ch08
TRANSCRIPT
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Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 1 of 32
Chapter 8: The Atmospheric Gases and Hydrogen
Philip DuttonUniversity of Windsor, Canada
Prentice-Hall © 2002
General ChemistryPrinciples and Modern Applications
Petrucci • Harwood • Herring
8th Edition
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Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 2 of 32
Contents
8-1 The Atmosphere
8-3 Nitrogen
8-4 Oxygen
8-5 The Noble Gases
8-6 Hydrogen
Focus on The Carbon Cycle
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Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 3 of 32
8-1 The Atmosophere
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Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 4 of 32
Composition of Dry Air
trace
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Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 5 of 32
Water Vapor
• nH2O PH2O in air.
Relative Humidity =PH2O (actual)
PH2O (max) 100%
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Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 6 of 32
Chemicals from the Atmosphere
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Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 7 of 32
8-2 Nitrogen
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Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 8 of 32
Haber Bosch Process
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Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 9 of 32
Anhydrous Ammonia as Fertilizer
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Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 10 of 32
Nitrogen Oxides
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Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 11 of 32
Nitric Acid Production
4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) → 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(l)
2 NO(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO2(g)
3NO2(g) + H2O(l) → 2 HNO3(aq) + NO(g)
Pt
• Oxidizing acid.• Nitration of organic compounds.
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Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 12 of 32
Nitroglycerine
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Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 13 of 32
Smog
• Sunlight plus products of combustion – photochemical smog.
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Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 14 of 32
8-3 Oxygen
• Most abundant of elements in Earths crust.
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Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 15 of 32
Electrolysis
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Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 16 of 32
Ozone
• O3 is an allotrope of oxygen.
• An excellent oxidizing agent.
3 O2(g) → 2 O3(g) H° = +285 kJ
O2 + UV radiation → 2 O
M + O2 + O → O3 + M*
O3 + UV radiation → O2 + O
O3 + O → 2 O2 H° = -389.8 kJ
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Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 17 of 32
Ozone Depletion
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Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 18 of 32
Ozone Depletion
O3 + NO → NO2 + O2
NO2 + O → NO + O2
O3 + O → 2 O2
Natural:
O3 + Cl → ClO + O2
ClO + O → Cl + O2
O3 + O → 2 O2
Human activity:
CCl2F2 + UV radiation → CClF2 + Cl
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Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 19 of 32
8-4 The Noble Gases
• In 1785 Cavendish could not get all the material in air to react in an electric discharge.
• 100 years later Rayleigh and Ramsay isolated argon.– Greek argos—the lazy one.
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Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 20 of 32
Noble Gases
• Used in light bulbs, lasers and flash bulbs.
• He and Ar are used as “blanket” materials to keep air out of certain systems.
• He is used as a breathing mixture for deep diving applications.
• Superconducting magnets use He(l) as coolant.
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Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 21 of 32
Helium
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Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 22 of 32
8-5 Oxides of Carbon
• 370 ppm CO2 in air. CO only minor.
• Rich combustion:
• Lean combustion:
C8H18(l) + 12.5 O2 → 8CO2(g) + 9 H2O(l)
C8H18(l) + 12 O2 → 7CO2(g) + CO(g) + 9 H2O(l)
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Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 23 of 32
Hemoglobin
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Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 24 of 32
Industrial Preparation of CO2
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Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 25 of 32
Greenhouse Effect
a) Incoming sunlight hits the earths surface.
b) Earths surface emits infrared light.
c) IR absorbed in atmosphere by CO2 and other greenhouse gases. Atmosphere warms up.
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Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 26 of 32
Global Warming
• Predict 1.5 to 4.5°C average global temperature increase.
• Computer models.
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Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 27 of 32
8-6 Hydrogen
• Minor component of atmosphere.• 90% of atoms and 75% of universe mass.• Produced using the water—gas reactions:
C(s) + H2O(g) → CO(g) + H2(g)
CO(g) + H2O(g) → CO2(g) + H2(g)
Or by the reforming of methane:
CH4(g) + H2O(g) → CO(g) + 3 H2(g)
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Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 28 of 32
Compounds of Hydrogen
• Covalent hydrides– HCl, NH3
• Ionic Hydrides– CaH2, NaH
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Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 29 of 32
Uses of Hydrogen
• Hydrogenation reactions
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Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 30 of 32
Uses of Hydrogen
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Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 31 of 32
Focus on The Carbon Cycle
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Prentice-Hall © 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 32 of 32
Chapter 8 Questions
1, 2, 5, 9, 10, 23, 29, 35, 41, 45, 53, 60, 63.