ch3 to 6 ecology
TRANSCRIPT
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Unit 2 Ecology
Chapters 3-6
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What to study
Chapter 3: What is ecology? p.63 Levels of organization p.64 Energy flow – sec.2 Cycles of matter – sec.3
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What to study
Chapter 4: Climate
& Greenhouse effect - sec.1 Biomes - sec.2 Water ecosystems - sec.3
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What to study
Chapter 5: Population growth p.120 Limits to growth p.125-127
Chapter 6: Human activities affect on biosphere- sec.1 Resources – sec.2 Biodiversity – sec.3
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Ch 3 The Biosphere
What is Ecology?
Study of interactions btwn organisms and organisms and btwn organisms and their surroundings.
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The Biosphere The entire planet! Incl:
-8 kilometers above surface to
11 kilometers below ocean’s surface
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Abiotic vs. Biotic factors
Abiotic =
Non-living factors organisms interact with in environment
Biotic =
Living factors
In what ways are non-living things essential to organisms?
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Levels of organization Individual organism Population Communities Ecosystem Biome Biosphere
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Energy Flow
Producers =
Autotrophs
Use sun, other inorganic nutrients to make organic material – food.
Make their own food.
Consumers =
Heterotrophs
Must get energy from other organisms.
Cannot make their own food.
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Types of consumers Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores Detritivores Decomposers
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Light vs. no light
Photosynthesis -
Autotrophs use light energy to power chemical rxns that turn CO2 & H2O into carbohydrates
Chemosynthesis –
Autotrophs use energy from chemical bonds not light
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Food chains & webs
Food Chain - Energy stored by producers passing
through an ecosystem Energy flows one way in ecosystemsFood web – More complex than chain Links all food chains together in
ecosystem – can be confusing
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Ecological Pyramids Amount of energy, mass in ecosystem
Three pyramids Energy
Amount available at each level Biomass
Grams of matter per unit area Numbers
How many are there?
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Cycles of matter Water cycle Carbon cycle Nitrogen cycle Phosphorus cycle
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The Water Cycle Energy flows one-way in ecosystems but matter
is recycled.Water cycle includes: Evaporation Transpiration Condensation Precipitation Runoff Seepage Root uptake
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Nutrient Cycles
The carbon cycle (see p. 77) Carbon found many places Atmosphere – CO2 gas
Oceans – dissolved CO2
Land – organisms, rocks, soil Underground – coal, petroleum,
CaCO3
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Nutrient Cycles
The Nitrogen Cycle (see p.78) All organisms need N – make amino
acids Cycles through soil, tissues N2 gas =78% of atmosphere
In wastes as nitrates(NO3-) &
nitrites(NO2-), ammonia(NH3)
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Nitrogen Fixation
Bacteria convert N2 gas into ammonia This bacteria lives in soil & on roots of
plants such as legumes Plants use from soil Consumers eat, reuse Decomposers return it to soil
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Nutrient Cycles
The Phosphorus Cycle Needed for DNA, RNA Not as common Not in atmosphere In rock, soil minerals, ocean sediment Cycles btwn soil-organisms
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Chapter 4Ecosystems & Communities
Climate vs. Weather
Weather:
Everyday condition of the Earth’s atmosphere at a given place/time
Climate:
Average year after year conditions of temp. & precip.
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The Greenhouse Effect Natural Heat retained in the Earth’s
atmosphere by a layer of gasses Consists of CO2, methane, water
vapor & other gasses Named for a “greenhouse”
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Latitude & Climate The sun’s heat hits the Earth’s surface
at different angles throughout the year Earth has three climate zones
Climate Zone:
Result of the differences in latitude and angle of heat from sun
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Earth’s Climate Zones Polar Temperate Tropical
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Ecosystem Characteristics Biotic factors Abiotic factors
Give you:
Habitat – area where organism lives
Niche –
Total use of organisms’ biotic, abiotic factors how it fits in an ecosytem
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Community interactions
1. Competition
Use resources to survive in same place, at same time
Competitive exclusion
No 2 species in same niche at same time
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Community interactions
2. Predation
3. Symbiosis Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism
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Ecological Succession Changes in a community over time Changes occur due to disturbances Disturbances can be natural or man-
made
Primary Succession Occurs on bare land Pioneer plants (lichens, mosses)
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Ecological Succession
Secondary Succession Occurs in established communities
after disturbances
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Biomes Communites covering large area certain soil, climate conditions certain animals, plants Several across the world
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Ch 5 Populations Population Density
# of organisms in a unit area Population Growth
Affected by 3 things
-births
-deaths
-# of organisms leaving, entering pop.
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Population Growth Exponential Growth
-Reproduction constant
-unlimited recourses
-has j-shaped curve Logistic Growth
-pop. Grows or stops depending on resources
-has s-shaped curve
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Carrying Capacity # of organisms a given environment
can support Logistic growth will level off at carrying
capacity
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Limits to growth
What’s a limiting factor?
Something which affects a population in some way. May cause the population to decrease/increase.
Competition Predation Parasitism Disease
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Factors Affecting Growth
Density Dependent Factors A limiting factor that depends on
population size
Density Independent Factors A limiting factor affecting all
populations regardless of size
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Disturbances Natural Man-Made
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