ch03
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 3: Theory Building
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Theories are nets cast to catch what we call “the world”: to rationalize, to explain, and to master it. We endeavor to make the mesh ever finer and finer.
Karl R. Popper
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Prediction Understanding
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A coherent set of general propositions used as principles of explanation of the apparent relationships of certain observed phenomena.
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A generalized idea about a class of objects, attributes, occurrences, or processes that has been given a name
Building blocks that abstract reality “leadership,” “productivity,” and “morale” “gross national product,” “asset,” and
“inflation”
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Vegetation Vegetation
Fruit Fruit
Banana Banana
Reality Reality
Incr
easi
ngly
mor
e ab
stra
ct
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Abstract level ◦ concepts ◦ propositions
Empirical level◦ variables◦ hypotheses
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Abstract level -In theory development, the level of knowledge expressing a concept that exists only as an idea or a quality apart from an object.
Empirical level -Level of knowledge reflecting that which is verifiable by experience or observation.
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Theories Theories
Propositions Propositions
Concepts Concepts
Observation of objectsObservation of objectsand events (reality ) and events (reality ) In
crea
sing
ly m
ore
abst
ract
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CONCEPTS
OBSERVATION OF OBJECTS AND EVENTS (REALITY)
EmpiricalLevel
AbstractLevel
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The use of a set of prescribed procedures for establishing and connecting theoretical statements about events and for predicting events yet unknown.
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Concepts abstract reality. Propositions are statements concerned with
the relationships among concepts.
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Always makes four sales calls
a day
Dollar bonus for sales volume
over quota
Concept B(Habits)
Hypothesis at Empirical Level
Concept A(Reinforcement)
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A hypothesis is a proposition that is empirically testable. It is an empirical statement concerned with the relationship among variables.
A variable is anything that may assume different numerical values.
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A fact without a theory Is like a ship without a sail, Is like a boat without a rudder, Is like a kite without a tail.A fact without a figure is a tragic final act,But one thing worse in this universe Is a theory without a fact.
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The logical process of deriving a conclusion from a known premise or something known to be true. ◦ We know that all managers are human beings. ◦ If we also know that John Smith is a manager, ◦ then we can deduce that John Smith is a human
being.
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The logical process of establishing a general proposition on the basis of observation of particular facts.◦ All managers that have ever been seen are
human beings;◦ therefore all managers are human beings.
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AssessAssessrelevant relevant existingexistingknowledgeknowledge
FormulateFormulateconcepts &concepts &PropositionsPropositions
StatementStatementof of HypothesesHypotheses
Design Design researchresearch
Acquire Acquire empiricalempiricaldatadata
Analyze &Analyze &evaluate evaluate datadata
Provide Provide explanation-explanation-state newstate newproblemproblem
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