PrinciplesofSociologyChapter1

Sociology Studyofpeopleingroups

Studyofhumansocialinteraction

Studyofsociety

Studyofthewebofsocialrelationships

Scientificstudyofthecausesandconsequencesofhumansocialinteraction

GeneralCharacteristicsofSociology Categoricalratherthannormative

Concernedwithwhatisnotwhatoughttobe

Purenotanappliedsocialscience

Getinformationandletothersuseit

Abstractratherthanconcretesocialscience

Looksforformsandpatternsofbehavior

Generalnotaspecialsocialscience

Looksforinteractionsthataremoreuniversal

SociologistsAreNot

Notnecessarilysomeonewholikestoworkwithorhelppeoplecriminologists,socialworkers,statisticiansortotallydetached

ConcernedwithSocialFactsfeelingsandwaysofbehavingoutsidetheindividual

ExampleistheremovaloffacialandbodyhairbyfemalesinUSsociety

SociologicalImagination

FromclassicalarticlewrittenbyC.WrightMills

Understandingthatsocialsituationsmaybeaproductofsocietyandnotfullyinthecontroloftheindividuality

Abilitytoseeourownlifeandthatofothersaspartofalargerhumandrama

SociologicalConsciousness

Institutionsstableandpredicablearrangementsamongpeople

Makesusawareoffactsoftruth

Helpsustoseethedifferencebetweentherealandideal

Whydopeoplegetmarried,valueofeducation,whatdemocracyreallymeans

Makesusawareofmarginalpeoplehomeless

TroublevsIssues Troublesareprivatematters

Likepersonalmotivation

Lossofajob

Familyproblems

Issuesarepublicmatters

Thingsbeyondanindividualscontrol

Unemployment

Seetheconnectionbetweenthetwo

StructureofOpportunities Chancesavailableinsocietytoachieveavaluedgoal

Whatsocietyhasofferaperson

Whetheronelivesinwarorpeace

Familyandsocietalopportunities

IndustrialRevolution Whensociologyorginated

AugusteComteusedthewordsociologyin1838

Heobservedchangeinsociety

Saweventschangingdailylives

Industrialchange

Movementofpeoplefromvillagestocities

Workinginfactoriesawayfromfamilies

IndustrialRevolution Familiesgofromextendedtonuclear

Citylifetransformedworkandfamilylife

Moresocialproblemswereseen

Natureofworkchangedwithmachines

Mechanizationuseofexternalsourcesofpowerandpeopledidnotcreatealltheirowngoods

IndustrialRevolution Rapidsocialchangeoccurswhensocietyspeedsup

Societybeginstodevelopfaster

Travelbecomesmorecommon

Newformsofsocialinteractionoccur

Paceistoofastforsomepeopleandtheyfalloffbyembracingsocialmovementsorgettinginvolvedindrugsand/orcrime

IndustrialRevolution Natureofworkchanges

Peoplenowworkedinfactories

Standardizationofwork

Onesinteractionisinfluencedbywork

Natureofinteractionchanges

Peoplecommunicatewithabroaderspectrumofpeoplerailways,planes,internet

SociologyGrewwithnewideasaboutthenatureofsociety

KarlMarx18181883

BorninGermanybutspenthislifeinEngland

WasthereduringthemajordevelopmentoftheIndustrialRevolution

WrotetheCommunistManifestoin1848withFriedrichEngel's&DasKapital

Hewasappalledattheplightoftheworkers

Concernedwiththemeansofproduction

SociologicalPerspectivesonIndustrialization Concernwithnewindustrialclasses

Bourgeoisieownmeansofproductionfactory

Peoplewhoexploitotherstoworkintheirindustry

Paythemlittlewages

Concernedonlywithprofit

Proletariatworkersinthefactoryselllabor

Havenorightsorbenefits

Havenochoiceintheirwork

Makeverylittleandlesspurchasingpower

SociologicalPerspectivesonIndustrialization

Marxconcernedwith

Conflictforcesthatdrivessocialchange

Meansofproductiontheresourcesessentialtothedistributionofgoods

Theworkersoftheworldhavenothingtolosebuttheirchains;theyhaveaworldtogain.Workersoftheworldunite.(Marx)

ContemporaryMarxist Capitalistslookforprofitasasignofsuccess

Itmayignorehumanneedsandpeoplemaynotbeabletobuyproducts

Capitalismsurvivedandflourishedbysuckingthebloodoflivinglabor

SociologicalPerspectivesonIndustrialization EmileDurkheim18581918

GlobalVillageconcept

Populationdensityincreasesneedforresourcesandcreatesanewneedformoreefficientmeans

Divisionoflaborchanges

Premodernsocietymechanicalsolidaritysimpleandsimilardivisionoflabor

Modernindustrialsocietyorganicsolidaritypartshavetoworktogether

Durkheim WrotethebookSuicidetolookatcircumstancesthatcausepeople

tokillthemselves

Found4types

Egoisticlackgroupties

Altuisticstronggroupties

Anomicnormlessnessduetochanges

Fatalisticnohopeforchange

MaxWeber MaxWeber(18641920)focusedontheIndustrialRevolution

concernedwithsocialaction

Goalofsociologyistoattachmeaningtosocialactions

RationalizationPeoplewoulduselogicalassessmenttofindthemostefficientmeanstogetaparticulargoal

Peopleinrationalenvironmentrarelyconsiderwaysofachievingthatgoal

MaxWeber Fourtypesofsocialaction

Traditionalgoalpursuedasinthepast

Affectionalgoalisemotion

Valuerationalgoalpursuedbecauseofitsvaluewithoutconsiderationofappropriateness

Instrumentalgoaliscarefullythoughtoutinrelationshiptoothergoals

SociologyEvolves HarrietMartineauwroteSocietyinAmerica

Shesawthecountryinallitsdiversity

Likedtohearcasualconversations

Herthreemethodsofanalysis

Communicatedobservationswithoutjudgement

Compareprinciplestorealityinsociety

Letthereaderdecidethebelieve

SociologyEvolves W.E.B.DuBois18681963doubleconsciousnessofblacksalways

lookingatoneselfthroughtheeyesofothers

strangemeaningofbeingblack

Showedhowtherecanexistadoublefeelingwhilelivinginasinglesociety

BelievedWesternnationsexploitedAfricansandblackstakingtheirwealthleavingthempoliticallypowerlessandimpoverished

SociologyintheUnitedStates Firstperiod19051918

Pioneersinteachingsociologyincolleges

Manyearlysociologistswerethesonsofsmalltownministers

Theylookedatsocialproblems

Urbanismwasseenasasourceofproblems

Wereconservativeandsoughtsocialreform

AmericanSociologicalAssociationest.1905

SociologyintheUnitedStates

Secondera19181935

PeriodafterWorldWarIleftpeopledisillusioned

Sociologistsbegantousethescientificmethod

Wantedsociologytobevaluefreestudywhatistherewithoutbeingjudgmental

SociologyintheUnitedStates Thirdperiod193554

Sociologistsbegantointegratetheory,research,andapplication

Sociologistsbecamemoreprofessionalized

Encouragedtheuseofbasicresearch

SociologyintheUnitedStates PeriodfourComingoftheAgeofSociology1954on

SupremecourtcaseofBrownvBoardofEducationofTopekaKansasinitiatedacallforracialintegration

BegannumerousrightsmovementsVietnamWar,Women,GaysandElderly

Sociologyexplodedinearlypartofthisperiod

ImportanceofGlobalPerspective EarlyEuropeansociologicaltheoristssupportedtheglobalunderstandingby

studyingpeoplefrommanycultures

Livesofpeoplearenowintertwined

Eventsoftheworldeffectusall

U.S.hasthemostpowerfulanddiverseeconomyintheworld

U.S.militarypresenceisin130countriesintheworld

ImportanceofGlobalPerspective Otherareasabouttheworld

Goodsandservicesmoveallovertheworld

Multinationalcorporationschangesocialrelationships

Globalizationfromaboveconnectspeoplewhilefrombelowmeansanattempttoprotectpeople,theirenvironmentandlives

WhatdoesMadeintheUSAmean

ImportanceofGlobalPerspective Globalthemeshelpustoappreciatehowanactioninonepartof

theworldaffectpeopleinanother

AmericancanrefertopeopleinBrazilorCanada

Sociologyhelpsusunderstandglobalinterdependence

WhyStudySociology Therearemanyjobopportunities

Socialservices,corrections,business,health,publishing,journalism,publicrelations,governmentjobsandteaching

Theconceptsandsociologicalperspectiveareimportanttopeopleinallkindsoffields