CHAIN POLYMERIZATIONCHAIN POLYMERIZATIONFree Radical Polymerization Free Radical Polymerization

Free radical are independently-existing species that have unpaired electron. Normally they are highly reactive with short life time.

Free radical polymerization’s are chain polymerization’s in which each polymer molecules grows by addition of monomer to a terminal free-radical reactive site known as active center.

After each addition the free radical is transferred to the chain end.

Chain polymerization is characterized by three distinct stages, Initiation, propagation and termination.

ExampleExample

The formation of polyvinyl monomer. CH2 = CHX

INITIATIONINITIATIONThis stage is a two steps stage 1. The formation of free radicals from an initiator. 2. The addition of one of these free radicals to a

monomer molecules.Free radical can be formed by two principal 1. Homolytic scission (homolysis) or breakage of a

single bond. 2. Single electron transferred to or from an ion or

molecule (redox reactions)Homolytic can be achieved by heat (thermolysis) or by

light such as U.V. (photolysis).

ExampleExample

Sometimes the radicals undergo further breakdown (-scissions) such as

O O O -C-0-0-C- 2 -C-O

Benzoly peroxide Benzolyooxy radicals

 (CH3)2 C-N = N- C (CH3)2 2(CH3)2C + N2

CN CN CNAzobisisobutyronitril 2-Cyanopropyl radicals

O O -C-0 + C = O 

(CH3)2 - C-O CH3 + (CH3)2-C = 0 CH3 Methyl acetone radical

PHOTOLYSISPHOTOLYSIS

Photolysis is the second principle of free radical formation.

The advantage of this method is that the formation of free radicals begins at the instant of exposure and cases as soon as the light source is removed.

REDOX REACTIONREDOX REACTION Redox reaction defined as the generation of free

radicals by electron transfer and it is use when polymerization performed at low temperature.

Example

CH3 CH3

-C-0-0H + Fe2+` -C-O + OH + Fe3+ CH3 CH3

Cumyl Ferrous Cumyloyloxy hydroperoxide ion radical

O O O O O OO-S-O-O-S-O + HO-S-O 0-S-O + O-S-O + OH-S-O

O O O OPresulphate Bisulphate Sulphate Sulphate Bisulphate ion ion ion radical radical

An active center is crated when a free radical (Ro) which is generated from an initiator attacks the -bond of the monomer molecules. 

R + CH2 = CH R-CH2-CH or R-CH - CH2

X X X

This is more This is more

likely stable

Sometime free radical react with each other such as:

O O O

2 -C-0 -C-O- + C = O

 

OR

 

2

PROPAGATIONPROPAGATION The addition of monomer molecules to the active center to grow

the polymer chain.  There are two modes of chain propagation

Again mode (1) are more dominant.

Time of addition for each monomer is of the order of a millisecond.Thus several thousands of additions can take place in a few seconds.

Therefore polymer structure are like-----CH2-CH-CH2-CH-CH2-CH-CH2-CH------

X X X X

1. Head to Tail

R-CH2-CH + CH2=CH R-CH2-CH-CH2-CH

X X X X

2. Head to Head

R-CH2-CH + CH2=CH R-CH2-CH-CH-CH2

X X X X

TERMINATION TERMINATION The last stage of chain reaction in which the growth of

the polymer chain terminated (or stopped). There are two mechanisms of termination 1. Combination Coupling together of two growing chains to form a

single polymer molecules. polystyrene

2. Disproportionation when a hydrogen atom move from one growing chain to another

--CH2-CH + CH - CH2--- ---- CH2-CH- CH-CH2---

X X X X

H H --CH2-CH + C - C--- ----CH2-CH2 + CH=CH2--- X X H X X Saturated end Unsaturated end group polymer group polymer

Thank YouThank You

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