ch1c islamic astronomy

7 March 2015

Astro & Sp. Sc. Ch1 1

Ch1_B: History of

Astronomy; Islamic

astronomy

B :

7 March 2015 Ast. & SS. Ch.1_C Islamic Astronomy

Contents

The instruments

The scientists

The observatories

The Worships

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Astrolabe: has may functions.

That could be used to know the following:

1- Astronomy: is the science of the upper region of the atmosphere. The location and the altitude of the celestial objects.

2- Surveying : measuring the longitude and latitude of countries and the height of the mountains.

3- Time: the knowledge of the hours of day and night, dawn, sunrise, and sunset, etc

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The instruments


The types of astrolabe

Flat Astrolabe

Spherical Astrolabe

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There are many parts installed in the astrolabe, e.g.

1- Block: Metal body often, flat square used to know the deviation of Zodiac and the dimensions of countries.

2- With Tendons: 4 cylinders are used for measuring the conversion of Equinox.

3- With Azimuth: Half ring used to know the altitude of the Orbs

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3- : .


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Sundials


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Sundials

The Solar time consists

of a number of points

and lines, painted on a

plate, with the pointer in

the middle, leaving

behind a shadow

moving on points, lines,

and monitor the

Shadow knows the

daylight hours.

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3500

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The Compass


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The Compass

An instrument used for

navigation, which shows the

directions

North South East West

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The Simple Pendulum

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The Simple

Pendulum

A time machine,

which was probably

invented by Ibn

Yunus..

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muslim scholars


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Al Battani

THE SCIENTISTS


Al Battani (854-929) CE

Ab Abd Allh Muammad ibn Jabir ibn Sinan al-Raqqi al-arrani al-abi al-Battani ( As Albategnius). He was born in Harran in Turkey

He calculated the values of the precession of the equinoxes and the obliquity of the ecliptic. He used a uniformed rate for procession in his tables. He was known to the westerns as (Battenius).

: (854-929)

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.. (Battenius)


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: 1. He wrote the Book of Astronomical

Tables (Al Zaij Assabea).

2. He fixed the zodiac celestial equators angle.

3. Corrected the Equinox.

4. First to locate the perigee moon in its

orbit around the Earth.

5. Helped in achieving the independence

of Trigonometry and use it in

Astronomy.

6. Modified the equation of time

7. First to talk about the possibility of an

annular eclipse.

8. First to accurately calculate the solar

year.

9. Improved upon many astronomical

observations machine, e.g. The

astrolabe, which is known for the

alidade, block, and mater.

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Battanis most important works:


Ibn Yunus


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Ibn Yunus: (950-1009 )CE

Abu al-Hasan 'Ali ibn 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Ahmad ibn Yunus was an important Egyptian Muslim Astronomer. His father was a historian, biographer and scholar of hadith .And his great grandfather had been an associate of the noted legal scholar Imam Shafi

(950-1009)

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Ibn Yunus' most famous work

He wrote Al-Zaij al-Hakimi

He monitored Solar eclipse

several times

Fixed the zodiac celestial

equators angle

Considered to be the first to

use the pendulum for time

measurement

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Al Biruni


AL BIRUNI:

(351-440 BC / 962-1048 CE) Ab al-Rayhn Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Brn .Born in the outer district of Kath the capital of the Afrighid dynasty of Chorasmia

Al biruni was regarded as one of the greatest scholars of the medieval Islamic era and was well versed in physics,mathematics , astronomy, and natural sciences, and also distinguished himself as a historian, chronologist & linguist

Although he spoke Persian, Sanskrit and Indian languages fluently Most of the works of Al-Biruni are in Arabic such as (The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries ) & (The Mas'udi Canon)

(351-440 /962-1048 )

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Al birunis most famous work

Monitored the winter & summer solstices

The first to put the foundations to determine the Qibla

The first to fix the longitude & latitude for any country

Commented favourably on the idea that the Earth rotates

Calculated the diameter & circumference of the earth using the Geodesic (Scientific discipline that deals with the measurement and representation of the Earth) and he created this science.

The first who noticed the gravity force

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Ibn Al-Shater


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Ibn Al-shatir (1304 1375) CE

Ala Al-Din Abu'l-Hasan Ali Ibn Ibrahim Ibn al-Shatir

Astronomer, mathematician, engineer and inventor who worked as (mouathen) (regligous time keeper) at the Umayyed Mosque in Damascus, Syria

Studied astronomy in Cairo and Alexandria.

His most two famous books are (Zaij Ibn Alshater)& (Kitb Nihyat al-Sul f Tashih al-Ul ) As known as (The Final Quest Concerning the Rectification of Principles)

(1304 - 1375 )

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Ibn Alshatirs most famous work

Understood that the sun is at

the exact center of the solar

system not the earth, which all

heavenly bodies moved in

uniform circular motions

around the sun.

Has his own effort in making

the Astrolabe & sundial

Fixed the zodiac celestial

equators angle.

The inventor of Al baseet machine which is used to

determine the prayer times.

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Observatories Islamic observatories have been built and

organised in Al Khalipha Al Mamoun Days & continued since that time

Al Shammisiyyah observatory, Baghdad, Iraq (During the reign of Al Khalipha Al Mamoun)

Al Maragheh observatory, considered as one of the greatest observatories, by the astronomer Naseer Aldeen Atousi.

Qasyons mountain observatory Damascus , Syria (During the reign of Al Khalipha Al Mamoun)

Al Battani observatory Riqqa.

Muqattam Hills observatory Cairo Egypt, was built by Al Hakim B amer Allah for Ibn Younus, Although some historians disagree with it.

Samarkand observatory Uzbekistan, considered to be one of the greatest Islamic observatories, found by prince Alogh Bayk

Istanbul observatory of Taqi al-Din, Turkey One of the latest Islamic observatories

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Worship

The Direction of Al Qibla :

Can be determined by the rounded triangle which its edges are located as Mecca , The prayers City & Polaris

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The rounded triangle

By mathematical methods and high accuracy: determined by the rounded triangle which its edges are located as Mecca , The woshipers City & Polaris.

By monitoring and closely to the actual location: By Suns Shadow daytime & star Inference night time.

By simple Machines such as compass , clocks etc

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Ursa Majors


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Big Bear

and Little

Bear


Beginnings of Lunar Months

Here are some controls to be astronomical vision process without mixing:

1. Ensure the birth of the moon astronomically

2. Ensure that the Sieverb moon after sunset.

3. Purity of the air.

4. Stay away from cities and choose the high place so that the horizon is clear.

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the moon

Moon luminary dark does not shine by itself, but derives its light from the sun. It is in the form of a ball, the sun always light up half of the moon, while the other half is dark. It is the fastest in the movement of the sun; it cut its orbit in the month, while the sun in its orbit cut.

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The geometric site of the Cresent


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The hadith about Jibril (AS) leading the

Prophet (PBUH) in prayer

Ibn Abbas narrated that the Prophet (PBUH) said,

Jibril (AS) led me in (in Salat) twice at the House (the Kaaba). So he prayed Zuhr the first time when

the shadow was similar to (the length of) the strap of

a sandal. Then he prayed Asr when everything was

similar (to the length of) its shadow. Then he

prayed Maghrib when the sun had set and the

fasting person breaks fast. Then he

prayedIsha when the twilight had vanished. Then he

prayed Fajr when fajr (the dawn) began, and when

eating is prohibited for the fasting person. The

second time he prayed Zuhr when the shadow of

everything was similar to (the length of) it, at the

time of Asr the day before. Then he prayed Asrwhen

the shadow of everything was about twice as long

as it. Then he prayed Maghrib at the same time as

he did the first time. Then he prayed Isha, the later

one, when a third of the night had gone. Then he

prayed Subh (Fajr) when the land glowed. Then

Jibril (AS) turned towards me and said: O

Muhammad (PBUH)! These are the times of the

Prophets before you, and the time is what is

between these two times.

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Time(s) of Prayers

http://www.quranandhadith.com/times-of-prayers/


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5102 hcraM 7

02 1hC .cS .pS & ortsA

: reyarp nooN

eht nehw , noon tA

eht sessap nus

elcric naidirem

sa si edahs ehT(

)elbissop sa trohs

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reyarp ressA

si edahs eht nehW

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eht sulp ydob eht

ta wodahs eht fo htgnel

noon

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reyarp brahgaM

nus eht nehW

sraeppasid

eht woleb

noziroh

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reyarp gninevE

thgiliwt eht nehW

eht( sraeppadid

eht woleb si nus

tuoba ta noziroh

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reyarp rjaflA

eht nehw

eht fo ssenthgirb

nus eht( enil etihw

eht woleb si

81 tuoba ta noziroh

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ch1c islamic astronomy

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