacaria is behaving differently than in eastern US

2. Some control failures are associated with pesticide resistance

3. OFM mating disruption issues potentially related to climatic issues

4. Hail netting is influencing the behavior of OFM and efficacy of MD

Recommendations: 1. Start mating disruption as early during the season as it is possible; 2. Mating disruption does not replace insecticides – it should be used in addition

to insecticides; 3. Understand the potential insecticide resistance issue; 4. Insecticides such as rynaxypyr (Altacor) and spinetoram (Delegate) are the most

effective against OFM but… 5. Most likely not effective against fruit flies; 6. Monitoring should serve as the basis to decide if insecticides are needed (even if

MD is used).

Thank you

Project supported by State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania. Monitoring and mating disruption products provided by Trece Inc., Suttera LLC., Hercon Environmental and CBC America.

Next potential challenge:

spotted lanternfly Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae)