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Chapter 2
Observing and Recording Behavior
Behavioral Assessment
Measuring the behavior targeted for change
A Behavioral Assessment will:
Behavioral Assessment Example
Types of Behavioral Assessments
•Interviews
•Questions
•Rating Scale
Indirect Assessment
•Direct
Observation
•Live Recording
Direct Assessment
Recording Behavior
1. Define the target behavior2. Identify who, when, and where to
record (the logistics of recording)3. Choose a recording method (what to
record)4. Choose a recording instrument (how
to record)5. Reliability assessment6. Consider reactivity of recording
Recording
Behavior Recording Behavior
Defining the target behavior
Sometimes referred to as operationally defining the
target behavior
Sometimes referred to as a behavioral
definition
Whatever you call it, it specifies
exactly what behavior is to be observed
Defining the Target Behavior
1 Describe what the person does and says – AVOID LABELS
Defining the Target Behavior
2 Use active verbs that are objective and unambiguous
Defining the Target Behavior
3 Do not use inferences about internal states or motivation
Teacher may define bad attitude as being rude.
Rolls eyes
Doesn’t use please and thank you
Turns away when spoken to
How can you define rude more behaviorally?
Defining the Target Behavior
4 Defined so that two people agree
When the behavior is defined
behaviorally two people can observe the
same behavior and agree the behavior
occurred. It is called
interobserver reliability (IOR)
or interobserver agreement
Logistics of Recording
Identify WhoWhen
Where
Logistics of RecordingWHO
Logistics of RecordingWHEN
Must get permission especially if it occurs without the clients knowledge
Observational periods must be defined
Dependent on:
when the behavior is likely to occur
availability of observers
constraints imposed by activities of the client
Logistics of RecordingWHERE
Record in contrived settings
Record in natural settings
Structured vs unstructured
Recording Method
Frequency = the number of times the behavior occurs in an observation period
Continuous Recording
Real time recording = exact time of the onset and offset of the target behavior is recorded
Duration = total amount of time occupied by the behavior
Intensity = amount of force, energy, or exertion involved in the behavior
Latency = the time from some stimulus event to the onset of the behavior
Recording MethodProduct Recording
Record the tangible outcome or permanent product of the occurrence of the behavior
Recording MethodInterval Recording
Record the occurrence or nonoccurrence of the behavior in consecutive intervals of time during an observation period.
Recording MethodTime Sample Recording
Record the occurrence or nonoccurrence of the behavior in discontinuous intervals of time (time samples) during an observation period.
Recording InstrumentThe data sheet is the most commonly used instrument in behavioral research
Recording must be immediate and practical
Recording Instrument
Other methods of observation:
Record surreptitiously
through observation
windows or with participant observers
Wait until the person being
observed becomes accustomed to the observer or to self-
monitoring
Dealing with Reactivity
Calculating Interobserver Reliability IOR
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