ch+12+chronic+and+life threatening
TRANSCRIPT
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We examine conditions that people live with for lifeand serious conditions that are life threatening
Most illness is acute that is episodic Chronic conditions are constant and can bring about
psychological stress Psychological responses differ depending on the nature
of the symptoms The perception one has of their condition can affect
how well they cope with the condition
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Cancer
People in Canada have about a 1 in 4 chance ofgetting cancer in their lives
Cancer takes many forms and symptoms varyfrom type to type
Oncology is the study of cancer
Oncologists often specialize in only one type ofcancer specific to one site in the body
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Cancer
What all cancers share is the uncontrollablegrowth of abnormal cells
Normal cell division and growth is controlled atthe level of the DNA
Sometimes the genes that control growth aredamaged
This allows the cell to grow uncontrollably
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Cancer When enough uncontrolled cells form a mass,this is a tumour When tumour cells spread through other partsof the body they are metastasized
When diagnosed, many people go throughdenial
This has been shown to have health benefits inthe early stages of cancer
Suffering among cancer patients comes inphysical, psychological and social forms
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Physical problemsFatigue and pain are the two most common
Most people tend to be in more pain than theyneed to be
Patients tend not to take analgesics for fear oftolerance or addiction
Patients forget and also believe that a certainamount of pain should be tolerated
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Psychological distressFear and depression are the two most commonpsychological problems
These can become chronic
There is usually fear that treated cancer may recurand that it may metastasize
Depression tends to be proportional to theprognosis of the disease
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Psychological distress
Depression results in: Poor quality of life Longer hospital stays Lower medical adherence
Higher mortality rate
Intrusive memories are common
These are unwanted thoughts related to illnessor death of friends family or even someone in amovie
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Psychological distressEmotion-focused coping is focusing on ways toreduce the emotional impact of the disease
Problem-focused coping involvesSeeking of information about the diseaseClosely following treatment recommendationsactively addressing the stressors associated with thecancer
The problem-focused approach seems to be moreeffective at reducing depression and anxiety
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Cancer treatment
Common treatments include:Surgeryradiation therapyChemotherapyhormone therapy
Hormones are used to treat breast and prostate cancer
These forms are influenced by certain hormones
(testosterone, estrogens)Surgery can remove tumours but cannot do anythingto cells that have metastasized
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Cancer treatmentRadiation therapy
can shrink tumoursRadiation andsurgery aredesigned to deal with specific sites ofcancer
If cancer has
metastasized thenchemotherapy isused
Harm to healthycells may occur
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Cancer treatmentSide effects include fatigue, nausea, hair loss, oraland gastrointestinal erosion
Social support can influence the progression of thedisease and recovery
Support groups can:Encourage people to express emotionsBuild group cohesion increasing the sense of socialsupportImprove patient communication skillsOffer relaxation training
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DiabetesThis is the seventh leading cause of death inCanadaThe incidence of this disease is increasing (17per 100,000)
People tend to die of complications such as heardisease
Diabetes is when the pancreas produces to littleinsulin
Insulin is needed for cells to get sugar from theblood
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Diabetes
Type I is the production of little or no insulin
Type II is the underproduction or ineffectiveutilization of insulin
Type II is more common in people over the age of 45especially if they are obese
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DiabetesSymptoms:
Type I frequent urination, unusual thirst, extremehunger, weight loss and fatigue
Type II similar to type I but also frequentinfections, cuts and bruises take a long time to heal
Type I sufferers have to take daily insulin
Both types have to closely monitor their bloodsugar and their dietary intake of sugar
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Diabetes
Long-term consequences can include: AmputationCardiovascular diseaseKidney failureNeurological problemsGoing blindStroke
Depression and low blood sugar can feed offeach other (bidirectionally)
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Cardiovascular disease526 per 100,000 died from these conditions in 1996 (mostly
heart attack and stroke)Men are more likely than women to die of heart disease
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Cardiovascular disease3 main conditions can beidentified
Myocardial infarction irreversibledamage to heart muscle (heart attack) -people survive their first but not thesecondCoronary artery bypass graft healthyarteries from other parts of the body aregrafted to the coronary artery to bypass
blocked arteries Angioplasty this involves theunblocking of blocked blood vessels.Balloons or tubes are inserted intoconstricted blood vessels to widen them
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Cardiovascular disease
Anxiety about having another heart attack canlead people to a sedentary lifestyle
This is usually accompanied by weight gain andreduced physical activity
This makes people prone to another heart attack
Depressed patients are four times as likely to die within 6 months of diagnosis
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Atherectomy
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HIV and AIDSSymptoms of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
Feverswelling of lymph nodesFatigue
Diarrheasleep sweating yeast infections
HIV breaks down the bodys immune system
This makes it susceptible to other infections
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HIV and AIDSThe only transmission modes are unprotected sex,needles and mother to fetus
AIDS is particularly stressful since most people that
live with it are stigmatized
There are myths about how people can contract this
This social stigmatization can lead to extremedepression similar to post-traumatic stress disorder
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Other chronic conditions andquality of life
Major depression is seen in many arthritis andParkinson sufferersDepression can make Parkinsons Disease worse(motor function and motivation)
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Other chronic conditions andquality of lifeQuality of life refers to the extent to which symptomsand treatment affect a persons physical, social, cognitiveand emotional functioning
Treatments that may alleviate a medical cause of adisease might have negative effects on other aspects of apatients life
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Other chronic conditions andquality of life
Two major things must be considered:
1. Tradeoffs between length of life and quality of life
2. Patients must be integrally involved with decisionsbecause only they know what is important to them
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Death and Dying A logical progression has been suggested to occur whensomeone has been told they are dying
Denial this is a defence mechanism used whentraumatic information is received. People think that thephysician is not being serious
Anger this is sometimes directed at the medical systemor family and friends for not being helpful enough
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Death and DyingBargaining sometimes people try to buy more timeby offering themselves for research or make strongreligious or spiritual commitments
Depression if people become depressed they tend togive up, this often accelerates death
Acceptance at this point, people are likely to be atpeace. Death is viewed as a relief