A PEOPLE & A NATION SIXTH EDITION

Norton •

Katzman •

Blight •

Chudacoff •

Paterson •

Tuttle •

Escott

Chapter 3: American Societies Take Shape, 1640–1720

Ch. 3: American Societies Take Shape,1640–1720

• 80 years establish economic & political patterns for 1700s⎯ever greater European, African, & American interaction

• Slavery develops in English colonies, & colonies active in Atlantic trade

• England reforms colonial administration• Greater conflict between English & Native

Americans as well as w/ other Europeans in N. America

I. The Restoration Colonies

• Civil War & Interregnum (1642−1660) between King & Parliament affect colonies

• Charles II, restored Stuart king, grants 6 “proprietorships” to royal supporters

• Vests land & government in a small group• New York granted to Duke of York (1664),

easily conquers Dutch settlements

I. The Restoration Colonies (cont.)

• NY Population is heterogeneous: Dutch, English, German, Native American, African, & others

• Duke moves cautiously to impose control; eventually allows elected legislature (1683)

• Duke grants land to Carteret & Berkeley for New Jersey (1664), & unlike Duke, they successfully promote migration w/ promises of land, religious toleration & a legislature

I. The Restoration Colonies (cont.)

• Quakers (radical egalitarians) move to Jersey (1680s) to escape persecution

• Pennsylvania founded as Quaker haven (1681) by Penn who promoted migration w/ policies similar to New Jersey

• Jersey & especially Pennsylvania grow quickly, & like New York, heterogeneous

• Unlike others, Penn treats Indians fairly

I. The Restoration Colonies (cont.)

• Carolina founded (1663) to block Spanish & produce valuable products

• Quickly divides: north settled by Virginian tobacco planters & south settled by English from Barbados⎯split formalized in 1729

• Like other early colonies, South Carolina initially depends on Native Americans for survival

II. 1670−1680: A Decade of Crisis

• Key conflicts between Europeans & Native Americans

• To expand into Great Lakes & Mississippi, New France weakens Iroquois through war

• Found New Orleans (1718) to dominate fur trade in interior

• French settlements are small & accommodate local Native Americans

II. 1670−1680: A Decade of Crisis (cont.)

• Pueblo Revolt (1680) caused by Spanish brutality⎯most successful Indian uprising

• Spanish regain colony by 1692, but forced to be accommodating

• Expand into California & Gulf of Mexico⎯ extend practices from New Mexico

• English tension w/ Native Americans are mostly over land, not trade or religion

II. 1670−1680: A Decade of Crisis (cont.)

• Population & territorial expansion in New England lead Pokanoket chief, Philip, to attack (1675) w/ help from other tribes

• Tide turns (1676) as Philip’s forces lack supplies & English ally w/ key Indian tribes

• Exhausting war for both sides• After King Philip’s War, power of coastal

tribes in New England is broken

II. 1670−1680: A Decade of Crisis (cont.)

• Virginians attack Native Americans for land (1676), but governor does not support them

• Bacon, a recent immigrant, leads rebellion against governor & war against Indians

• He is supported by former indentured servants• Rebellion collapses, but takes much Native

American land & shows problem w/ lots of former indentured servants

III. Introduction of African Slavery

• Chesapeake planters need labor, but fewer English migrating as indentured servants

• Less population pressure (England) & better opportunities in Restoration colonies

• Adopt slavery model created by Portuguese & imported to America & Caribbean

• Pre-1660, few Africans in Chesapeake & status varied: free, indentured, or slave

III. Introduction of African Slavery (cont.)

• Mostly Atlantic creoles—mixed race & came to North America from West Hemisphere

• Ambiguities in Chesapeake laws reflect gradual move toward perpetual bondage

• Economics spur move to African slavery, but as it spreads, concepts of “race” & “slave” defined in all colonies

IV. The Web of Empire & the Atlantic Slave Trade

• 1492-1770, over 10 million Africans taken to America, mostly Brazil & Caribbean

• Atlantic trade very complex & different regions had distinct roles

• Slavery linchpin: trading slaves, products made by them, or slave food fuel system

• New England profits by exporting food & wood products to Caribbean sugar plantations

IV. The Web of Empire & the Atlantic Slave Trade (cont.)

• Restoration colonies copy New England & some northerners become slave traders

• Transatlantic slave trade is brutal for slaves (10–20% die en route); e.g. Equiano

• Europeans die too—exchange of disease• W. African rulers are vital middlemen; capture

Africans in exchange for European goods

IV. The Web of Empire & the Atlantic Slave Trade (cont.)

• Trade causes political centralization & gender imbalance in West Africa

• Shifts European trade & prosperity to Atlantic, away from Mediterranean & China

• Europeans compete for slave trade: first Portuguese; then Dutch; then English

• English government tries to tax this extensive & profitable trade

IV. The Web of Empire & the Atlantic Slave Trade (cont.)

• Navigation Acts (1651–73) & mercantilism• Assume competition for finite wealth; goal is

self-sufficiency w/ positive trade balance• Colonies important to England—market for

products & source of raw materials • Acts center colonial trade on England

– only English or colonialists can trade;

IV. The Web of Empire & the Atlantic Slave Trade (cont.)

• Acts center colonial trade on England (cont.)– limit sale of “enumerated”colonial goods to

England or colonies;– all colonial imports go through England

• Effect on colonies is mixed, but English still face evasions—create new courts without juries to try smugglers (1696)

• Board of Trade (1696) improves oversight, but British administration still haphazard

V. Enslavement in North America

• Late 1600s, massive influx of Africans (mostly male) to Chesapeake

• Slaves cost twice as much as indentures— increase gap betw. rich & poor planters

• South Carolinian planters extensively import slaves & use their expertise (rice, indigo)—key to economic growth there

V. Enslavement in North America (cont.)

• W/ so many there, more W. African culture survives; task system allows some autonomy

• Indians enslaved, especially in Carolinas• Brutality of trade causes Yamasee War (1715),

but colonists win w/ reinforcements & Indian allies

• Slavery not extensive in either Spanish or French North America

V. Enslavement in North America (cont.)

• While most slaves are in southern English colonies, significant numbers in north

• Most Atlantic creoles are from West Indies• Some in urban areas (especially New York),

but like south, most work in agriculture

VI. Colonial Political Development

• Despite variety, some common elements– Elected or appointed governor & council– Elected lower legislature or House– Local: towns (New England), counties (Penn),

or justice of peace (southern)– Strong tradition of local political autonomy &

consent—free adult men w/ property expect a voice in politics (taxes)

VII. Imperial Reorganization

• Besides economic control (Navigation Acts), England increase political control

• Dominion of New England (1686)—most drastic attempt—dissolves assemblies & gives Andros immense power

• Ended after Glorious Revolution (1688–89), but MA is a royal colony w/ appointed governor (NJ, NC, SC are also royal colonies)

VIII. Witchcraft Crisis

• Late 1600s, time of economic & political uncertainly, tension w/ Native Americans, & new war w/ France (King William’s War, 1689–97)

• Context for Crisis (1692); most severe in Salem: over 150 arrested, 20 killed

• End because (1) key ministers question evidence; (2) new charter ends uncertainty; (3) new governor opposes trials

IX. Accommodation to Empire

• Colonists resent increased British control, but most adjust to it

• Some colonial leaders support new British officials (court parties); others tend to oppose (country interests)

Summary: Discuss Legacy & How do Historians Know

• Legacy of “Witch Hunts”– Communal hysteria & search for scapegoats

• Africans affected by enslavement, but not completely changed

• How is the survival of African culture reflected in North America (See HDHK box, p. 79*)

*Norton, A People & a Nation, Sixth Edition