ch3. connectivity

8/18/2019 Ch3. Connectivity

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• Wireless connectivity

– To transfer information without the use of wires.


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• 3 benefits of Wireless Technologies

– Efficient and safe. – Cost Effective.

– Safe & convenient.


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• Advantages :

– convey the information !ic"#y to the cons!mers$

– medica# centres thro!gh %ire#ess

comm!nication$

– access Internet any%here


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Common e&am'#es of %ire#ess

E!i'ment• Ce##!#ar 'hones and 'agers$

• (#o)a# *ositioning +ystem ,(*+-$

• .a)y monitors $• /ea#th care$


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.0UETOOT/


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1hat does .#!etooth do for me2

Personal Ad-hocPersonal Ad-hoc

ConnectivityConnectivity

CableCable

ReplacementReplacement

0and#ine

Data/VoiceData/Voice

Access Points Access Points


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/o% its %or"s 2

• Short range wireless connectivity.• Low power consumption• Automatic recognition.


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e#ia)i#ity

• 1hat it rea##y means2• 1hich device are yo! connecting to2

• /o% #arge is the fi#e2

• 1hich version are yo! !sing2

• /ave the t%o devices )een connected )efore2


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4evices

• 0a'to's

• (aming Conso#es

• /eadsets• Ce## *hones

• *rinters


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Wireless Freedom…

Usage scenarios: /eadset

ser !enefits

• "ultiple device access• Cordless phone !enefits

• #and$s free operation


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Sharing Common Data…

Usage scenarios:

+ynchroni5ation

ser !enefits

• %roimity synchroni'ation

• Easily maintained data!ase• Common information data!ase


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PSTN, ISDN,PSTN, ISDN,

LAN, WAN,LAN, WAN,xDSLxDSL

Remote Connections...

Usage scenarios: 4ata access

'oints

ser !enefits

• (o more connectors• Easy internet access

• Common connection eperience


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1ire#ess *ositioning

Celllar

Off6Cam'!s (#o)a#Coverage

Wireless

LANOn6cam'!s:

Office7 +choo#7

Air'ort7 /ote#7

/ome

!letooth

*erson +'ace: Office7

oom7 .riefcase7 *oc"et7

Car

+hort ange80o% *o%er

Voice AN4 4ata

0o%6cost

+ma## form factor

9any Co6#ocated Nets

Universa# .ridge


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)hat is *luetooth+

• A cable-replacement technology that can !e

used to connect almost any device to any other

device

• ,adio interface ena!ling electronic devices to

communicate wirelessly via short range -/

meters0 ad1hoc radio connections

• a standard for a small , cheap radio chip to beplugged into computers, printers, mobile

phones, etc


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)hat is *luetooth+

• ses the radio range of 2.34 5#'

• Theoretical maimum !andwidth is "!6s

• Several *luetooth devices can form an ad hocnetwor7 called a 8%iconet9 – :n a piconet one device acts as a master -sets

fre;uency hopping !ehavior0 and the others as

slaves – Eample< A conference room with many laptops

wishing to communicate with each other


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#istory

• #arald *luetooth < /th century =anish >ing?

managed to unite =enmar7 and (orway

• *luetooth S:5 -Special :nterest 5roup0 <

– @ounded in B !y < Ericsson? :ntel? :*"? Toshi!a and (o7ia

– Currently more than 24// adopter companies

– Created in order to promote? shape an define the

specification and position *luetooth in the mar7et place.


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• 1998 1 *luetooth technology is officially introduced and the*LETT# S:5 is formed. *luetooth technologyDs intended

!asic purpose is to !e a wire replacement technology in orderto rapidly transfer voice and data.

• 1999 1 *luetooth ./ Specification is introduced.

• 2003 1 The *LETT# S:5 overhauls the *luetooth CoreSpecification with the announcement of ersion 2..

• 200 1 *luetooth ersion 2./ F E=, -Enhanced =ata ,ate0 isintroduced.

• 200! - =evices using ersion 2./ F E=, !egin to hit themar7et in late 2//4.

• 200" - *luetooth Core Specification ersion 2. F E=, is

adopted !y the *LETT# S:5.• 2009 - *luetooth Core Specification ersion G./ F #S -#igh

Speed0 is adopted !y the *LETT# S:5.


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*luetooth Architecture

• %iconet – Each piconet has one master and up to H simultaneous

slaves• "aster < device that initiates a data echange.

• Slave < device that responds to the master

• Scatternet – Lin7ing of multiple piconets through the master or slave

devices

– *luetooth devices have point1to1multipoint capa!ility toengage in Scatternet communication.


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%iconet

• All devices in a piconet hop together

– "aster gives slaves its cloc7 and device :=

• (on1piconet devices are in stand!y

"S

S

S%

%

S*

S*

"I"aster %I%ar7ed

SISlave S*IStand!y


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Scatternet

• =evices can !e slave in one piconet and master of

another

"S

S

S%

%S*

S*

"

S

S

S*

%


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%hysical lin7s

• *etween master and slave-s0? different types of

lin7s can !e esta!lished. Two lin7 types have

!een defined<

– Synchronous Connection1riented -SC0 lin7

– Asynchronous Connection1Less -ACL0 lin7


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%hysical lin7s

• Synchronous Connection riented -SC0 – Support symmetrical? circuit1switched? point1to1point

connections

– Typically used for voice traffic.

– =ata rate is J3 7!it6s.

• Asynchronous Connection1Less -ACL0 – Support symmetrical and asymmetrical? pac7et1switched?

point1to1multipoint connections.

– Typically used for data transmission .

– p to 3GG. 7!it6s in symmetric or H2G.264H.J 7!it6s inasymmetric


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.ase)and #in" ty'es

• %olling1!ased -T==0 pac7et transmissions – slot< /.J24msec -ma J// slots6sec0

– master6slave slots -even16odd1num!ered slots0

• Synchronous connection1oriented -SC0 lin7

– 8circuit1switched9? periodic single1slot pac7et assignment – symmetric J3>!ps full1duple

• Asynchronous connection1less -ACL0 lin7 – pac7et switching

– asymmetric !andwidth? varia!le pac7et si'e -?G? or 4 slots0

– ma. H2 7!ps -4H.J 7!ps return channel0 – /B.B 1 3G2.J 7!ps -symmetric0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1

9 +

9 +


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.#!etooth *rotoco# +tac"

Application Framework

and Support

ink !ana"er and

#CAP

Radio $ %aseband

Host Controller

Interface

RF

!ase"and

A!dio Lin# $anager

L%CAP

&ther TCS RFC&$$

4ata

SDP

A''lications

C o n t r

o #


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*luetooth %rotocol Stac7

• #luetooth $adio < specifics details of the air interface?

including fre;uency? fre;uency hopping? modulation scheme?

and transmission power.

• #aseband< concerned with connection esta!lishment within a

piconet? addressing? pac7et format? timing and power control.

• %in& manager protocol '%()*< esta!lishes the lin7 setup !etween *luetooth devices and manages ongoing lin7s?

including security aspects -e.g. authentication and encryption0?

and control and negotiation of !ase!and pac7et si'e


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• %ogical lin& control and adaptation protocol '%2+)*< adapts

upper layer protocols to the !ase!and layer. %rovides !oth

connectionless and connection1oriented services.

• ervice discovery protocol '.)*< handles device information?

services? and ;ueries for service characteristics !etween two or

more *luetooth devices.

• /ost +ontroller nterface '/+* provides an interface methodfor accessing the *luetooth hardware capa!ilities. :t contains a

command interface? which acts !etween the *ase!and controller

and lin7 manager


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• T+ # 'Telephony +ontrol ervice*< !it1oriented protocolthat defines the call control signaling for the esta!lishment ofvoice and data calls !etween *luetooth devices.

• #45'#6ect 45change* < Session1layer protocol for theechange of o!Kects? providing a model for o!Kect andoperation representation

• W47W)< *luetooth incorporates the wireless application

environment and the wireless application protocol into itsarchitecture.


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Connection Esta!lishment States

• tandby

– State in which *luetooth device is inactive? radio not switched

on? ena!le low power operation.

• )age

– "aster enters page state and starts transmitting paging messages

to Slave using earlier gained access code and timing information.

• )age can

– =evice periodically enters page state to allow paging devices to

esta!lish connections.


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Connection Esta!lishment States

• nuiry

– State in which device tries to discover all *luetoothena!led devices in the close vicinity.

• nuiry scan

– "ost devices periodically enter the in;uiry scan state toma7e themselves availa!le to in;uiring devices.


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:n;uiry and %age

:n;uiry

%age

:n;uiryscan

"aster

response

:n;uiryresponse

%agescan

Slaveresponse

Connection Connection

-0 := pac7et -*roadcast0

-20 @#S pac7et

- G 0 % a g i n g : = p a c 7 e t

-30 := pac7et

- 4 0 @ # S p a c 7 e t

-J0 := pac7et

-H0 := pac7et

Stand!yStand!y

"aster Slave


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+ec!rity: ey generation and

!sageP&'

E #

ink (ey

)ncryption (ey

E *

)ncryption

Authentication

P&'

E #

ink (ey

)ncryption (ey

E *

ser nput'nitiali:ation*

'possibly*)ermanenttorage

Temporarytorage


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Other +hort ange *rotoco#s

• ig*ee• 1)ave


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ig*ee1:ntroductionig*ee1:ntroduction

• ig*ee !ased on :EEE B/2.4.3 standardig*ee !ased on :EEE B/2.4.3 standard• Specifically for control and sensor networ7sSpecifically for control and sensor networ7s

• @or a low data rate )%A(@or a low data rate )%A(

• Also provides low power consumptionAlso provides low power consumption

• Low compleityLow compleity

• =ata rate limited to 24/ 7!ps in glo!al 2.3 5#' :S"=ata rate limited to 24/ 7!ps in glo!al 2.3 5#' :S"

!and !and

• ,emote monitoring and control for sensory networ7,emote monitoring and control for sensory networ7

applicationsapplications

• Created !y an organi'ation 7nown as ig*ee AllianceCreated !y an organi'ation 7nown as ig*ee Alliance


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;ig#ee-/o< it >.*.evices that interact.evices that interact

.*

et>.*


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;ig#ee-/o< it perates=;ig#ee-/o< it perates=

on-beacon modeon-beacon mode &ess coordinated mode&ess coordinated mode

Any device can communicateAny device can communicate

with the coordinator at willwith the coordinator at will

'his operation can cause'his operation can cause

di(erent devices within thedi(erent devices within the

network to interferenetwork to interfere

)oordinator must always be)oordinator must always be

awake to listen for signalsawake to listen for signals

ZigBee obtains its overall lowZigBee obtains its overall low

power consumptionpower consumption

Zeegbee operates in two ma*orZeegbee operates in two ma*ormodesmodes

#eacon mode#eacon mode Fully coordinated modeFully coordinated mode

All devices know when toAll devices know when to

coordinate with one anothercoordinate with one another

+etwork coordinator will+etwork coordinator will

periodically ,wake-up to sendperiodically ,wake-up to send

out a beaconout a beacon

Beacon subse.uently wakes upBeacon subse.uently wakes up

each deviceeach device

'he device returns to sleep$ as'he device returns to sleep$ as

will the network coordinator$will the network coordinator$once its *ob is completeonce its *ob is complete


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;ig#ee-What does it do=;ig#ee-What does it do=

esigned for wireless controlsesigned for wireless controls

and sensorsand sensors

)ould be built into anything)ould be built into anything

around your home or o/cearound your home or o/ce

evices can interact withoutevices can interact without

wires and you can controlwires and you can controlthem allthem all

0t goes well beyond single-0t goes well beyond single-

purpose wireless devicespurpose wireless devices

%uch as garage door openers%uch as garage door openers

and ,'he )lapper, that turnsand ,'he )lapper, that turnslight on and o( light on and o(

0t allows wireless two-way0t allows wireless two-way

communicationscommunications

0t travels across greater0t travels across greater

distances and handles manydistances and handles manysensors that can be linked tosensors that can be linked to


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=ATA T,A(S@E, "=ELS

%eer to peer Star

mesh


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;61ave < 1ire#ess +o#!tion

– 1)ave is a wireless communications protocol

designed for home automation? specifically to remote

control applications in residential

– The technology uses a low1power ,@ radio em!edded

into home electronics devices and systems? *andwidth<

?J// !it6s or 3/ 7!it6s? fully interopera!le

– ,ange< Approimately G/ meters assuming Mopen airM

conditions?.

– @re;uency !and< uses the su!15#' :S" !and

– 1)aveDs well suited for home audio and videoapplications.


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;61ave A''#ications

Compatibility is very

GOOD!


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ig!eeig!ee

,emote sensing & control,emote sensing & control

*luetooth*luetooth

"achine to machine"achine to machine

+omparison-;ig#ee vs #luetooth+omparison-;ig#ee vs #luetooth


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1ire#ess A''#ication Environment ,1AE-


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1ire#ess A''#ication Environment

,1AE-• (oa#s

– device and net%or" inde'endent a''#ication environment

– for #o%6)and%idth7 %ire#ess devices

– considerations of s#o% #in"s7 #imited memory7 #o% com'!ting 'o%er7

sma## dis'#ay7 sim'#e !ser interface ,com'ared to des"to's-

– integrated Internet8111 'rogramming mode#

– high intero'era)i#ity

– 9inimi5e the over the air traffic and reso!rce cons!m'tion on the

handhe#d devices


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We" Ser(er

Content

C(I

+cri'ts

etc$

1

9 0 4 e c " s

% i t h

1 9 0 6 + c r i ' t

WAP )ate*a+

190 Encoder

190+cri't

Com'i#er

*rotoco# Ada'ters

Client

190

1906

+cri't

1TAI

Etc$

/TT*1+*81T*

1A* Architect!re

Source: 1A* =or!m


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&rigin Ser(ers

1AE: 0ogica# 9ode#

%e)

server

other contentserver

)ate*a+ Client

other

1AE

!ser agents

190!ser agent

1TA

!ser agent

*!sh 'ro&y

encodedre!est

re!est

encoded

res'onse

%ith

content

res'onse

%ith

content

'!sh

content

encoded

'!sh

content

9ethod 'ro&y

encoders

>

decoders


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,1AE-• 9ode# is c#ose to %%% mode# )!t ass!mes an additiona# gate%ay• A c#ient iss!es an encoded re!est for an o'eration

• Encoding minimi5es the data sent over the air$

• (ate%ay

– 4ecodes the encoded re!est into standard re!est !nderstood

)y the origin servers$

– Transfer the re!est to the a''ro'riate server$

• The origin server %i## res'ond to the re!est$

• (ate%ay

– Encodes the res'onse – Transfer to the c#ient

• Incase the server *U+/ content to the gate%ay then too the

gate%ay encodes it and *U+/es it to the c#ient$


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,1AE-• 1ithin the c#ient vario!s !ser agents can reside

– .ro%ser

– *hone)oo"

– 9essage editor etc$

• 1AE does not s'ecify the n!m)er of !ser agents that can reside$

• 1TA !ser agent hand#es the access and interaction %ith mo)i#e

te#e'hone feat!res ,ca## contro# etc-

A=A(TA5ES


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A=A(TA5ES

•Simplicity of use.•"o!ility.

•%ersonali'ed.

•Easy to carry.•:ncreased sales for devices ?infrastructure & gateway

manufacturer.

•Time saving.


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• *attery life

• Small display screens

• Speed of access• Limited availa!ility

• %rice

• Lac7 of user ha!it

• Limited memory

• Limited !andwidth

=:SA=A(TA5ES


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USAGE/APPLICATIONS

Cor'orate A''lications Sales force automationwhere sales people use their )A% ena!led handsets to get

instant? direct access to the latest pricing? latest news?

competitive information any time? anywhere.

&nline Ser(ices1 Banking: sers can get their current !alance? transfer

funds !etween accounts and receive fa of a mini1

statement.

-Electronic Commerce: Su!scri!ers can use their handset

Kust li7e their %C to purchase products and services over

the )e!.


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• Tele services

-Prepaid Services: )ith a )A%1ena!led phone? prepaidsu!scri!ers can see their current !alance with the press of a

!utton. *y pressing another !utton? they can also recharge theiraccount !y entering a credit card or voucher num!er into thehandset.

• )ersonal )roductivity

-Email: sing )A% users can 7eep trac7 of their email rightfrom their handset.

• thers include

– nteractive +hat

– uctions

– ?ames


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9idd#e%are


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• What is (iddle


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• 9idd#e%are6 Technica# 4etai#s: – "iddleware services are sets of distri!uted software that

eist !etween the application and the operating system and

networ7 services on a system node in the networ7.


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9idd#e%are – Use

API

$iddle*are -Distri"ted S+stem Ser(ices

Plat/orm

&S

A''lication A''lication

Plat/orm inter/ace Plat/orm inter/ace

Plat/orm

&S


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9idd#e%are : A''#ication – "iddleware ena!les applications running across multiple

platforms to communicate with each other . – "iddleware shields the developer from dependencies on

(etwor7 %rotocols? S and hardware platforms.


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9idd#e%are – 4ifferent =orms

• Transaction *rocessing ,T*- monitors$

• emote *roced!re Ca##s ,*C-

• 9essage Oriented 9idd#e%are ,9O9-

• O)?ect e!est .ro"ers ,O.s-


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A Transaction %rocessing "onitor -T% monitor0 is a systems

tool for configuration and management of usage of Computing

,esources -terminals? printers? data!ase resources0 !y users.

Client

Ser(er

0

Ser(er%

D!

D!

De"it

accont

Credit

accont

Trans/er

Client TP$

Ser(er

0D!

Ser(er

%D!


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T* 9onitors 6 4emonstration

Client Transaction T+'e Re1ests

Data"ase

Processing

Rotines

Client

Client

Client

Client

Client

TransactionProcessing

$onitor


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*C 6 4emonstration

T

R

AN

S

P

&

R

T

N

2

T

W

&

R

3

N

2

T

W

&

R

3

T

R

AN

S

P

&

R

T

RPC

St"RPC

St"

A''lication

A''lication

Ser(er

A''lication s'eci/ic

'rocedre in(ocations

and retrns


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• ,emote %rocedure Call• ,%C is a powerful techni;ue for constructing distri!uted?

client1server !ased applications.

• :ts is a protocol that one program can use to re;uest aservice from a program located in another computer in a

networ7 without having to understand networ7 details


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O. 6 4emonstration

Client A''lication

Remote Ser(ice

-&"4ect

&R!

Locate ser(ice Acti(ate ser(ice

commnicate

2sta"lishconnection


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9essage Oriented 9idd#e%are

• "" -"essage riented "iddleware0 is a client 6 server

infrastructure which allows the application to !e distri!uted

over multiple heterogeneous platforms.

• ,educes compleity of applications spanning operating

systems and networ7 protocols !y insulating them from un1necessary details.


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9essage Oriented 9idd#e%are

• =ata is echanged !y message passing and6or message ;ueuing supporting !oth synchronous and asynchronous

interactions !etween distri!uted computing processes.

• The "" system ensures message delivery !y using

relia!le ;ueues and !y providing the directory? security?

and administrative services re;uired to support

messaging.


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9O9 6 4emonstration

5ee

$&$ Pro(ider

A

P

P

L

IC

A

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I

&

N

$

&

$

A

P

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NS

P

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IC

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TW

&

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$essage$essage

A''lication A

-Client A

A''lication !

-Client !

9O9 A hit t #


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9O9 6 Architect!ra#

+ignificance$ain/rame

Data"ase

Transaction

6%22 A''lication

$iddle La+er

Listener

Listener

$essage

$essage

$essage

$essage$essage

Process C

Process !

Process A

A

P

P

L

I

C

A

T

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N

0

% 7

8

9 : ;<

=

>

C

!

A50 5%

Advantages of 9idd#e%are:


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Advantages of 9idd#e%are:

– ,eal time information access among systems

– Streamlines !usiness processes and helps raise

organi'ational efficiency.

– "aintains information integrity across multiple systems


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4isadvantages of 9idd#e%are

• %rohi!itively high development costs.

• :mplementations are very time consuming? and need a lot of

resources.

• There are few people with eperience in the mar7et place.

• There eists relatively few satisfying standards.• The tools are not good enough.

• Too many platforms to !e covered.

• "iddleware often threatens the real1time performance of a

system.• "iddleware products are not very mature.


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T/AN YOU

ch3. connectivity

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