ch20
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Strategies of Life
Chapter 20
Great Idea:Living things use many different strategies to deal with the problems of acquiring and using matter and energy
![Page 2: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Chapter Outline
• The Organization of Living Things• What is Life?• Classifying Living Things• Survival: A New Look at the Life
Around You• Strategies of Fungi• Strategies of Plants• Strategies of Animals
![Page 3: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Organization of Living Things
![Page 4: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Ways of Thinking about Living Things
• Levels – Biosphere – Ecosystem – Community– Population– Organism– Anatomy and physiology– Cellular– Molecular
• All levels complement each other
![Page 5: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Study an Ant
![Page 6: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
What Is Life?
![Page 7: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The Characteristics of Life
• High degree of order and complexity• Part of larger systems of matter and energy• Life depends on chemical reactions in cells• Life requires liquid water• Organisms grow and develop• Regulate energy use• Share same genetic code, code is heritable• All living things are descended from a
common ancestor
![Page 8: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Organisms Need Energy
![Page 9: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Organisms Grow and Develop
![Page 10: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Science in the Making
• Measuring plant growth
• Jan Baptiste Van Helmont
• Plant tissue and CO2
![Page 11: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Classifying Living Things
![Page 12: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Cataloging Life
• Linnaean classification– Shared characteristics
• Hierarchy– Kingdom– Phylum– Class– Order– Family– Genus– Species
• Binomial nomenclature
![Page 13: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Classification of Life
![Page 14: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Classifying Life - cont.
• Kingdoms– Monera– Protista– Fungi– Plants– Animals
![Page 15: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Five-Kingdom Classification
![Page 16: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Monera
![Page 17: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Protista
![Page 18: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Different Division of Life
• Carl Woese– Molecular genetics– Three domains
• Bacteria• Archaea• Eucaryea
![Page 19: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Science by the Numbers
• How many species are there?
![Page 20: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Species Estimation
![Page 21: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Classifying Human Beings
• Kingdom: Animals• Phylum: Chordates
– Subphylum: vertebrates
• Class: Mammals• Order: Primates• Family: Hominid• Genus: Homo• Species: sapiens
![Page 22: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Primates
![Page 23: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Implications of Linnaean Classification
• Use of DNA• Similarity depends on time and
change• Classification results from real events
![Page 24: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Survival: A New Look at the Life Around You
![Page 25: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Survival: A New Look at the Life around You
• Autotrophs• Heterotrophs• Dealing with complexity• Two basic tasks
– Obtain and distribute molecules for energy
– Reproduce
![Page 26: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Strategies of Fungi
![Page 27: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Strategies of Fungi
• Growth– Filaments– Decomposers
• Structure– Mass of filaments
• Reproduction– Break filaments– Asexual reproduction
• Spores
![Page 28: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Fungi
![Page 29: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Fungi – cont.
• Lichens– Two interdependent species
![Page 30: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Science in the Making
• The discovery of penicillin– 1928– Alexander Fleming
![Page 31: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Strategies of Plants
![Page 32: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
The Simplest Plants
• Phylum: Bryophytes• Structure
– No roots– Photosynthetic
• Reproduction– Sexual – Asexual
![Page 33: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Bryophytes
![Page 34: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Vascular Plants
• Phylum: vascular plants• Structure
– Roots, stems, leaves– Control water loss
• Reproduction– Seedless– Gymnosperms– Angiosperms
• Sexual and asexual
![Page 35: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Design of Vascular Plants
![Page 36: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Angiosperm
![Page 37: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Strategies of Animals
![Page 38: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Major Animal Phyla
![Page 39: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Invertebrates
• Invertebrates– No backbone– Most diverse animals
• Arthropods– 70% of known animal species
• Structure– Exoskeleton
![Page 40: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Arthropods
![Page 41: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Three Main Body Segments in Insects
![Page 42: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Vertebrates
• Organization– Ocean to terrestrial
• Evolution– Earliest fish– Bony Fish– Amphibians– Reptiles– Birds– Mammals
![Page 43: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Modern Fish
![Page 44: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Mammalian Family Tree
![Page 45: Ch20](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110115/54b4f9fb4a795945748b4571/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Thinking More aboutLife’s Strategies
• Eating through the phyla