Chair of the Advisory Group: Walter Mendoza Questionnaire and Research Design: Hita UnnikrishnanResearchers :Veena B N, HitaResearch Assistance: Jacintha Menezes, Viju & others

Census 2011

In India,31.2% live in urban centres compared with 27.8% in 2001 and 25.5% in 1991. For the 1st time, absolute increase in 10 years in urban areas ( at 91 million) was > in rural areas (at 90.4 million)

Every city is marked by informal settlements where the poor are forced to live without access to basic services like water and sanitation. In some cities like Mumbai, half of the

population (49 percent according to Census 2001) lives in slums.

In Bangalore, the number of slum dwellers in a decade has risen from 23%

in 2001 to nearly 30-40% of the city's current population.

1/3rd of slums in the city are located in environmentally sensitive and filthy

areas. Almost 90% of all slum houses are

kutcha and semi pucca shabby dwellings

Further, the Corporation limits have recently been expanded to incorporate

fringe areas of the city. 85 such zones with area

characteristics of a village have already been

considered as slums.

( to answer Bablu’s question.. )

For all these people, any untoward natural event is likely to become a disaster.

Thus, Vulnerability is not so much created by Climate Change, but by poor access to land, overcrowding and low-quality housing etc.

These need to be fixed.. For any talk of adaptation to be meaningful..

Indicators of Vulnerability

Impacts Indicators

Flooding, Extreme Events Habitat, Housing

Higher Temperature Over-crowding, Tall Concrete buildings/Flyovers overshadowing the habitat, Vectors .

Livelihood Loss Flexi use of space. Biomass, Water bodies

Vector Borne Diseases Sanitation, Water

So the Indicators are ..

housing structure energy sources

•accessibility and consumption of water

sanitation facilitiessolid waste management

•health care

public and civic amenitiesTransportation,

•educational amenities

livelihoods

KS Garden: Old slum in the core of the cityvulnerability to climate changes marked by the cramped houses, large number of homes and their proximity to the open drains

EWS Quarters: relocation settlement vulnerability due to institutionskutcha homes - exposure of its residents to climatic extremes s.

Parappana Agrahara: Fringe habitat

recently incorporated into the city’s limits, example of rural to urban transition

the community’s evolution to a more urban mindset,

degradation of natural resources

Gender KS EWS PA Male M 14 19 14 47 Female F 41 35 31 107 Total 55 54 45 154

Coolies: 46

Service Workers:

30 Carpenters, Auto drivers, Cable operators, Contractors, catering, Tailors ,Painters, Electrical repair, welding,Grocers

Service Jobs:

24 BBMP Workers, CMC worker , Watchmen, Choultry helpers, Office cleaners

Employment:

9 Factory supervisors, Senior factory employees, Social work, factory employees,Garment workers

Informal Work

33 Domestic Help, Child caretakers

Some Data

• They are only indicative, and should not be taken as percentage, but as instances..

• See it?• `

Most vulnerable: Those in low lying areas

Most vulnerable: Those who have mud floors

Type of flooring   KS EWS PA  

Mud 1 0 25 2 27

Brick 2        

Stone 4 1 2   3

Cement or Red Oxide

8 29 25 31 85

Tiles 10 17   6 23

Solid Waste

Disposal

KS EWS PA

Throwing into empty

plot

2 12 14

Throwing into open

drain

9 2 11

Burning 1 1 2

Community bins

41 4 3 48

Collection Vans

6 36 26 68

Toilet Facilities

KS EWS PA  

Open fields   1 23 24Community

toilets – paid47 41   88

Community toilets – free

  1   1

Individual toilets in

home

9 9 21 39

Bath Facilities KS EWS

PA

 

Open water bodies –

lakes/ponds

      0

Community baths- paid

2 2   4

Community baths – free

    2 2

Individual baths at home

53 50 41 144

Total Responses

55 52 43 150

out of 55 54 45 154

Grey Water

Drainage

KS EWS PA  

Pipes to next plot property

  6 16 22

Drains to storm-water

drainage

1 27 3 31

Open drains to chamber

4 12 16 32

BWSSB sewerage

connection

47 4   51

Perception of Climate Change: No concept of Climate Change.. But understand that weather is

changing..

Adaptation:People “adjust” at the dwelling level..

At a larger level,

it is is difficult to organize. Thus politics take over

Govt. Policy of putting people in 325 sq ft concrete blocks by PPP – handing over slum lands to developers and giving them more FSI/FAR.Many of these blocks for example even the ones created by a prominent NGO in Mumbai, need people to switch on their light at mid-day.

PPP is not working

For communities to act together,•Security of land tenure•Secure relocation, if required •Pre-planning of amenities structures

Clear Policy is required.

Sanitation:

Government/contractor run Community toilet

v/s

Community owned and run toilets.

Options: • Dry toilets, ECOSAN• DEWATS..

For Small Group owned or Individual owned system, there is

no space for structure, piping, gravity flow.. Therefore land needs

to be set aside. Therefore a pro-slum Development Plan.

Water: Borewell or Piped water or both?

Main issue is maintenance & cleanliness

Destruction of common water places like open wells, lakes,

ponds. Sometimes privatized by tanker owners.

:

In fact policy should be pro-water spaces• improve drains as places of recreation:• Design for animal use, and washing/bathing•Link design to parks , urban agriculture

Solid Waste Policies Waste to Electricity model ? dubious.

Centralised Waste dumps/treatment- dubious.

Alternatives:New ARTI model for micro- biogas.

Source separationDecentralised waste treatment:

Community Groups; ALMs

Health: Equip people to better take care of

themselves They will do Self care so we may as

well educate on proper use &. tipping signs..

TINA : Free Primary Health Care.. Disciplining Chemists

Thank You