ch.4 "sensation & perception"

You are about to witness the perpetrator of a crime!

Describe what you saw. Keep in mind, that this is a police investigation and that your

testimony can be used in a court of law.

Young lady or Old lady?

What do you sense?

Sensation

Vs.

Perception

S E N S A T I O N

O u r s e n s e s h a v e p i c k e d u p a m e s s a g e f r o m t h ee n v i r o n m e n t – v e r y s i m p l y “ T a k i n g i t a l l i n ”

P E R C E P T I O N

I n t e r p r e t i n g w h a t w e s e n s e – M a k i n g s e n s eo u t o f s e n s a t i o n s

Book Definition:

The stimulation of sensory receptors and the transmission of sensory information into the central nervous system

Book Definition:

The process by which sensations are organized into an inner representation of the world

1 . P a s t e x p e r i e n c e s“ S t a r s p a n g l e d _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ”

2 . M o o d s , A t t i t u d e s , a n d V a l u e sH a v i n g a b a d d a y a n d “ t h i n g s ” s e e m t o s n o w b a l l

3 . N e e d sI f y o u ’ r e h u n g r y , y o u t h i n k a b o u t …

4 . W h a t t h e g r o u p b e l i e v e s

W e h a v e a t e n d e n c y t o , “ g o a l o n g w i t h t h e c r o w d . ”

S E E I N G – H E A R I N G – T O U C H I N G – T A S T I N G – S M E L L I N G

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9940824 'Lucifer Effect' Asks Why Good People Go Bad

http://www.zimbardo.com/

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9940824

http://www.zimbardo.com/

http://abcnews.go.com/Video/playerIndex?id=2769000

THE SCIENCE OF EVILHow can ordinary people perform unthinkable acts?ABC News - Primetime

http://abcnews.go.com/Video/playerIndex?id=2769000

http://www.eyetricks.com/pinwheel.htm

http://www.eyetricks.com/pinwheel.htm

Let’s take a look at our worksheet!

Open your books to page 78, please.

Absolute Thresholds for HumansReading: Ernst Weber – Classic Experiments in Psychology

SENSE STIMULUS RECEPTORS THRESHOLDVision Electromagnetic

EnergyRods & Cones in the retina

A candle flame viewed from a distance of about 30 miles on a dark night

Hearing Sound Waves Hair cells of the inner ear

The ticking of a watch from about 20 feet away in a quiet room

Smell Chemical substances in the air

Receptor cells in the nose

About one drop of perfume diffused throughout a small house

Taste Chemical substances in saliva

Taste buds on the tongue

About 1 teaspoon of sugar dissolved in 2 gallons of water

Touch Pressure on the skin Nerve endings in the skin

The wing of a fly falling on a cheek from a distance of about 0.4 inches

SENSE TYPE OF DISCRIMINATION

WEBER’S CONSTANT (WEBER’S

FRACTION)VISION Brightness of light 1/60

HEARING Pitch (frequency) of a tone 1/333

Loudness of a tone 1/10

TASTE Difference in saltiness 1/5

SMELL Amount of rubber smell 1/10

TOUCH Pressure on the skin surface 1/7

Deep pressure 1/77

Difference in lifted weights 1/53

http://www.snopes.com/disney/films/aladdin.htm

Claim: In the film Aladdin, the hero whispers, "Good teenagers, take off your clothes."

http://www.snopes.com/disney/films/aladdin.htm

1) The Pepsi Cool Can In 1990, Pepsi actually withdrew one of its “Cool Can” designs after someone protested that Pepsi was subliminally manipulating people by designing the cans such that when six-packs were stacked at grocery stores, the word SEX would emerge from the seemingly random design. Critics alleged that the red and blue lines on the “Cool Can” design were far from random <27>.

http://mindbluff.com/subwords.htm

http://mindbluff.com/subwords.htm

Take the Fish 27:30 mark

Where are the following?

Blind spotIrisPupilLensCorneaOptic NerveRetina

FIGURE 4.3 In the human eye, light travelsthrough the pupil to the lens and is then reflected onto the retina. The optic nerve sends the visual information to the brain.

Stare at the next slide for 30 seconds.

VISUAL PROBLEMSColor Blindness

Trichromat – normal color vision

Color Blind – sensitive to only black & white Dichromat – only sensitive to certain colors – partially color blind

Plate 1

Plate 2

Plate 3

Plate 4

Plate 5

Plate 6

Plate 7

Plate 8

Plate 9

Plate 10

Plate 11

Plate 12

Plate 13

Plate 14

Plate 15

Plate 1

• Both normal and those with all color vision deficiencies should read the number 12.

Plate 2• Those with normal

color vision should read the number 8.

• Those with red-green color vision deficiencies should read the number 3.

• Total color blindness should not be able to read any numeral.

Plate 3• Normal vision should

read the number 29. • Red-green

deficiencies should read the number 70.

• Total color blindness should not read any numeral.

Plate 4• Normal color vision

should read the number 5.

• Red-Green color deficiencies should read the number 2.




• Red-Green deficiencies should read the number 5.




• Red-Green deficiencies should read the number 17.




• Red-Green color deficiencies should read the number 21.


Plate 8

• Normal color vision should read the number 6.

• The majority of those with color vision deficiencies cannot read this number or will read it incorrectly.

Plate 9


• The majority of those with color vision deficiencies cannot read this number or will read it incorrectly.

Plate 10


• Those with color vision deficiencies will not read the number or read it incorrectly.

Plate 11


• Those with color vision deficiencies will not read this number or read it incorrectly.

Plate 12


• Those with color vision deficiencies will not read this number or read it incorrectly.

Plate 13

• Normal color vision will read the number 73.

• Those with color vision deficiencies should nor be able to read this number or will read it incorrectly.

Plate 14

• Normal color vision and those with total color blindness should not be able to read any number.

• The majority of those with red-green deficiencies should read the number 5.

Plate 15

• Normal color vision and those with total color blindness should not be able to read any number.

• The majority of those with red-green deficiencies should read the number 45.

Pages 85-88

Sound

• Sound - A wave which is created by vibrating objects and transmitted through a medium from one location to another.

• Auditory – having to do with hearing

Compression and Expansion

Pitch

• Frequency – number of cycles per second as expressed in the unit Hertz.

• Hertz – A unit expressing the frequency of sound waves. One Hertz, or 1Hz, equals one cycle per second.

Pitch

• The greater the number of cycles per second, the higher the pitch.

• The greater the number of cycles per second, the higher the pitch.

Loudness

• Amplitude – height• The higher the

amplitude of a wave, the louder the sound.

• Decibel – A unit expressing the loudness of a sound. Abbreviated dB.

Highest Frequency? Loudest? Highest Amplitude? Highest Pitch?

A. B.

C.

http://bcs.worthpublishers.com/gray/content/psychsim5/launcher.html

PLEASE VISIT THE FOLLOWING WEBSITE: PSYCHOLOGY’S TIMELINE


COMPLETE THE INTERACTIVE ACTIVITY FOR PSYCHOLOGY’S TIMELINE. As you progress through the activity, place your cursor over the words in blue for further information. When placing the information “in position” on the timelines, be as precise with the placement of the names/descriptions/etc.(tags) as possible, otherwise the info. will “bounce back.” The “tags” fit in precisely to the right positions.

All Stressed Out EEG and Sleep Stages

Hunger and the Fat Rat

Operant Conditioning

Auditory System Expressing Emotion Iconic Memory Psychology's Timeline

Cognitive Development

Get Smart Mind-Reading Monk

eys Social Decision Making

Computer Therapist Helplessly Hoping My Head Is Spinning

Visual IllusionsDescriptive Statistics

Hemispheric Specialization

Mystery Client Your Mind on Drugs

PSYCHSIM5 – WORTH PUBLISHERS




Wishing for a Silent Night in Toyland by Michele Norris

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QJlMGsQQeCA



http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QJlMGsQQeCA

How Does Sound Move Through the Ear?

VIDEO: GATEWAYS TO THE MIND!

CONDUCTION DEAFNESS SENSORY-NEURAL DEAFNESS STIMULATION DEAFNESS

ARTICLE: Loss of Hearing Can Be Frustrating!

February 14, 2001

Or

ARTICLE: The Sounds Around UsJanuary 18, 2006

Conduction Deafness• Caused by the failure of

the three tiny bones inside the middle ear to pass along sound waves to the inner ear or the failure of the eardrum to vibrate in response to sound waves

• Possible cause is a build-up of fluid

• Hearing aids • Normal hearing may

return.

Sensory-Neural Deafness• Damage to the inner

ear. Most often caused by loss of hair cells that will not regenerate.

• Damage to the auditory nerve.

• Cochlear implants can help patients with this form of deafness.

Stimulation Deafness

• Exposure to very loud sounds

• Prolonged exposure to 85 dB can cause stimulation loss.

• Ringing sound can mean hair cells have been damaged

Locating Sounds• A demonstration – three volunteers are

needed

The nose knows! Maybe without you

knowing!

Articles: “Fragrances Enhance Emotion, Chemistry” et. al.

Sense of Smell - http://www.youtube.com/

http://www.youtube.com/


Americans Win Nobel for Research on Smell

ARTICLE: "A Secret Sense in the Human Nose"

ARTICLE: "A Woman's Nose Belongs to Daddy":

The Science of Sex Appeal unsexy scents

http://www.youtube.com/ (time 2:04)


http://www.youtube.com/

ARTICLE: “Smells aren’t Good or Bad, They’re Learned”

ARTICLE: Just browsing at the mall? That’s what you think. (Sept. 2006)

ARTICLE: Taste and Smell – How does food seem tasteless when you have a cold?

ScentAir website: http://www.scentair.com/index_flash.html


“Marketing Campaign Targets Noses at Bus Stops”

http://marketplace.publicradio.org/shows/2006/10/25/PM200610255.html

Dr. Alan Hirsch: Talking About the Science of Smellhttp://www.scienceofsmell.com/

http://www.scentair.com/index_flash.html


http://marketplace.publicradio.org/shows/2006/10/25/PM200610255.html

http://www.scienceofsmell.com/

Sensations are created by chemical reactions on your taste buds

Taste is heavily influenced by smell – this is called sensory interaction

TASTE QUALITIES(Get on the Busss!)• Bitter• Umami• Sour • Salty • Sweet

FLAVOR DEPENDS ON…• Temperature • Odor • Texture• Taste(I T.O.T.T. you about flavor)

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1813416Study: Tastes Form in Infancy


Touch and Pressure• Sensory receptors

located around the roots of hair cells fire when surface of skin is touched.

• There are at least 6 basic types of touch receptors in your skin.

• One for hot, cold, pain, pressure, touch, and fine touch.

SKIN SENSES*Vision is usually the most dominant of the senses*

• Touch• Pressure• Warmth• Cold• Pain

TOUCH & PRESSUREMost sensitive – fingertips, lips, noses and cheeks (page 91)

1. nerve endings are more densely packed in the fingertips and face than in other locations

2. a greater amount of sensory cortex is devoted to the perception of sensations in the fingertips and face

Two-Point Threshold – to assess sensitivity to pressure –The least distance by which two rods touching the skin must be separated before the subject will report that there are two rods, not one, on 50% of occasions

TEMPERATUREWarm & Cold receptors – they adapt and sometimes they fire simultaneously

PAIN* The more pain receptors located in a particular area of our skin, the more sensitive that area is. (figure 4.9 on page 91)

*Originates at the point of contact* - message is sent from the point of contact to the spinal cord to the thalamus in the brain. Then it is projected to the cerebral cortex where the person registers the location and severity of the pain.*Release of various chemicals – prostaglandins, bradykinin, P*

* Aspirin & Ibuprofen work by curbing production of prostaglandins



GATE THEORY – pain messengers can’t get through

ENDORPHINS – Bodies natural pain killers

Endorphins are inhibitory neurotransmitters. They lock into receptor sites for chemicals that transmit pain messages to the brain. Once the endorphin “key” is in the “lock,” pain-causing chemicals cannot transmit their messages. There are a number of endorphins.

Endorphins also play a role in regulating respiration, hunger memory, sexual behavior, blood pressure, mood, and body temperature.

ACUPUNCTURE – ancient procedures/releasing endorphins

PLACEBO – bogus treatment

KINESTHESIS – The sense that informs us about the positions and motion of parts of our bodies

VESTIBULAR SENSE – The sense of equilibrium that informs us about our bodies’ positions relative to gravity

SELECTIVE ATTENTION

INATTENTIVE BLINDNESS

1. Perceptual OrganizationClosure page 93 figure 4.10

Figure-ground page 93 figure 4.11

Proximity page 93-94 figure 4.12 (A)

Similarity page 94 figure 4.12 (B)

Continuity page 94 figure 4.12 (C)

Common fate page 94

VISUAL PERCEPTION

2. Perception of MovementStroboscopic Motion* page 95

3. Depth PerceptionMonocular Cues:Perspective background image Interposition or Overlapping page 96 figure 4.13Shadowing page 96 figure 4.14Texture Gradient page 96Motion parallax page 96Binocular Cues: Retinal Disparity* page 96image page 97Convergence page 96

4. Perceptual ConstanciesSize page 113 & 115 figure 3.26 & 3.27Shape page 114 figure 3.24Color page 113 figure 3.23Brightness page 114

5. Visual Illusions – when principles of perceptual organization lead to misrepresentations of reality.Height/Width illusionInterrupted extentIllusion of contourEquivocal illusionIllusion of depthIllusion of contrastNon-classified illusion

http://www.macalester.edu/psychology/whathap/ubnrp/aesthetics/perception.html

http://www.macalester.edu/psychology/whathap/ubnrp/aesthetics/perception.html

RULES OR LAWS OF PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION

PERCEPTION OF MOVEMENT• Stroboscopic Motion – rapid sequencing of visual images

Phi Phenomenon

PERSPECTIVE

MONOCULAR CUES FOR DEPTH

DEPTH PERCEPTION

OVERLAPPING or INTERPOSITION

DEPTH PERCEPTION


Shadowing MONOCULAR CUES FOR DEPTH

DEPTH PERCEPTION

TEXTURE GRADIENT



CLEARNESS

CONVERGENCE & RETINAL DISPARITY

BINOCULAR CUES FOR DEPTH

BINOCULAR CUES FOR DEPTH

RETINAL DISPARITY & CONVERGENCE


CLEARNESS

TEXTURE GRADIENT

PERSPECTIVE

OVERLAPPING or INTERPOSITION

Shadowing

PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCIES

SIZE CONSTANCY

SHAPE CONSTANCY



COLOR CONSTANCY


BRIGHTNESS CONSTANCY

Optical IllusionsWhen principles of

Perceptional organization lead tomisrepresentations of

reality

Height-Width

Interrupted Extent

Equivocal

Depth

ContrastContour Non Classified

http://www.frenblog.com/illusion/wp-content/uploads/2007/01/rabbit-duck-illusion.gif

TYPES OF OPTICAL ILLUSIONS

1. HEIGHT-WIDTH ILLUSIONAn upright line segment appears longer than a nearbyequal horizontal line

2. ILLUSIONS OF INTERRUPTED EXTENTThe distance between the portions of an interrupted lineor figure appears to shrink

3. ILLUSION OF CONTOURAn open or empty figure appears to have greater area orcapacity than an equal closed or filled figure

4. EQUIVOCAL ILLUSIONThe drawing of a three-dimensional object appears tohave two or more interpretations

5. ILLUSIONS OF DEPTHLines or figures are distorted as the result of a point, line,or figure appearing to be behind or in front of another

6. ILLUSIONS OF CONTRASTSurrounding lines or figures cause other lines or figuresto appear have distorted dimensions or shapes

7. ILLUSION NON-CLASSIFIEDAn optical illusion that does not fall into the abovecategories


“Wine Fans Take Heart: Smells Differ in Nose, Mouth”


PAIN MANAGEMENT Accurate Information Distraction & Fantasy Hypnosis Relaxation Training Coping with Irrational Beliefs

ARTICLE: Seeing Life in Colors: Cross wired Senses

A synesthetes alphabet

ARTICLE: Seeing—and hearing and tasting—redSOURCE: Monitor on Psychology

Volume 39, No. 3 March 2008

http://web.mit.edu/synesthesia/www/carol.html

http://web.mit.edu/synesthesia/www/carol.html

ch.4 "sensation & perception"

Documents

blind plate

bad http

pepsi cool

visual information

good people

sensation perception

abc news primetime http

ordinary people