ch4_india and han qin

8/4/2019 CH4_India and Han Qin

1/113

Click to edit Master subtitle style


2/113

Section 1India is a land of great: DiversityIndia has over 110 different languageswith over 1100 dialects spoken. Itsgeography ranges from fertile forests, to

desert, to high mountains.

Indian Subcontinent: A landmass that issmaller than a continent. India is a

subcontinent of Asia. It is divided fromAsia by the Himalaya and Hindu Kushmountain ranges.


3/113

HimalayaTallest mountains inthe world.

Himalaya

Hindu KushTo the NW, above theIndus river.

Hindu

Kush

Khyber PassMountain pass in theHindu Kush.This was the passagefor invaders who

entered India.

Khyber

Pass


4/113

Himala

ya29, 035 ft


5/113

Khyber

Pass

Hindu

Kush


6/113

Ganges RiverMost sacred river ofIndia.

Indus River

Site of the first IndianCivilization

Deccan PlateauTriangular region incentral India between E.

and W. Ghats.Is very arid.

Eastern and WesternGhatsMountains frame theDeccan, have fertilecoastal plains

Ganges

Ind

us

Deccan

Plateau

E.Gha

tsW.

Ghats


7/113

In

dus

Rive

r


8/113

Ganges River


9/113


10/113

MonsoonsMonsoons are seasonalwinds. These windsblow from differentdirections during

different times of theyear.

ArabianSea

Bay of

Bengal

Indian Ocean

Summer MonsoonBlows over the ArabianSea and Indian Oceanbringing rain to India.

Winter MonsoonBlows over land andis dry.

SummerMonsoon

Winter

Monsoon


11/113


12/113

India First Civilizations

Began in: 3000 B.C. to 1500 B.C. in the Indus River Valley. It isthought that a civilization existed here that reached hundreds ofmiles from the Himalaya mountains to the shore of the ArabianSea.

Two main cities found are:Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro

Harappa and Mohenjo-DaroPopulation: It is thought that Harappa hadup to 35,000 people at its height and thatMohenjo-Daro has between 35,000-40,000people.

Organization: These cities were very carefully planned.


13/113

Features: There is evidence of streets laid out in grids, walled neighborhoods, multi-story buildings, water and sanitation systems, garbage chutes that took trash fromhouses to street-level garbage bins.

Houses were made of mud bricks baked in ovens are were square forming a grid

pattern.

Rulers and Economy: Rulers said their powers came from the gods. It is thoughtthat religious and political life were closely linked.

Their economy was based on agriculture, including wheat, barely, and peas. Theyprobably traded with other city states in Mesopotamia by sailing across the PersianGulf. They traded copper, lumber, gemstones, and luxury goods for Textiles and

food. Trade may have also gone over land through the Khyber pass.


14/113

One of 8 public wells found so far


15/113


16/113


17/113


18/113

The Aryan Invasion Theory of IndiaHistorians are not exactly sure what brought an end tothe Indus Valley Civilizations. It may have been anatural disaster, climate change or a change in thecourse of the Indus River.

1500 B.C.: In this year many historians believe a group of Indo-European nomadsbegan to move out of C. Asia. These people were known as the Aryans.

It is thought that they migrated south through the Hindu Kush using the Khyberpass.

Arrival in India: Advanced East from the Indus Valley, eventually occupying almostall of India. Some theorize that the Dravidians (The original people of India)recognized the advanced technology of the Aryans and eventually assimilated intoAryan culture and were not forced to migrate south.

Warfare: Were advanced fighters.


19/113

Influence of Iron: Iron tools allowed for improvements in Agriculture including theplow.

Agriculture: Tools and irrigation made it possible for the people to clear the junglearound the Ganges and create a rich farming region.

Basic crops in the north were grains, and in the south rice was common. Peoplealso began to grow cotton and spices.

Sanskrit: 1000 B.C: The written languageknown as Sanskrit enabled the peoples to writedown their stories and religious chants andrituals. These eventually became the sacredtexts of Hinduism, the Vedas.

Rajas: Princes of the Aryans, warring chieftainswho fought each other seizing territory andprisoners.


20/113

Status of Women: Women had very low socialstatus.There was a ritual ofSuttee (Sati) where womenwere expected to throw themselves on thecrematory fires of their dead husbands.If they refused they were disgraced.

Family Life in Ancient IndiaFamily was the most basic unit of Indian society. There was an ideal of anextended family including multiple generations living together.

Patriarchal: Indian society was male dominated. Only men could inherit propertyand only boys were educated.

Arranged Marriages: Parents usually arranged marriages for political andeconomic reasons when children were very young.


21/113

Brahman: Brahman is the all-powerful spiritual force of Hinduism.

Hindus believe that Brahman is too complex for people to understand and so it isdivided into the many different gods and goddesses of Hinduism to simplify it. Thesegods and goddesses represent different aspects of Brahman.

Because of this Hinduism is often seen as Polytheistic, but some argue that it is notbecause all of the gods are part of the one universal god.

Atman: The Essential self or the Soul.The essence of Brahman that is inside every living thing.

Aum, or OmSeen as thesound of the

universe


22/113

Moksha: The ultimate goal of Hinduism. To achieve Shanti, or ultimate peace. To bereleased from the cycle of death and rebirth.

Karma

All of the actions in this life that affect your next life.Has nothing to do with revenge or retribution

DharmaYour Duty. The rules you must

follow to earn good Karma.

Samsara

Being stuck in the cycle of death andrebirth.

Suffering

MokshaUnion with Brahman.

Release from Samsara

Hi d id ll lif t b d d th


23/113

Hindus consider all life to be sacred and so theypractice the principle ofahimsa, or non-violence.Because of this many Hindus are vegetarianCows are Sacred in India because they are seenas the most generous of all animals.

The sacred texts of Hinduism are theVedas and Upanishads.Phases of Life

The FirstAshrama - "Brahmacharya" or theStudent StageThe SecondAshrama - "Grihastha" or theHouseholder StageThe ThirdAshrama - "Vanaprastha" or

the Hermit Stage, retirement from thehouseholder stage.The FourthAshrama - "Sannyasa" or theWandering Ascetic Stage


24/113

YogaWas developed as a method of training the body to achieve oneness with Brahman.

It is a form of meditationYoga entails mastery over the body, mind, and emotional self, and transcendence of

desire. According to the followers, the Yogi eventually reaches the enlightened state(Moksha) where there is a cessation of thought and an experience of blissful union.(Wikipedia)


25/113

The Caste SystemThe Caste System is a system of social division in India.

There is some debate as to it origins, but it is made up of four main castes andseveral sub-castes. You are born into your caste and may not change your

caste within your lifetime.

BrahminsThe top caste, the priests. They are the

closest to Brahman

Kshatryias

Second Caste, thewarriors and princes

VaishyaMerchants, artisans and landowners(Skilled workers)

ShudraThe workers, the lowest caste.(unskilled workers)

Each caste has its own Dharma, or duty. You must obey the dharma of yourcaste to earn good Karma and be able to be reincarnated at a higher caste in

the next life.

U t h bl


26/113

UntouchablesThese people were the bottom of Hindu society, they are not considered

part of the caste system.About 5% of the population of India. They are required to perform the

dirtiest jobs dealing with trash, human waste, and death.People of other castes refuse to do these jobs because they may

damage their Karma.In the past Untouchables were not allowed to associate with people ofother castes. They were even required to carry of noisemaker to warn

people of the approach so they would not accidentally run into someone.

Discrimination against them continues today, even though the castesystem has been declared illegal.


27/113


28/113

Siddhartha GautamaThe Buddha, began his life as a prince in India.

Birth: Was born into the wealthy warrior caste.It is believed that before his birth his mother had a dream of an elephantpiercing her side with its tusk. This was interpreted to mean that he would be a

great leader or a wandering holy man.

ChildhoodHis mother died shortly after his birth. His father lavished him with wealth so hewould never want to leave the palace. He was completely sheltered from theoutside world.


29/113

The Three Visions

Siddhartha grew up never knowing much about the outside world.He married young and had a son.

When he was in his 20s he went outside the palace and experienced threevisions which changed his life.

1. The saw someone in advanced old age.

1. He saw a very sick person

1. He saw a dead body.

Siddhartha had never before been aware of human suffering.He felt his life was a lie and abandoned it to become an ascetic, or wandering

holy man in an attempt to find a way to end human suffering.

Seeking Truth


30/113

Seeking Truth

Siddhartha tried many different ways of achievingenlightenment.

He tried mediation, fasting, physical discomfort, butnone along worked for him.

He almost starved himself to death at one point.After that he knew he needed to try something different.

EnlightenmentSiddhartha decided that he would meditate until he discovered the way to end humansuffering.

Bodhi Tree: He sat under a Bodhi tree and said that he would not get up until he hadachieved enlightenment.He mediated for 40 days amidst temptation, and at the end said that he was awakehe had achieved, Nirvana, or Enlightenment. This is when he became the Buddha, orenlightened one.


31/113

Teachings of the BuddhaThe Buddha gave his first sermon in thedeer park where he taught the four mainideas of his teachings.

Four Noble Truths

1. All life is full of suffering

1. We suffer because we desire things that areillusions. We want material possessions.

1. The way to not suffer is to overcome our desire

1. To do that one must follow the Eightfold path, orMiddle Way


32/113

The Eightfold Path (The Middle Way)

1. Right viewOne must understand the four noble truths.

2. Right intentionKnow what you really want3. Right speech

Speak truth and speak well of others.4. Right action

Do not kill, steal, lie, be unchaste, or take drugs or alcohol.5. Right livelihood

Dont do a job that harms others.6. Right effort

Do your best, always

7. Right mindfulnessKeep control of yourself and your urges.

8. Right concentrationOne must meditate to understand the world.


33/113

Spread of Buddhism

Convents and Monasteries: The Buddha had many followers, both men andwomen. He did not discriminate based on gender.

Death of the Buddha: He died of food poisoning at the home of a friend.

Scriptures: His teachings were collected in the Tripitika, or three baskets ofwisdom.

Teachings

Caste System: The Buddha rejected the caste system. He said all people werecapable of achieving enlightenment in one lifetime. Although not everyone did, soBuddhism does believe in reincarnation.

Ahinsa: Taught non-violence, same as Hinduism

Meditation: Taught that one should meditate. Yoga and Martial arts are seen as aform of mediation.


34/113

Reincarnation: TheBuddha taught the beliefof Samsara, orReincarnation. As longas one is tied to materialpossessions of this earthand does not achieve

enlightenment then onewill have suffering.

Nirvana: The ultimategoal of Buddhism, to be

released from the cycleof death and rebirth.


35/113

TheravadaBuddhismBuddhism as Philosophy.

Theravada Buddhists do not view theBuddha as a god.

This is seen as the more difficult path ofBuddhism. It is sometimes called the LittleBoat.

Theravada Buddhists believe that enlightenment is achieved the same way thatthe Buddha did it, through strict practice.

They believe if you are dedicated you can achieve enlightenment in one lifetime.


36/113

MahayanaBuddhismBuddhism as religion.Mahayana Buddhists elevated the Buddha to god

status.

Is seen as the easier path to enlightenment. The BigBoat.

Mahayana Buddhists take a vow NOT to enter Nirvana, even though they too strive toreach enlightenment. Instead their vow is to return to the world of suffering and assist

all others in reaching Nirvana first, thus casting the role of Buddhists as

compassionate protectors and saviors

M h B ddhi


37/113

Theravada Buddhism-Intense, dedicated and time-consuming effort required toattain enlightenment.-Reaching Nirvana is theultimate goal of the-Theravada BuddhistStrives for wisdom first-Centers on meditation, andrequires personal dedicationsuch as being a monk or nun.

-Followed as a teaching orPhilosophy

Mahayana Buddhism-Enlightenment is achievedthrough a normal life withvarying degrees of spiritualinvolvement.

-Vow to be reborn in order tohelp allother sentient beingsreach Nirvana first.-Compassion is the highestvirtue-Encourages practice in the

world and among the generalcommunity.-Followed with reference tohigher beings, more like areligion.


38/113

Section 2

Mauryan Dynasty

Aryan Influence: Aryans influenced thelanguage and social structure of IndianSociety.

Aryan influence also led to the development ofHinduism and Buddhism.

Later Invasions: Alexander the Greateventually spread into India in 327 B.C., buthis soldiers couldnt deal with the Monsoonrains and so they forced him to turn back.


39/113

Founding of the Mauryan DynastyFounded by Chandragupta Maurya, who ruledfrom 324 to 301 B.C.

OrganizationThe King set up his government withgovernors and secret police. He feared beingpoisoned and so had people taste all of hisfood.


40/113

Asoka (Ashoka): The empire flourished under his ruleHe is often considered the greatest ruler in the historyof India.

Religious Conversion

After he converted to Buddhism he used Buddhist ideals for his rule.

Buddhist IdealsHe set up hospitals for animals and people. He ordered trees to be plantedalong the roads to provide shade for travelers. He gave up war and violencebeing almost the exact opposite of his grandfather, Chandragupta. He freed

his prisoners and gave them back their land

MissionariesAsoka sent missionaries throughout Asia.He is greatly responsible for spreading Buddhism outside India into the rest ofAsia.


41/113

Ashoka erectedpillars

throughout hisempire andbeyond. He

inscribed themwith Buddhistteachings tospread thereligion.

H Notes C 3 S 2 pt 1


42/113

Kushan Kingdom and the Silk RoadAfghanistan: Located in Afghanistan, Pakistan anddown into the Ganges river valley in northern India

Kushan: Established their empire after the fall of theMauryan Empire.

Trade Empire: had diplomatic contacts with Rome,Persia and China, and for several centuries were atthe center of exchange between the East and theWest

Silk RoadTrade route connected China to the West. Arosebetween 200B.C.-100 A.D.. Covered 4,000 miles.People and camels carried goods through mountains,deserts, and across the water.


43/113

The Guptas: India had its golden age under the Guptas

Chandragupta (No Relation): Founder of the Gupta Empire. Heestablished his capital at the old Maurya city of Pataliputra.

H Notes C 3 S 2 pt 2

Samudragupta: Expanded the Empire

Dominant Political ForceThe Guptas became the most powerfulforce in the region.They engaged in trade with China, SEAsia, and the Mediterranean.


44/113

Chandragupta II: The Gupta Empire reached its greatest pointunder him. He controlled a vast empire, from the mouth of theGanges to the mouth of the Indus River and from what is now NorthPakistan

Trade: The Guptas traded with people from China, SE Asia, and the

Mediterranean.

Pilgrim routes: Religious trade was also vital to their economy.Religious travelers, or pilgrims, journeyed through India for differentreligious reasons.

Huns: Eventually the Huns invaded from central Asia and brought anend to the Golden age of the Guptas.

Indian Culture


45/113

Literature

Vedas: main scriptural texts of Hinduism

Upanishads: are part of the Vedas and form the Hinduscriptures which primarily discuss philosophy,meditation, and the nature of God

Ramayana: an ancient Sanskrit epic attributed to thepoet Valmiki and is an important part of the Hindu canon

Mahabharata (Bhagavad Gita): Holy text of aconversation between Krishna and Arjuna taking placeon the battlefield of just prior to the start of a war. Itexplains many moral principles of Hinduism and explainsKarma


46/113

Architecture

Ashoka erected pillars to spread Buddhist teachings throughouthis empire.

Stupa: A shrine that houses Buddhist relics


47/113

Stupa: A shrine that houses Buddhist relics

Pagodas, also associated with Buddhism evolved from Stupas.


48/113

Pagodas, also associated with Buddhism evolved from Stupas.They are usually Buddhist temples or shrines.

Rock Chamber: Devolved by Asoka to house monks and serve as halls for religious


49/113

Rock Chamber: Devolved by Asoka to house monks and serve as halls for religiousceremonies.

Stone caves of Ajanta


50/113

j

S i d M th ti


51/113

Science and Mathematics

The decimal numeral system, including the concept of zero, wasinvented in India during the reign of the Guptas

Algebra

Our Numbering System, now calledArabic Numbers

During the Gupta empire philosophers first proposed that the earth was not flat,but was instead round and rotated on an axis by viewing a lunar eclipses.

Gupta Structures


52/113

Gupta Structures


53/113

Chapter 3 Section 3


54/113

Huang HeThe Yellow River, akaChinas sorrow because

of frequent flooding.

Yangtze(Chang Jiang)

Yellow Sea

North China PlainPlain between two majorrivers. Most populatedarea of China.

Huang

He

Yan

gtze

Y

ello

w

Se

a


55/113

Fertile Land10% of the land isgood for agriculture

Physical LandscapeDesert: GobiTaklimakan Desert

MountainsHimalaya

Tian Shan

Plateau of TibetHigh plateau N. of theHimalaya.

Gobi

TaklimakanHi

al

Ti

anPlate

au

ofTibet

Fi t D t Xi D t 2070 BC 1600 BC


56/113

First Dynasty Xia Dynasty c.2070 BC1600 BC

It was during this period that Chinese civilization developed a rulingstructure that had civilian government and harsh punishment forbreaking the law. From this the earliest forms of Chinese legal

codes came into being.

Second: Shang 1750-1122 B.C.Aristocracy: Rich upper-class land owners, ruled.

Economy was based on agriculture.The Aristocracy was constantly at war. Shang Bronze Mask

Corbis.com

Capital CitiesIt is thought that they moved their capital several times,

finally establishing their capital at Anyang, north of theHuang He.


57/113

Anyang


58/113

Shang BronzeThe Shang were master

bronze makers.

Political and Social Structure


59/113

The Shang King ruled from his palace at Anyang.He split his territory up among different generals.

He could appoint and remove these generals.

The Shang frequently waged war on the fringes of their kingdom.

When a Shang king died, the servants were buried in the tomb with the king. Thetomb was also filled with riches for the afterlife.

Religion and Culture


60/113

gPossessed a very strong belief in life after death.The Shang practiced human sacrifice to win the favorof the gods or give the king company in the afterlife.

Ancestor VenerationThe ancestors were seen as a link between the present world and the spiritualworld. They could bring good or bad fortune to a family. Offerings of food and

drink were offered to them

Oracle BonesA way to communicate with theancestors. Animal bonds were

carved with questions, then heatedor broken. A priest then interpretedthe breaks.

Zh D t 1045 256 B C


61/113

Zhou Dynasty

Zhou Dynasty 1045-256 B.C.DurationLasted for almost 900 years, longest lasting dynastyin Chinese History.

Political StructureHead was a king who ruled over an imperial bureaucracy. The king was seen as

the link between heaven and earth and had divine-like powers.

The rulers of the different provinces were aristocrats, similar to the way it was in theShang dynasty.

The Mandate of Heaven/Dynastic Cycle


62/113

The Mandate of Heaven/Dynastic Cycle

Mandate of Heaven:The Zhou used the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule.Heaven, the law of nature, kept order in the universe by choosing the king. The

king was responsible for being a good ruler.

Dao: The WayThe King was responsible to rule by the Dao, he had to keep the gods happy toprotect people from natural disaster, or bad harvest.If he didnt do this he would lose power.

The mandate of heaven was used to explain the rise and fall of different dynasties.When a ruler took over they claimed they had earned the mandate of heaven, orthey would not have been able to win. This was closely tied to the Dynastic Cycle

The Dynastic Cycle


63/113

The Dynastic Cycle

New Ruler Gains the Mandate ofHeaven

Dynasty founded by powerfulleader

Period of Great Power andProsperity

Golden Age

Period of Decline andCorruption

Period of RebellionRuler loses the Mandate of

Heaven

D li f th Zh


64/113

Decline of the ZhouLater Zhou rulers began to become corrupt.Civil war broke out between the kingdoms

This is called the Warring States Period

Changes in WarfareIron Weapons were developed.

Infantry (foot soldiers) and Cavalry (soldiers on horseback) became moreprevalent.

Began to use the crossbow

Life under the Zhou


65/113

Economic and Technological GrowthMade major advancements during this period that improved life for the people.

Irrigation and Water ProjectsBegan to control the flow of rivers to water crops. Farming could be more reliablewithout dependence on rains.

Farming AdvancementsIron plows, increase arable land.

An agricultural surplus led to an increase in trade.The most important trade item was silk.Its secret was closely guarded.Sharing the secret of silk was punishable by death.


66/113

FamilyIn an agricultural society families had to work together to survive. Family, andextended families, were very important.

Filial PietyFamily members were responsible to obey the needs and wants of the male head ofthe family.Everyone had to know their place.Children were expected to provide for their parents in old age.

Role of WomenAncient China was a patriarchal, or male dominated, society.Some women had power, but this was generally looked down upon.Women were expected to raise children and work in the home.

Chinese Language


67/113

Chinese Language

PictogramsWritten Chinese is made up of pictograms, or characters.These are symbols that represent things.

IdeogramsTwo or more characters arranged to represent an idea.

Pictograms for mountain, sun, andmoon

Ideogram for East, all the pictograms

are combined.

Trade


68/113

An agricultural surplus led to an increase in trade.The most important trade item was silk.Its secret was closely guarded.

Sharing the secret of silk was punishable by death.

Silk is made from the cocoons of silkwormsThese worms feed on Mulberry leaves.The cocoons are boiled to kill the silkwormThen the cocoons are unwound and combined to make silk thread

Chinese Philosophies


69/113

Chinese philosophers were less concerned with the afterlife, andmore concerned with how to improve life presently on earth.

Confucianism

Founder: Confuciusfamous Chinese thinker and social philosopher, whose teachings and philosophy

have deeply influenced Chinese, Korean, Vietnamese, and Japanese life andthought.

Is known to the Chinese as the first teacher, his name was Master Kung

Was born in 551 B.C.

Wanted to be


70/113

Wanted to beConfucius originally wanted to be a political advisor.He traveled around the country trying to persuade political leaders to listen tohim.He was rejected and so he decided to become a teacher instead.

"In teaching, there should be no distinction of classes.-Confucius

Confucius developed a great following of students.These students collected his teachings after his death.

This teachings are collected in The Analects.

A collection of sayings and advice.

Thought that people were:


71/113

Thought that people were:Confucius taught that people were born good and that bad behavior, or evil waslearned behavior.

Treatment of OthersConfucius taught that you should be respectful of others.Confucius believed that personal interests were subordinate to the needs of thefamily and community.

Government LeadersIn order to govern others one must first govern oneself.Leaders should practice self control and be moral.

To govern by virtue, let us compare it to the North Star: it stays in its place,while the myriad stars wait upon it." (Analects II, 1)

Merit: Leaders should rule by example. If a ruler is fair and just then hispeople will follow and do the same.

Filial Piety


72/113

Confucius taught that people should have Filial Piety, respect for your elders andsuperiors.

Confucius taught that order in the university would only exist if people followedtheir role. He established five key relationships which brought about an orderlysociety.

Ruler to SubjectFather to Son (Parent to Child)

Husband to Wife

Older Brother to Younger Brother

Friend to Friend

The only equal relationship was friend to friend.

Specific duties were prescribed to each of the


73/113

participants in these sets of relationships. Such duties

were also extended to the dead, where the living stood

as sons to their deceased family. This led to the

veneration of ancestors.

In time, filial piety was also built into the Chinese legal

system: a criminal would be punished more harshly if

the culprit had committed the crime against a parent,

while fathers exercised enormous power over their

children.

Daoism (Taoism)


74/113

Founded by Laozi, the Old MasterIt was said that he lived without leaving any traces.

Holy Text: Tao Te Ching

Way of LifeHe believed a person's conduct should be governed by instinct and conscience. He

believed "simplicity" to be the key to truth and freedom. Lao Tzu encouraged hisfollowers to observe, and seek to understand the laws of nature; to develop intuitionand build up personal power; and to wield power with love, not force.

View of GovernmentDaoism views government as being unnatural.

The universe is sacred, You cannot improve it. If you try to change it, you willruin it. If you try to hold it, you will lose it.


75/113

Yin andYang

Yinis the darker element; it is passive, dark, feminine,downward-seeking, and corresponds to the night. Often

symbolized by water or earth

Yang is the brighter element; it is active, light, masculine,upward-seeking and corresponds to the day. Often

symbolized by fire or wind.

These are complementary opposites rather than absolutes. Theydo not represent good and evil, one force is not seen as morally

superior to the other.

Yin and Yang do not exclude each other.E thi h it it lth h thi i


76/113

Everything has its opposite: although this is neverabsolute, only relative

Yin and Yang are interdependent.One cannot exist without theother

Yin and Yang can be further subdivided into Yin and Yang.Any Yin or Yang aspect can be further subdivided into Yin andYang.

Yin and Yang consume and support each other.Yin and Yang are usually held in balance: as one increases, theother decreases

Yin and Yang can transform into one another.At a particular stage, Yin can transform into Yang and vice versa.For example, night changes into day

Part of Yin is in Yang and part of Yang is in Yin.The dots in each serve as a reminderthat there are always traces of one in the other

Legalis


77/113

mFounded by: Han Feizi

Nature of ManLegalism believed that man was born bad and had to learn tobe good.The state is more important than the individual

RulersRulers should be strong and rule with absolute power.

LawsLegalists believed that if the punishments were heavy and the law equally

applied, neither the powerful nor the weak would be able to escape state control

Section 4


78/113

Notes

Chapter 3 Section 4corbis.com

Qin (Chin) Dynasty (221 BC - 206 BC)

The fall of the Zhou dynasty led to a period of Chaos calledthe Warring States Period, at the end of this the emperor

Qin Shihuangdi unified China under a single leader,becoming the first Emperor of China.

First Emperor came to power in 221 B.C.Shi Huangdi (Shihuangdi) First Emperor of China.

He came to power at the age of 13.

He dramatically changed life in China.

Ruling PhilosophyQin adopted Legalism to rule his regime (government in power)


79/113

Q adopted ega s to u e s eg e (go e e t po e )

Style of RuleCentralized power to avoid another civil war.

Treatment of PeoplePeople who opposed his rule were punished or executed.

He held mass book burnings to get rid of ideas contrary to what he believed.

W itt L


80/113

Written LanguageShi Huangdi made many reforms

He unified written Chinese, having a common written language allowed for easier

communication.

He created a single currency to make trade easier

He built roads throughout his empire to make travel easier.

He dug the Grand Canal from the Yangtze to Central China to make trade andtravel easier.

Government Organization


81/113

Answered to the

Censorate

Government Organization

Central Government

Civil Division Political Division Censorate

Provinces Counties

Dealt with issues thataffected the people

Military DivisionDealt with government/

defense issues.

Inspectors whochecked on

government officials.

Larger divisions Smaller Divisions

XiongnuNomadic warriors to the north of China.


82/113

They kept invading along the northern borders.

Mastered the art of fighting on horseback, using horsearchers to attack.

Construction of The Great WallShihuangdi ordered that a wall be built across the northern border of the empire.

There were already some walls along the borders, he had them jointed together.

This was a massive construction project, many people died during construction andare allegedly buried inside the wall itself.


83/113

The Great Wall is the world'slongest man-made structure,

stretching over 6,352 km

(3,948 miles)

The Han Dynasty of China:


84/113

Click to edit Master subtitle style

y yA Chinese Golden Age

(206 BCE-220 CE)

Student Handouts, Inc.

Hi t i l S tti f th H


85/113

Historical Setting of the Han

Followed the Qin dynasty 221-206 BCE Qin ended in rebellion and civil war due to

weak ruler and unrest (206-202 BCE) Han dynasty was Chinas second imperial

dynasty 206 (or 202) BCE-220 CE

Over 400 years

Followed by the Three Kingdoms 220-265 CE

Liu Bang Emperor Gaozu of


86/113

Liu Bang Emperor Gaozu ofHan

Civil war Two strong leaders

Xiang Yu (aristocratic general)

Liu Bang (peasant-class generalunder Xiang Yu)

202 BCE Liu Bang beat Xiang Yu for

good Liu Bang declared start of Han

dynastyLiu Bang reigned

202 BCE-195 BCE.

T P i d f th H D t


87/113

Two Periods of the Han Dynasty

Former Han Also called the Western Han 206 BCE-9 CE

Interrupted by the Xin dynasty Under Wang Mang 9-23 CE

Later Han Also called the Eastern Han 25-220 CE

Government under the Han


88/113

Government under the Han

Centralized government Capital cities

Changan 206 BCE-9 CE (all of the Former or Western Han) and 190-

195 CE (Later or Eastern Han)

Luoyang 25-190 CE and 196 CE (most of the Later or Eastern Han)

Xuchang 196-220 CE (very end of the Later or Eastern Han)

Lowered taxes Less harsh punishments


89/113

Empress Lu


90/113

Empress Lu

One of Liu Bangs widows Retained power by naming various

children as emperor in turn

Example of power gained through themanipulation of court politics Families vied for power

Alliances among powerful and influentialpeople

Wudi The Martial Emperor


91/113

Wudi The Martial Emperor Wudi lived 141-87 BCE Used warfare to expand the Chinese empire

Northern steppes Xiongnu steppe nomads from the north and west

Commonly raided Chinese villages

Traditionally kept at bay through bribery

Wudi made allies of the Xiongnus enemies and sent in100,000 soldiers

Pushed the Xiongnu back

Settled soldiers on former Xiongnu lands

But the nomads of the steppes provided ongoing conflict

Modern-day Korea, Manchuria, Vietnam, etc. Conquered and colonized


92/113

Bureaucracy under the Han


93/113

Bureaucracy under the Han

Taxes supported the government andmilitary

Merchants

Paid taxes Peasants

Gave the government a portion of their annualcrops

Each year gave a month of labor (for publicworks projects) or of military service

Civil Service under the Han


94/113

Civil Service under the Han

Over 130,000 employees 18 ranks of employees Civil service exams

Confucian principles described the qualitiesthat emperors wanted in civil servants Wudi set up a Confucian-themed school Formal examinations in Confucianism, history,

law, and literature for civil service positions Theoretically a merit-based system

But poor could not afford to educate their children

In effect until the downfall of Chinas last

d nast in 1912

Technology under the Han


95/113

gy

Agriculture under the Han


96/113

Agriculture under the Han

Population of 60,000,000 to be fed Farming thought to be a pivotal and

honored occupation

But in reality small farmers were burdenedby government taxes and became heavilyindebted to the rich

Ancient Chinese

wheelbarrow

Commerce and Trade under the


97/113

Han Trade and commerce were not respected

but were still very important Government had monopolies

Salt mining Iron forging Coin minting Alcohol brewing

Government engaged in industry Silk weaving

Growth of trade along the Silk Roads

Silk Roads under the Han


98/113

Silk Roads under the Han

Trade routes across Asia To Mediterranean (access to Europe) in the

west Chinese silks were sold in the marketplaces of the

ancient Roman empire To Yellow Sea and China Sea (access to

Japan) in the east

Traded silk and other goods Cultural diffusion

Trade goods reflected the many culturesacross this trading region

Unification of the Han Empire


99/113

Unification of the Han Empire

Historians during the Han


100/113

gPeriod

Roles of Women under the Han


101/113

Rich vs Poor


102/113

Rich vs. Poor

Inheritance law was the root cause of theproblem Land divided among male heirs (sons) Reduced the size of plots with each

generation Small farmers couldnt support themselves

and had to borrow money Became indebted to rich, aristocratic landowners

These aristocratic landowners did not have to paytaxes

Decreased tax revenue for the government Government pressed peasants even harder for

taxes

Rich Get Richer, Poor Get


103/113

Poorer

Fall of the Qin Dynasty


104/113

The harsh rule of Shihuangdi angered many in his Empire

After his death there was another period of civil war

The next dynasty to arise was one of the greatest and longest lasting inChinese History.

The Han Dynasty (206 BCAD 220)


105/113

The Han Dynastycorbis.com

Liu Bang: A man of peasant origin, was the founder of the HanDynasty.

Ruling PhilosophyThe Han adopted Confucianism as their ruling philosophy

Choosing of rulers

Officials and rulers were chosen by merit, rather than by birth. That way they werebetter qualified to rule.

Civil Service ExamThe Han set up schools to train people for government work.Students had to learn Chinese history, law, and the teachings of Confucius.They had to pass an exam to be able to work in the government.

Expansion of EmpireHan rulers added territory to the north and out to the SouthChina sea into what is today Vietnam.


106/113

The Han Emperor Wudi, forced the Xiongnu back north throughwar and diplomacy, and brought peace to the empire for 150years.

Culture under the HanConfucian schools were established during this time.

Life of PeasantsPeasant life was not good during this time.A growth in population reduced the amount of available farm land, forcing many

farmers out of business.Many were forced to sell their land and become tenant farmers.Wealthy land-owners gained much of the land.

The Silk Road expanded during the Han Empire under Wudi, it was said he heardof Heavenly Horses that were very powerful

Han Artifacts


107/113

Technological Advancements

Rudder and Fore and Aft Rigging


108/113

Rudder and Fore and Aft RiggingThe rudder allowed for the steering of ships.The rigging and shape of the sails allowed ships to usewind coming from different directions.

A Chinese Junk (Ship)TextilesBegan to weave cotton cloth

PaperWriting on paper began about 100 A.D.Paper was made with hemp/linen and Bamboo.

The Chinese also invented the MagneticCompass and gunpowder

Iron Casting: SteelThe Chinese ere able to in ent steel


109/113

The Chinese were able to invent steel.This led to stronger, and more durable, tools andweapons.

Reproduction of a

Han style sword

Decline of the Han

Han rulers became corrupt over time.Power of the Central governmentdeclines and aristocrats began to fightover power.

China fell into another period of civil war.


110/113

Culture of HanConfucian Schools


111/113

Became the basis of education in China for many years to come.

Culture of QinTerra Cotta ArmyWas created to guard the emperor Qin Shihuangdi in the afterlife.

Each soldier is unique.The army, dressed in uniforms, with weapons, is made to scale.

There are horses, wooden chariots, and several thousand bronze weapons.

They were originally painted with bright colors, but this has faded over time.


112/113


113/113

ch4_india and han qin

Documents