challenges facing egypt and the nile basin
TRANSCRIPT
Luxor, Egypt, 14-15 April 2013
Eng. Magdy Sayed AhmedNile Water Sector,
Ministry of Water Resources andIrrigation, Egypt
ITU Workshop on“ICT as an Enabler for Smart Water Management”
(Luxor, Egypt, 14-15 April 2013)
Challenges Facing Egypt and theNile Basin
WORLD SITUATION: Water Scarcity
2
276 INTERNATIONAL RIVER BASINS
3Rivers at Tensions: Longstanding, Always, Growing With Demand
•61 internationalrivers (out of 276worldwide)
•Many countriesper basin.
•Many basins percountry.
•Weak capacity•Conflicts
In Africa
4
Demographic changes - Population of Egypt and theWorld(Present and Future).
Bill
ion
cap
ita
5
Challenges FacingEgypt in WaterSector
in 2011Available Fresh Water Resources in Egypt
نھر النیل % 9555.5
تحلیة المیاه % 0.9
0.5المیاه الجوفیة العمیقة %1.9
1.1
الأمطار % 2.2
1.3
6
Nile Water
DesalinationRainfall
Gross58.4
DeepGroundwat
er 1.9%1.1 Billion m3
Fresh Water Resources is, and will continue to be, limited for Egypt
in 2017
نھر النیل % 90.1
55.5
تحلیة المیاه % 1.9
1.2
المیاه الجوفیة العمیقة %5.8
3.6
الأمطار % 2.2
1.3
Gross61.6
Nile Water
Desalination
Rainfall
DeepGroundwater 5.8%
3.6 Billion m3
Challenges Facing Egypt in WaterSector
in 2011
عة; 58.2 الزرا % 81.3
الشرب; 5.5 % 7.7
الصناعة; 7.6 % سمكیة; 10.6 الثروة ال
0.3 % 0.4
Gross71.6
Agriculture
IndustrialDomesti
c
FishBonds
Water Resources Uses in Egypt
7
Billion m3
Re-using available water multiple times is practiced widelySectoral competition on water resources is challenging
in 2017
الزراعة; 60.6% 75.8
الشرب; 8.0% 10.0
الصناعة; 11.0% 13.8
الثروة السمكیة; 0.3% 0.4
Gross79.9
Agriculture
IndustrialDomesti
c
FishBonds
Billion m3
Challenges FacingEgypt in WaterSector
Challenges Facing the Water Sectorin Egypt
• Water per capita decreased from1,893 m3 in 1959 to 700 m3 in2009 and expected to be 582 m3in 2025.
• Agricultural area per cap decreasedfrom 0.85 Acres in 1900 to 0.13Acres in 2009.
• Environmental deterioration (waterquality)
• On-farm water managementproblems (at farm level).
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Sea level rise From 4 to 8 million people
affected Great agricultural land losses Sea water intrusion
Challenges FacingEgypt in WaterSector
• Vulnerability of Nile Delta toClimate Change
Challenges Facing the Water Sectorin Egypt
Decrease Per-Capita Share of Water andAgricultural Lands
10
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1897 1907 1917 1927 1937 1947 1960 1970 1986 1992 2000 2025
Agr
icul
tura
l lan
ds (f
edda
ns)
Wat
er m
3
Years
Water Agricultural Lands
Nile Basin Countries
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• Burundi• DRC• Eretria• Egypt• Ethiopia• Kenya• Rwanda• Sudan• South Sudan• Tanzania• Uganda
Atbara
Blue Nile
EquatorialLakes
BahrGhazal
White Nile
Main Nile
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11 Riparian States with 424 million Capita (2010)
, 648 million Capita (2030).
Drainage Basin : about 2.9 million square km.
Area of Lakes is 81,500 square km.
Area of swamps is 70,000 square km.
Length : about 6,700 km.
Total Rainfall over the Basin is about 1600 BCM/Year.
Average annual yield of the Nile is estimated as 84BCM.
Ratio of the annual yield is 5% of the potential.
Maximum water losses in the Nile Basin occurssouth of Sudan in the swampy regions (about 42BCM is lost every year)
Main Features Of River Nile
84
Leng
th(K
m)
River Nile Characteristics
13River Nile: Longest Rivers of the World
Riv
er N
ile
84
Dra
inag
e Are
a (1
000
Km
2)River Nile Characteristics
14River Nile: 6th in basin area
Riv
er N
ile
84
84
Dis
char
ge (
MLR
D)
River Name
River Nile Characteristics
15River Nile: 24th in flow discharge
Riv
er N
ile
CONGO RIVERYIELD: Discharge = 42,000 m3/secOutflow to the Ocean = 1,300Billion m3/year
Examples of Water Abundance inthe Nile Basin: The Congo River
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Outflow to theOcean:
The Congo River: 1,300 Billion m3
The Amazon River 6,400 Billion m3
Amazon
Atl
anti
cO
cean
Rainfall on each Riparian Countryin The Nile Basin
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Total Amount of Rainfall over the Nile Riparian Countries=7,375 Billion m3
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Extreme Poverty. Instability. Rapid Population Growth. Environmental Degradation Natural Disasters (Floods,
Droughts, ….etc.) Complicated hydrology of
Basin. Low Specific Yield.
Drought
Poverty
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Floods20
Uganda – September 2007
FoodShortage
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Drinking Water
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Sanitation
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BadManagementOutcomes
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Improper Measures
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Climate Change
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Climate Change
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POLITICAL INSTABILITY
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CIVIL WARS
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Agr. Prod. Levels in the Nile Basin EqualsAgr. Prod. Levels during the Roman Empire
Farm House in Roman Empire
Contemporary Farm House inAfrica 31
Unallocated within the Basin7,291
Inside the Basin1,661
Nile Flow at Aswan84 Outside the Basin
5,714
Total Amount ofRainfall over the Nile
Riparian Countries=7,375 Billion m3
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Nile Basin Opportunities
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River is least developed inupper reaches.
Potential is great. (Watersaving, Agriculture, Powerpooling, ….etc)
Great chance for win-winsolutions.
Serious steps taken forcooperation is an incentivefor donors.
Nile Basin Opportunities
Conclusions and Recommendations"Good Basin Management" is thekey for success.
High potential for development
Cooperation, creativity and goodmanagement can change history
Political will and participatoryapproach are essential for success
Water as a catalyst
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