ch250 nm part 2
TRANSCRIPT
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CH250 Intermediate Analysis – Part 2Materials & Nanotechnology
Dr Raymond WhitbyC407
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Overview
1. Defining nano
2. Formation of nanocarbon
3. Viewing the nanoscale; direct analysis
4. Indirect analysis of the nanoscale
5. Adsorption experiment
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2. Formation of nanocarbon
Carbon sp3 hybridisation
Carbon sp2 hybridisation
i.e. diamond
i.e. graphite
Difference in bonding geometry?
© Fessenden & Fessenden, Organic Chemistry, 5 th Edition
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© Fessenden & Fessenden, Organic Chemistry, 5 th Edition
© invsee.asu.edu
Benzene to graphite
Properties:
Good electrical conductance in-plane
Good lubricant in air
Good thermal & acoustic properties
Poor strength
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Graphite to nanotube
© Youtube 2010
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Graphite to nanotube
22nmnma
d
m and n are integer lattice points
a is the lattice constant of graphite = 0.246nm
nm
n
2
3arctan
Diameter:
Chiral angle:
Ch = n a1 + m a2 = (n,m)
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Graphite to nanotube
SWNTs:
• Zig-zag nanotubes (n,0) → Metallic when n is divisible by three
• Armchair nanotubes (n,n) → All are metallic.
• Chiral nanotubes (n,m) → Metallic when n-m = 3q, where q is an integer.
© M. Terrones, et al. Top. Curr. Chem. 199, 189 (1999)
Properties:
Good electrical conductance
Good thermal & acoustic properties
High strengthPoor lubricant
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Graphite bonding defects
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5-membered ring
© Google images
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Five 5-membered rings
Nanohorn
© theor.jinr.ru/disorder/nano.html
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Twelve 5-membered rings
C60
© www.omicron.de
© www.nanocenter.umd.edu
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Metallofullerene peapods
© J.H. Warner, et al., Nano Lett., Vol. 8, No. 4, 2008
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C 60 C 240 C 540 C 960
© McKay Nature 331, 328 (1988)
Giant fullerenes
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7-membered ring
© Hirsch, Angew Chem Ed, 2002, 41, 1853-9
© theor.jinr.ru/disorder/nano.html
7-membered and 5-membered ringpairing
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Carbon nanotube growth
© Y. Ando & M. Ohkohchi, J. Cryst. Growth, 60(1982), 147
Arc-discharge
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Carbon nanotube growth
Chemical Vapour Deposition
© http://www.ifw-dresden.de
© M. Terrones, et al., Top. Curr. Chem., 199, 189-234 (1999)
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Nanocarbon in history
1985 and 1991 C60 and carbon nanotube
© H.W. Kroto, et al., (1985). Nature 318: 162 –163
© S. Iijima, Nature 354, 56 - 58 (1991)
© S. Iijima, Nature 363, 603 - 605 (1993)
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Nanocarbon in history
© Oberlin A, Endo M, Koyama T. Filamentous growth of carbon through
benzene decomposition. J Cryst Growth 1976;32:335-49.
1976 unknown recognition
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Nanocarbon in history
1952 completely missed recognition
© Radushkevich LV, Lukyanovich VM. O strukture ugleroda, obrazujucegosja pri
termiceskom razlozenii okisi ugleroda na zeleznom kontakte. Zurn Fisic Chim
1952;26:88-95.
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Nanocarbon in history
“The first mention of the possibility of forming carbon filaments from the thermaldecomposition of gaseous hydrocarbon (methane) was reported in 1889 - i.e.
literally two centuries ago! – in a patent that proposed the use of such filaments
in the light bulbs that had just been presented by Edison at the Paris Universal
Exposition the same year.”
1889 totally unknown recognition
© M. Monthioux, et al., CARBON 44 (2006) 1621
This refers to details contained within: Hughes TV,
Chambers CR. US Patent 405480, 1889
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Nanocarbon in history
17th Century Damascus Steel
© K. Sanderson (2006). "Sharpest cut from nanotube sword". Nature 444: 286
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Nanocarbon in history
“The Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) event, which occurred about 251.4
million years ago, is marked by the most severe mass extinction in the
geologic record. Recent studies of some PTB sites indicate that the
extinctions occurred very abruptly, consistent with a catastrophic, possibly
extraterrestrial, cause. Fullerenes (C60 to C200) from sediments at the PTB
contain trapped helium and argon with isotope ratios similar to the
planetary component of carbonaceous chondrites. These data imply that
an impact event (asteroidal or cometary) accompanied the extinction, as was
the case for the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event about 65 million years
ago. ”
© Luann Becker, et al., Science, 291, 1530 - 1533 (2001)
A really long time ago…
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Questions on formation
1. If the smallest diameter single-walled carbon nanotube is 0.4nm (N.
Wang, et al., Nature 408, 50-51 (2000)) for a zig-zag configuration, whatis n and m?
2. What prevents this value from being smaller?
3. Is this carbon nanotube metallic?
4. What changes to a single sheet of graphite will cause enclosure to form
a C60 molecule? Which ones are needed to form a spiral nanotube?