Chapter 10Chapter 10Europe in the Middle Ages 1000 - 1500

Chapter 10 SummaryChapter 10 Summary• The revival of traderevival of trade led to the

growthgrowth of cities and townscities and towns, which became important centers for manufacturing.

• During the 14th and early 15th centuries, Europeans experienced many problems including the Black Black Death, the Hundred Years’ War, Death, the Hundred Years’ War, and the decline of the Churchand the decline of the Church.

Revival in EuropeRevival in Europe• Population almost doubledPopulation almost doubled in

Europe between 1000 and 1300, from 38 to 74 million people.

• One reason is that increased stability and peace enabled food production to risefood production to rise dramatically.

Revival in EuropeRevival in Europe• Technological advancements in Farmingadvancements in Farming lead to increases in production

• Improved horse collarImproved horse collar

•Carrucca – plow

• Crop rotation

Heavier Heavier PlowPlow

Heavier Heavier PlowPlow

Growth of CitiesGrowth of Cities• New cities and towns were founded,

especially in northern Europe. • Typically, a group of merchants built a

settlement near a castle for the trade and the lord’s protection.

• If the settlement prospered, walls were built to protect it.

• Walled City = Burg People = Burgers• Leads to the term - bourgeoisebourgeoise

Montagnana, Italy

Towns GrewTowns Grew

BLACK DEATHBLACK DEATH• Between 1347 and 1351, it

ravaged most of Europe.

• Possibly as many as 38 million 38 million people diedpeople died in those four years, out of a total population of 75 million.

• The Italian cities were hit Italian cities were hit hardesthardest, losing 50 to 60 percent of their population.

BLACK DEATHBLACK DEATH• The plague led to an outbreak of

anti-Semitism–hostility toward Jews.

• The worst in Germany.

• Thought Jews had poisoned their towns’ wells.

• Many Jews fled to Poland, where the king protected them.

Source Source of theof theBlackBlackDeathDeath

The bacteria multiply inside the flea, sticking together to form a plug that blocks its

stomach and causes it to become very hungry. The flea then voraciously bites a

host and continues to feed, even though it is unable to satisfy its hunger. During the

feeding process, blood cannot flow into the blocked stomach, and consequently the flea vomits blood tainted with the bacteria back into the bite wound. The Bubonic plague bacteria then infects a new host, and the

flea eventually dies from starvation.

Bubonic plague becomes evident three to seven days after the infection. Initial symptoms are chills,

fever, diarrhea, headaches, and the swelling of the infected lymph nodes, as the bacteria replicate there. If untreated, the rate of mortality for bubonic

plague is 50%.In septicemic plague there is bleeding into the skin and other organs, which creates black patches on

the skin. There are bite-like bumps on the skin, commonly red and sometimes white in the center. Untreated septicemic plague is universally fatal, but early treatment with antibiotics reduces the

mortality rate to 4 to 15%.[1][2][3] People who die from this form of plague often die on the same day

symptoms first appear.

Consequences of the Black DeathConsequences of the Black Death

• Trade declined.

• The shortage of workers made the price of labor rise.

• The lowered demand for food resulted in falling prices.

100 Years War100 Years War• France tried to take Gascony back, and England declared war in 1337.

• Thus began the Hundred Years’ War between England and FranceEngland and France.

Cross Cross bow bow

Long Long BowBow

Joanof Arc

Joanof Arc

Joan of ArcJoan of Arc

•French peasant woman

•She inspired the French but was put to death

•French win the war

War In England War In England

• After the 100 years war, England was faced with even greater social conflict at home

• Known as the “War of the Roses” – Noble factions fight to control the monarchy