ch01.ppt
TRANSCRIPT
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 1/146
Engineering Drawing
By : Bisrat GirmaBy : Bisrat Girma
Mechanical Engineering DepartmentMechanical Engineering Department21/Nov /200821/Nov /2008
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 2/146
O!ective o" the chapter
E#plain the a$vantage o" graphicalE#plain the a$vantage o" graphical
lang%age "or technical comm%nicationlang%age "or technical comm%nication
&le to care an$ properly han$le $rawing&le to care an$ properly han$le $rawing
instr%mentsinstr%ments
E#plain the meaning o" lines' symolsE#plain the meaning o" lines' symols
Enale to $raw geometric o!ects toEnale to $raw geometric o!ects to
stan$ar$sstan$ar$s
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 3/146
(ontents
)art one)art one
* +ntro$%ction+ntro$%ction
* (o%rse overview(o%rse overview* Drawing as a means o" comm%nicationDrawing as a means o" comm%nication
* Graphic lang%age or $ra"tingGraphic lang%age or $ra"ting
,ypes o" $rawing,ypes o" $rawing* (are an$ %se o" $rawing tools(are an$ %se o" $rawing tools
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 4/146
(ontents -cont$.
)art one)art one
* ,ypes o" lines,ypes o" lines
* etteringettering
* (oor$inate system(oor$inate system
* Geometric constr%ctionGeometric constr%ction
Bisecting 'trisecting line an$ angleBisecting 'trisecting line an$ angle Divi$ing a line an$ an angle in to a n%mer o" partsDivi$ing a line an$ an angle in to a n%mer o" parts
Drawing $i""erent polygonsDrawing $i""erent polygons
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 5/146
(ontents -cont$.
)art one)art one
* Geometric constr%ctionGeometric constr%ction Drawing special types o" c%rvesDrawing special types o" c%rves
(ircle' ellipse' paraola' hyperola an$ invol%tes(ircle' ellipse' paraola' hyperola an$ invol%tes
Drawing tangent linesDrawing tangent lines
Drawing tangent c%rves - internal an$ e#ternal.Drawing tangent c%rves - internal an$ e#ternal.
evisionevision
)ractical e#ercises)ractical e#ercises
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 6/146
,raining ai$s
)ower)oint sli$es prepare$)ower)oint sli$es prepare$
e"erence oose"erence oos* Engineering $rawing an$ Graphic technologyEngineering $rawing an$ Graphic technology
y 3rench y 3rench
* Engineering $rawing y %4a$$er Engineering $rawing y %4a$$er
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 7/146
,raining ai$s -cont$.
&ny availale $rawing oo &ny availale $rawing oo
5tan$ar$ training pacage -movie.5tan$ar$ training pacage -movie.
Drawing instr%mentsDrawing instr%ments
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 8/146
+ntro$%ction+ntro$%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 9/146
Drawing as a means o"
comm%nications
+n$e"inite nee$s h%man nat%re+n$e"inite nee$s h%man nat%re
New pro$%ct New pro$%ct
* esearchesearch
* DevelopmentDevelopment
* DesignDesign
* )ro$%ction' constr%ction' an$ Operation)ro$%ction' constr%ction' an$ Operation
+t nee$s comm%nication+t nee$s comm%nication
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 10/146
Drawing as a means o"
comm%nications
E#change o" i$eas nee$s means o"E#change o" i$eas nee$s means o"comm%nication6 &s the i$ea ecomescomm%nication6 &s the i$ea ecomes
technical the %s%al means o" comm%nicationtechnical the %s%al means o" comm%nication-tal or listen' rea$ or write. will e less-tal or listen' rea$ or write. will e lesse#act6 3or this reasone#act6 3or this reason vis%al lang%agevis%al lang%age isis$evelope$ to e technical an$ acc%rate$evelope$ to e technical an$ acc%rate
means comm%nication6 ,his vis%al lang%agemeans comm%nication6 ,his vis%al lang%agein roa$ term is calle$in roa$ term is calle$ graphic lang%agegraphic lang%age6 7e6 7ecall itcall it %niversal lang%age o" in$%stry%niversal lang%age o" in$%stry when itwhen itis %se$ "or pro$%ction p%rposeis %se$ "or pro$%ction p%rpose
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 11/146
Drawing as a means o"
comm%nications
,he vloc is to e ma$e o" cast iron an$,he vloc is to e ma$e o" cast iron an$machine$ on all s%r"aces6 ,he overall si4es aremachine$ on all s%r"aces6 ,he overall si4es are
two an$ onehal" inches high' three inchestwo an$ onehal" inches high' three incheswi$e' an$ si# inches long6 & vshape$ c%twi$e' an$ si# inches long6 & vshape$ c%thaving an incl%$e$ angle o" 09 is to e ma$ehaving an incl%$e$ angle o" 09 is to e ma$ethro%gh the entire length o" the loc6 ,he c%tthro%gh the entire length o" the loc6 ,he c%tis to e ma$e with the loc resting on the threeis to e ma$e with the loc resting on the threeinch y si# inch s%r"ace6 ,he vc%t is to egininch y si# inch s%r"ace6 ,he vc%t is to eginone%arter inch "rom the o%tsi$e e$ges6 &t theone%arter inch "rom the o%tsi$e e$ges6 &t the
ottom o" the vc%t there is to e a relie" slot ottom o" the vc%t there is to e a relie" slotoneeighth inch wi$e y oneeighth inch $eep6oneeighth inch wi$e y oneeighth inch $eep6
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 12/146
Drawing as a means o"
comm%nications
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 13/146
Drawing as a means o"
comm%nications
;ow 7o%l$ <o% Descrie ,his=;ow 7o%l$ <o% Descrie ,his=
* +n teams o" two' $escrie %sing only wor$s+n teams o" two' $escrie %sing only wor$s
* ;ow e""ective is this approach=;ow e""ective is this approach=
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 14/146
Graphic ang%age or Dra"ting
* +t is a "orm o" comm%nication that is+t is a "orm o" comm%nication that is technicaltechnical
an$ very e#act6an$ very e#act6
* +t is vis%al lang%age+t is vis%al lang%age* >tili4e>tili4e line an$ symolsline an$ symols agree$ all over theagree$ all over the
worl$6worl$6
Graphic comm%nicationGraphic comm%nication⇒⇒
written or $rawn written or $rawn
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 15/146
Graphic ang%age or Dra"ting
,he most common names associate$ with,he most common names associate$ with
the graphic lang%ages are:the graphic lang%ages are:
* Dra"tingDra"ting : represent all graphic lang%ages6: represent all graphic lang%ages6
* ,echnical Drawing,echnical Drawing : &ny $rawing which: &ny $rawing which
e#pressese#presses technical i$eastechnical i$eas' incl%$ing setches'' incl%$ing setches'
instr%ment $rawings' charts' an$ ill%strations6instr%ment $rawings' charts' an$ ill%strations6Eg6 ,echnical 5etching? 3reehan$6Eg6 ,echnical 5etching? 3reehan$6
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 16/146
Graphic ang%age or Dra"ting
,echnical 5etching,echnical 5etching: & technical $rawing %se$ to: & technical $rawing %se$ to
proportion shape o" i$eas so that other can proportion shape o" i$eas so that other can
%n$erstan$ the shape o" things6%n$erstan$ the shape o" things6 Mechanical DrawingMechanical Drawing : & technical $rawing ma$e: & technical $rawing ma$e
with $ra"ting instr%ments6with $ra"ting instr%ments6
Engineering DrawingEngineering Drawing : Drawing %se$ y: Drawing %se$ y
engineers an$ other memer o" the $esignengineers an$ other memer o" the $esign
engineering team to $escrie theengineering team to $escrie the pro$%ction o" pro$%ction o"
parts' shape' si4e an$ material6 parts' shape' si4e an$ material6
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 17/146
Graphic ang%age or Dra"ting
Descriptive GeometryDescriptive Geometry : ,he grammar o": ,he grammar o"
graphic lang%age' the asic principle set %pgraphic lang%age' the asic principle set %p
to %se geometric $escriptions "or solvingto %se geometric $escriptions "or solvingtwo an$ three $imensional prolems6two an$ three $imensional prolems6
(omp%ter Graphics(omp%ter Graphics : >se o" comp%ter as: >se o" comp%ter as
$ra"ting instr%ment with printer or plotter6$ra"ting instr%ment with printer or plotter6
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 18/146
,ypes o" ,echnical Drawings
,hree Basic ,ypes o",hree Basic ,ypes o"
,echnical Drawings,echnical Drawings
* 3reehan$ setches3reehan$ setches
* +nstr%ment $rawings+nstr%ment $rawings
* (omp%ter $rawings(omp%ter $rawings
an$ mo$elsan$ mo$els
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 19/146
@is%ali4ation an$
+mplementation ,here are two principles in $rawing,here are two principles in $rawing
* @is%ali4ation@is%ali4ation
* ,he aility to see what an o!ect loos lie in the,he aility to see what an o!ect loos lie in themin$ o" eye6min$ o" eye6
* +mplementation+mplementation * Drawing o" an o!ect that has een vis%ali4e$Drawing o" an o!ect that has een vis%ali4e$
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 20/146
)lane an$ soli$ Geometry
5t%$y o" $rawing can e categori4e$ as5t%$y o" $rawing can e categori4e$ as
* )lane geometry)lane geometry
epresentation o" an o!ect havingepresentation o" an o!ect having two $imensionstwo $imensions
* 5oli$ geometry5oli$ geometry epresentingepresenting three $imensionsthree $imensions o" o!ectso" o!ects
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 21/146
(ont A6
)resent D o!ects with 2D me$ia)resent D o!ects with 2D me$ia
,wo Basic (ategories,wo Basic (ategories
2D2D DD
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 22/146
Mechanical $rawing "or Engineer Mechanical $rawing "or EngineerMechanical $rawing "or Engineer
* &$vantage&$vantage
+t is technical+t is technical E#actE#act (learest way to comm%nicate(learest way to comm%nicate +t is a %niversal lang%age+t is a %niversal lang%age
* Disa$vantageDisa$vantage ,ime cons%ming to pro$%ce,ime cons%ming to pro$%ce +t nee$s sill+t nee$s sill
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 23/146
(omm%nication Distance
* (omm%nication $istance is a "actor "or
selection o" graphic lang%age6Engineers + Designers
TECHNICIANS
Drafts man
Sketch
Mechanical
Drawing
Feed
Back Sketch
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 24/146
,ypes o" Drawing
5etches5etches* $escrie the concept in general$escrie the concept in general
ayo%tayo%t* show the relationships o" parts an$ $e"ines eyshow the relationships o" parts an$ $e"ines ey
$imensions$imensions
DetailsDetails
&ssemly&ssemly )ictorial)ictorial
* "or technical man%als' sales literat%re' or +nternet"or technical man%als' sales literat%re' or +nternet
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 25/146
,ypes o" Drawing
)ro$%ction Drawings)ro$%ction Drawings
* >se$ to:>se$ to:
transmit an$ comm%nicate in"ormation "or thetransmit an$ comm%nicate in"ormation "or the pro$%ction o" o!ects an$ assemlies -critical in pro$%ction o" o!ects an$ assemlies -critical in
conc%rrent engineering environmentC.conc%rrent engineering environmentC.
* (lassi"ie$ in two ma!or categories:(lassi"ie$ in two ma!or categories: $etail $rawings$etail $rawings
assemly $rawingsassemly $rawings
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 26/146
,ypes o" $rawing
Detail $rawingDetail $rawing
* Drawings o" single partsDrawings o" single parts
* May e $rawn one part per sheetMay e $rawn one part per sheet
* May e several parts $etaile$ on a large shtMay e several parts $etaile$ on a large sht
* +ncl%$e in"o s%ch as+ncl%$e in"o s%ch as $imensions an$ notes$imensions an$ notes
relating to material' "inish' weight' or tolerancerelating to material' "inish' weight' or tolerance* incl%$es all o" the in"ormation nee$e$ toincl%$es all o" the in"ormation nee$e$ to
"aricate the part6"aricate the part6
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 27/146
,ypes o" $rawing
&ssemly Drawings&ssemly Drawings
* 5how how parts "it together or are "%nctionally5how how parts "it together or are "%nctionally
relate$relate$* Dimensions typically re"er to relationshipsDimensions typically re"er to relationships
among the partsamong the parts
* O"ten a ill o" materials -listing o" all partsO"ten a ill o" materials -listing o" all partsnecessary to mae %p the total assemly. isnecessary to mae %p the total assemly. is
incl%$e$6incl%$e$6
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 28/146
,ypes o" $rawing
&ssemly Drawings&ssemly Drawings
* &n assemly $rawing is&n assemly $rawing is
han$y "or a technicianhan$y "or a technicianservicing a machinery orservicing a machinery or
machinery component6machinery component6
* By st%$ying an assemlyBy st%$ying an assemly
$rawing an$ eeping it$rawing an$ eeping it
han$y as the part ishan$y as the part is
repaire$' yo% can e s%rerepaire$' yo% can e s%re
that all pails are installe$ inthat all pails are installe$ in
their proper place6their proper place6
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 29/146
,ypes o" $rawing
E#plo$e$ pictorial $rawingsE#plo$e$ pictorial $rawings
* epresent several parts assemle$ accor$ing toepresent several parts assemle$ accor$ing to
the a#es o" their assemlythe a#es o" their assemly* )arts are not shown assemle$ %t are move$)arts are not shown assemle$ %t are move$
apart along the principal a#es o" the pro$%ctapart along the principal a#es o" the pro$%ct
* ,ypically not $imensione$,ypically not $imensione$* ;elp"%l "or assemly p%rpose$ on the;elp"%l "or assemly p%rpose$ on the
pro$%ction line pro$%ction line
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 30/146
,ypes o" $rawing
E#plo$e$ pictorialE#plo$e$ pictorial
$rawings$rawings
* shows all o" theshows all o" thecomponents sprea$ o%t'components sprea$ o%t'
or e#plo$e$6 so yo% canor e#plo$e$6 so yo% can
see what each part loossee what each part loos
lie6lie6
* "re%ently %se$ in"re%ently %se$ in
ill%strate$ parts man%alsill%strate$ parts man%als
an$ service %lletins6an$ service %lletins6
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 31/146
(are an$ %se o" $rawing instr%ment
+n engineering $rawing any o!ect is+n engineering $rawing any o!ect is
represente$ yrepresente$ y straight lines an$/or c%rvesstraight lines an$/or c%rves66
,hese lines sho%l$ e $rawn as acc%rate as,hese lines sho%l$ e $rawn as acc%rate as possile y the help o" possile y the help o" $rawing$rawing
instr%ments6instr%ments6
%ality o" a $rawing $epen$s to a large%ality o" a $rawing $epen$s to a largee#tent on thee#tent on the %ality ' a$!%stment' proper%ality ' a$!%stment' proper
%se an$ care o" $rawing instr%ments%se an$ care o" $rawing instr%ments66
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 32/146
(are an$ %se o" $rawing instr%ment
ist o" $rawing instr%mentsist o" $rawing instr%ments* Eraser Eraser
* Erasing shiel$Erasing shiel$* ,riangle -5ets%are. -F,riangle -5ets%are. -F00 an$ 0an$ 000 0 000..
* &rchitectHs or engineerHs scale&rchitectHs or engineerHs scale
* +rreg%lar c%rves -3rench c%rve.+rreg%lar c%rves -3rench c%rve.
* Drawing instr%ment set -(ompass' Divi$er' e#tensions.Drawing instr%ment set -(ompass' Divi$er' e#tensions.
* )rotractor )rotractor
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 33/146
(are an$ %se o" $rawing instr%ment
ist o" $rawing instr%mentsist o" $rawing instr%ments* Drawing oar$Drawing oar$
* ,s%are' or parallelr%ling straighte$ge' or $ra"ting,s%are' or parallelr%ling straighte$ge' or $ra"tingmachinemachine
* Drawing sheetsDrawing sheets
* Dra"ting tapeDra"ting tape
* Dra"ting pencilsDra"ting pencils
* )encil sharpener )encil sharpener
* ettering instr%mentettering instr%ment
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 34/146
Drawing Broa$
Drawing tales come in many $i""erent si4eDrawing tales come in many $i""erent si4ean$ $esign6 +t co%l$ ean$ $esign6 +t co%l$ e "i#e$' movale' with"i#e$' movale' with$rawer' a$!%stale' etc6$rawer' a$!%stale' etc6
,hey are %se$ to attach $rawing sheet6,hey are %se$ to attach $rawing sheet6
Ieep yo%r $rawing taleIeep yo%r $rawing tale clean an$ $ryclean an$ $ry notnotto a""ect yo%r $rawing %ality6to a""ect yo%r $rawing %ality6
DonHt %se la$es to c%t $ra"tingDonHt %se la$es to c%t $ra"tingtapes on $rawing tale6tapes on $rawing tale6
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 35/146
Drawing 5heet
* ma$e "rom $i""erentma$e "rom $i""erent
materials with $i""erentmaterials with $i""erent
%ality6%ality6
* )aper' tracing paper')aper' tracing paper'
vell%m' tracing cloth'vell%m' tracing cloth'
glass cloth or "ilmglass cloth or "ilm66
* Drawing sheets willDrawing sheets will
$etermine selection o"$etermine selection o" pencil gra$e pencil gra$e
>5 (>5,OM&<>5 (>5,OM&<
5E+E55E+E5+5O+5O
5,&ND& 5,&ND&
DD
5i45i4
ee
3irst3irst
serieseriess
5econ$5econ$
seriesseries
5i45i4
ee
,hir$ series,hir$ series
&& 8811//22 # 11# 11 # 12 # 12 &&
0081 # 11881 # 118
BB 11 # 1J11 # 1J 12 # 1812 # 18 &&11 F # 81F # 81
(( 1J # 221J # 22 18 # 218 # 2 &&22
20 # F20 # F
DD 22 # 22 # 2 # 2 # &&
2J # 202J # 20
EE # # # 8 # 8 &&
210 # 2J210 # 2J
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 36/146
,s%are
* ,hey can e ma$e "rom,hey can e ma$e "rom$i""erent materials' mostly$i""erent materials' mostly"rom"rom woo$ or plastic6woo$ or plastic6
* )arts:)arts: la$e an$ hea$ la$e an$ hea$* two e$ges o" thetwo e$ges o" the la$e sho%l$ la$e sho%l$
e parallel6 e parallel6
* ,he hea$ is "i#e$,he hea$ is "i#e$ at 0at 000 to theto the la$e la$e
* ,he cleanness o" yo%r , K ,he cleanness o" yo%r , K s%are greatly a""ect yo%rs%are greatly a""ect yo%r$rawing %ality an$$rawing %ality an$cleanliness6cleanliness6
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 37/146
,s%are >se$ "or >se$ "or
* Drawing hori4ontalDrawing hori4ontallineslines
* G%i$ing trianglesG%i$ing triangles
* )osition $rawing paper )osition $rawing paper
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 38/146
Drawing )encils
* Most $rawing pencil lea$s are ma$e "rom
graphite6 ,hey are %s%ally ma$e in 1J $egrees
o" har$ness6
* B-so"test an$ lacest.B-so"test an$ lacest.
* FB-e#tremely so"t.FB-e#tremely so"t.
* B e#tra so"t.B e#tra so"t.
* B -very so"t.B -very so"t.
* 2B -so"t' pl%s.2B -so"t' pl%s.* B -so"t.B -so"t.
* ;B -me$i%m so"t.;B -me$i%m so"t.
* 3 -interme$iate' etween3 -interme$iate' etweenso"t an$ har$.so"t an$ har$.
* ; -me$i%m har$.; -me$i%m har$.
* 2; -har$.2; -har$.
* ; -har$' pl%s.; -har$' pl%s.
* ; -very har$.; -very har$.
* F; -e#tra har$.F; -e#tra har$.* ; -e#tra har$' pl%s.; -e#tra har$' pl%s.
* J; -e#tremely har$.J; -e#tremely har$.
* 8; -e#tremely har$' pl%s.8; -e#tremely har$' pl%s.
* ; -;ar$est.; -;ar$est.
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 39/146
Drawing )encils
* 5election o" $rawing pencil5election o" $rawing pencil type and quality of drawing paper type and quality of drawing paper how thick and dark you want the linehow thick and dark you want the line to e6to e6
* )encil lines sho%l$ e)encil lines sho%l$ e clean an$ sharpclean an$ sharp6 ,hey m%st e6 ,hey m%st e$ar eno%gh$ar eno%gh "or the views to e seen when the stan$ar$"or the views to e seen when the stan$ar$lines are $rawn6lines are $rawn6
* +" yo% %se+" yo% %se too m%ch press%retoo m%ch press%re' yo% will groove the' yo% will groove the$rawing s%r"ace6 <o% can avoi$ this i" yo% %se$rawing s%r"ace6 <o% can avoi$ this i" yo% %se proper proper
gra$e o" lea$6gra$e o" lea$6* ,%rn the pencil etween yo%r th%m an$ "ore"inger as,%rn the pencil etween yo%r th%m an$ "ore"inger asyo% $raw a line6yo% $raw a line6
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 40/146
Drawing instr%ment set
* +t may incl%$e+t may incl%$e compass with pen part an$ pencil part'compass with pen part an$ pencil part'$ivi$er' lengthening ar' ow pen' ow pencil an$$ivi$er' lengthening ar' ow pen' ow pencil an$r%ling pensr%ling pens
* Divi$ers:Divi$ers: %se$ to trans"er $istance%se$ to trans"er $istance* (ompass(ompass: %se$ to $raw circles or arcs -which are parts: %se$ to $raw circles or arcs -which are parts
o" a circle.o" a circle.
* Beam compassBeam compass: %se$ to $raw arcs or circles o" larger: %se$ to $raw arcs or circles o" larger
si4e6si4e6
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 41/146
Drawing instr%ment set
3rench (%rves3rench (%rves
* >se$ to $raw irreg%lar c%rves>se$ to $raw irreg%lar c%rves
* +t is availale to align at least three points the+t is availale to align at least three points thec%rve to e $rawnc%rve to e $rawn
,riangles,riangles
* >se$ to $raw lines at stan$ar$ angles an$ y>se$ to $raw lines at stan$ar$ angles an$ yconnecting any two pointsconnecting any two points
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 42/146
5cale o" Drawing
>5+NG )O)E 5(&E>5+NG )O)E 5(&E
<O> (&N E&D 3><O> (&N E&D 3>
5+LE ME&5>EMEN,55+LE ME&5>EMEN,53OM D&7+NG563OM D&7+NG56
Enlarged Enlarged Same size Same size Reduced Reduced
2000:12000:1
1000:11000:1 1:11:1 1:21:2
500:1500:1 1:F1:F
200:1200:1 1:101:10
100:1100:1 1:201:20
50:150:1 1:F01:F0
20:120:1 1:1001:100
10:110:1 1:2001:200
5:15:1 1:F001:F00
2:12:1 1:10001:1000
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 43/146
,ypes o" lines
@isile o%tlines@isile o%tlines -o%n$ary-o%n$ary lines.lines.
&))+(&,+ON&))+(&,+ON
)hantom line' show alternate position)hantom line' show alternate positionong thin chain withong thin chain with
two $ash linestwo $ash lines
(%tting plane lines6(%tting plane lines6ong chain thic atong chain thic at
en$s an$ thinen$s an$ thin
elsewhere6elsewhere6
oc%s lines center lines'oc%s lines center lines'ong cong chaihainn tthhin linein line
+nvisile e$ges+nvisile e$ges5hort $ash5hort $ash
ong rea lines6ong rea lines6(ontin%o%s thin line(ontin%o%s thin line
with L+GL&G6with L+GL&G6
+rreg%lar o%n$ary lines' short rea lines'+rreg%lar o%n$ary lines' short rea lines'(ontin%o%s thin wavy(ontin%o%s thin wavy
line -$rawn "reeline -$rawn "ree han$.han$.
DimensionDimension lineslines'' lea$er lineslea$er lines'' e#tensione#tension
lineslines'' constr%ctionconstr%ction lines hatchinglines hatching
-5ection. lines6-5ection. lines6
(ontin%o%s thin line(ontin%o%s thin line
(ontin%o%s(ontin%o%s thic linethic line
+>5,&,+ON+>5,&,+ON,<)E O3 +NE5,<)E O3 +NE5
@isile o%tlines@isile o%tlines -o%n$ary-o%n$ary lines.lines.
&))+(&,+ON&))+(&,+ON
)hantom line' show alternate position)hantom line' show alternate positionong thin chain withong thin chain with
two $ash linestwo $ash lines
(%tting plane lines6(%tting plane lines6ong chain thic atong chain thic at
en$s an$ thinen$s an$ thin
elsewhere6elsewhere6
oc%s lines center lines'oc%s lines center lines'ong chain thin lineong chain thin line
+nvisile e$ges+nvisile e$ges5hort $ash5hort $ash
ong rea lines6ong rea lines6(ontin%o%s thin line(ontin%o%s thin line
with L+GL&G6with L+GL&G6
+rreg%lar o%n$ary lines' short rea lines'+rreg%lar o%n$ary lines' short rea lines'(ontin%o%s thin wavy(ontin%o%s thin wavy
line -$rawn "reeline -$rawn "ree han$.han$.
DimensionDimension lineslines'' lea$er lineslea$er lines'' e#tensione#tension
lineslines'' constr%ctionconstr%ction lines hatchinglines hatching
-5ection. lines6-5ection. lines6
(ontin%o%s(ontin%o%s thin linethin line
(ontin%o%s(ontin%o%s thic linethic line
+>5,&,+ON+>5,&,+ON,<)E O3 +NE5,<)E O3 +NE5
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 45/146
Bor$ers an$ ,itle Blocs
Bor$ersBor$ers
* provi$es a sa"ety area to prevent the loss o" provi$es a sa"ety area to prevent the loss o"
important in"ormationimportant in"ormation* +mproves appearance "or presentation p%rposes+mproves appearance "or presentation p%rposes
,itle Blocs,itle Blocs
* some items stan$ar$:some items stan$ar$: $rawing n%mer' sheet$rawing n%mer' sheetn%mer' title' company name' logo' scale' $ate'n%mer' title' company name' logo' scale' $ate'
tolerances' $ra"ter' checer' s%pervisor tolerances' $ra"ter' checer' s%pervisor
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 46/146
& "ew asic points "or a $rawing
5ho%l$ e complete an$ %namig%o%s5ho%l$ e complete an$ %namig%o%s
5ho%l$ e neat an$ easy to rea$5ho%l$ e neat an$ easy to rea$
>se only as many views as necessary to>se only as many views as necessary to
show all re%ire$ $etailshow all re%ire$ $etail
&pply tolerances realistically overly tight&pply tolerances realistically overly tight
tolerances can a$$ a great $eal o" a$$itionaltolerances can a$$ a great $eal o" a$$itional
cost with little or not a$$e$ val%e to the partcost with little or not a$$e$ val%e to the part
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 47/146
Drawing paper arrangement
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 48/146
ettering
ettering plays a ma!or role in overallettering plays a ma!or role in overall
appearance o" a $rawing6appearance o" a $rawing6
ettering sho%l$ e e#ec%te$ in one stroeettering sho%l$ e e#ec%te$ in one stroe
@ertical lettering@ertical lettering
;ori4ontal lettering;ori4ontal lettering
E#ercise on lettering a"ter rea$ingE#ercise on lettering a"ter rea$ing
assignmentassignment
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 49/146
Basic Strokes
StraightStraight SlantedSlanted CurvedCurvedHorizontalHorizontal
1 1
!
Examples : Application of basic stroke
"I# letter "A# letter 1
!
$ %
&
"B# letter
S t d St k S
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 50/146
Suggested Strokes Sequence
Straight line
letters
C'r(ed line
letters
C'r(ed line
letters )
N'merals
Uppercase letters ! "umerals
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 51/146
The te*t s ,-d. height is a,-'t /! the height -f a ca0ital
letter
Suggested Strokes Sequence
#o$ercase letters
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 52/146
Stroke Sequence
I L T F
E H
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 53/146
V X W
Stroke Sequence
S k S
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 54/146
N M K Z
Y A
Stroke Sequence
4
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 55/146
O Q C G
Stroke Sequence
St k S
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 56/146
D U P B
R J
Stroke Sequence
1 2
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 57/146
5
Stroke Sequence
7
St k S
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 58/146
6
!
"
Stroke Sequence
# $
St k S
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 60/146
Stroke Sequence
' ( ) *
+
St k S
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 61/146
Stroke Sequence
, - .
/
0
St k S
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 62/146
Stroke Sequence
3
8
St k S
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 63/146
Stroke Sequence
9 : ; <
= >
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 64/146
%ord Composition2,ser(e the f-ll-wing w-rd
3I4A52N6\
/\| )( )| (|
S0ace ,etween the letters de0ends -n the c-nt-'r -f
the letters at an ad7acent side
S0acing
C-nt-'r ||||
6eneral c-ncl'si-ns are8
6--d s0acing creates a00r-*imatel. e9'al background
area ,etween letters
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 65/146
1 Straight : Straight
Straight : C'r(e
! Straight : Slant
$ C'r(e : C'r(e
Space &et$een #etters
Space &et$een #etters
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 66/146
& Slant : Slant% C'r(e : Slant
; The letter "<# and "T#
≡ slant slant
≡
slant
straight
Space &et$een #etters
E l G d d P L tt i
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 67/146
'(()
N-t 'nif-rm in st.le
N-t 'nif-rm in height
N-t 'nif-rml. (ertical -r inclined
N-t 'nif-rm in thickness -f str-ke
Area ,etween letters n-t 'nif-rm
Area ,etween w-rds n-t 'nif-rm
Example 8 Good and Poor Lettering
Sentence Composition
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 68/146
<ea(e the s0ace ,etween w-rds e9'al t- the s0acere9'ires f-r writing a letter "2#
Example
Sentence Composition
ALL DIMEN#ION# ARE IN
MILLIMETER#
O O O
OUNLE##
OTHERWI#E #PECIFIED?O
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 69/146
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 70/146
Geometric constr%ction
&& point point'' lineline'' arcarc' an$' an$ circlecircle are the asicare the asicelements %se$ to create the most comple#elements %se$ to create the most comple#$rawings$rawings
Geometric elementsGeometric elements* & point& point
* & line& line
* & c%rve& c%rve
* &n angle&n angle
* )lanes)lanes
* (lose$ 2D elements(lose$ 2D elements
* 5%r"aces5%r"aces
* 5oli$s5oli$s
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 71/146
& )oint
5peci"ies an e#act location in space5peci"ies an e#act location in space
,heoretical location that has neither wi$th',heoretical location that has neither wi$th'
height' nor $epth an$ $escries an e#actheight' nor $epth an$ $escries an e#actlocation in space6location in space6
& point is represente$ y intersection o"& point is represente$ y intersection o"
+ntersection o" 2lines+ntersection o" 2lines & short crossar on a line& short crossar on a line
Or y a small crossOr y a small cross
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 72/146
& )oint
& point can e& point can e
$e"ine$ as a set o"$e"ine$ as a set o"
coor$inates -#'y. oncoor$inates -#'y. on
the (artesian plane6the (artesian plane6
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 73/146
& ine
;as length an$ $irection %t no wi$th;as length an$ $irection %t no wi$th
&ll points are collinear &ll points are collinear
May e in"initeMay e in"inite
* &t least one point m%st e speci"ie$&t least one point m%st e speci"ie$
* Direction may e speci"ie$ with a secon$ point or with anDirection may e speci"ie$ with a secon$ point or with an
angleangle
May e "initeMay e "inite
* De"ine$ y two en$ pointsDe"ine$ y two en$ points
* De"ine$ y one en$ point' a length' an$ $irectionDe"ine$ y one en$ point' a length' an$ $irection
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 74/146
& ine
& straight line: is the shortest $istance etween& straight line: is the shortest $istance etweentwo points an$ is commonly re"erre$ to simply astwo points an$ is commonly re"erre$ to simply asa linea line
+" the line is in$e"inite in e#tent' the length is a+" the line is in$e"inite in e#tent' the length is amatter o" convenience' an$ the en$ points arematter o" convenience' an$ the en$ points arenot "i#e$not "i#e$
+" the en$ points are signi"icant' they m%st e+" the en$ points are signi"icant' they m%st e
mare$ y means o" small mechanically $rawnmare$ y means o" small mechanically $rawncrossarscrossars
PP means parallel linesPP means parallel lines
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 75/146
& line
ine May e straight' c%rve$' or aine May e straight' c%rve$' or a
comination %t straight line is the shortestcomination %t straight line is the shortest
$istance etween two points$istance etween two points
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 76/146
& (%rve
,he loc%s o" points along a c%rve are not,he loc%s o" points along a c%rve are not
collinear collinear
,he $irection is constantly changing,he $irection is constantly changing 5ingle c%rve$ lines5ingle c%rve$ lines
* all points on the c%rve lie on a single planeall points on the c%rve lie on a single plane
& reg%lar c%rve& reg%lar c%rve* ,he $istance "rom a "i#e$ point to any point on,he $istance "rom a "i#e$ point to any point on
the c%rve is a constantthe c%rve is a constant
* E#amples: arc an$ circleE#amples: arc an$ circle
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 77/146
& (%rve
& reg%lar c%rve& reg%lar c%rve
* ,he $istance "rom a,he $istance "rom a
"i#e$ point to any"i#e$ point to any point on the c%rve is point on the c%rve is
a constanta constant
* E#amples: arc an$E#amples: arc an$
circlecircle
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 78/146
&n angle
&n angle is "orme$ y two intersecting lines&n angle is "orme$ y two intersecting lines
means an angle'means an angle'
,here are 0,here are 000 in a "%ll circlein a "%ll circle
2&ngles are (omplementary i" they total2&ngles are (omplementary i" they total
2&ngles are 5%pplementary i" they total2&ngles are 5%pplementary i" they total >se protractor to $raw an angle>se protractor to $raw an angle
∠
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 80/146
)lanes
Planes are defined by: Planes are defined by:
T</88 &:0> :0 %-&:9 &: 3 >0/3&9<0%&:8
T( 3/3%%8% %&:8>
T( &:08/>80&:9 %&:8>
A &:0 3: 3 %&:8
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 81/146
)lanes
BB
A A
,riangles,riangles* & triangle is a plane "ig%re o%n$e$
y three straight si$es6
* E%ilateral triangle -all si$es e%al' 0E%ilateral triangle -all si$es e%al' 0$eg6 angles.$eg6 angles.
* +sosceles triangle -two si$es e%al.+sosceles triangle -two si$es e%al.
* ight triangle -one angle is 0ight triangle -one angle is 0
$egrees.$egrees. &&22QBQB22R(R(22 -)ythagorean theorem.-)ythagorean theorem. 5in5inθθR&/(R&/( (os(osθ=θ=B/(B/(
CC
θθ
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 82/146
)lane
,riangles,riangles* ,riangles: is a plane "ig%re o%n$e$ y three straight si$es6,riangles: is a plane "ig%re o%n$e$ y three straight si$es6
* ,he s%m o" the interior angles is always 180,he s%m o" the interior angles is always 18000
* &ny triangle inscrie$ in a semicircle is a right triangle i" the&ny triangle inscrie$ in a semicircle is a right triangle i" thehypoten%se coinci$es with the $iameter6hypoten%se coinci$es with the $iameter6
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 83/146
)lanes
%a$rilateral an$ polygons%a$rilateral an$ polygons
#=3/8 A%% >&8> 8=3% .=/ /&9<0 3:9%8>?
R803:9%8 O>&08 >&8> 3/8 8=3%.=/ /&9<0 3:9%8>?
Q=3/&%308/3%
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 84/146
)lanes
%a$rilateral an$ polygons%a$rilateral an$ polygons
R<;=> A%% >&8> 8=3%O>&08 3:9%8> 3/8 8=3%?
R<;& O>&08 >&8> 3/88=3% O>&08 3:9%8> 3/8 8=3%?
Q=3/&%308/3%
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 85/146
)lanes
%a$rilateral an$ polygons%a$rilateral an$ polygons
T/38+& T( >&8> 3/3%%8%?
T/38+&=; N >&8> 3/3%%8%?
Q=3/&%308/3%
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 86/146
)lanes
%a$rilateral an$ polygons%a$rilateral an$ polygons
O0<8/P%-9:>
P8:039: H8)39: H8039:
O039: N:39: D839:
5 #IDE# 6 #IDE# 7 #IDE#
! #IDE# #IDE# 1" #IDE#
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 87/146
)lanes
%a$rilateral: is a plane "ig%re o%n$e$ y %a$rilateral: is a plane "ig%re o%n$e$ y
straight si$es6straight si$es6
+" the opposite si$es are parallel' the %a$rilateral+" the opposite si$es are parallel' the %a$rilateralis also calle$ parallelogramis also calle$ parallelogram
)olygons: is any plane "ig%re o%n$e$ y straight)olygons: is any plane "ig%re o%n$e$ y straight
lines6lines6
eg%lar )olygon has e%al si$es an$ angle'eg%lar )olygon has e%al si$es an$ angle' eg%lar )olygon can e inscrie$ in oreg%lar )olygon can e inscrie$ in or
circ%mscrie$ aro%n$ a circlecirc%mscrie$ aro%n$ a circle
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 88/146
)lanes
%a$rilateral an$ polygons%a$rilateral an$ polygons
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 89/146
)lanes
(ircles an$ &rcs(ircles an$ &rcs* Minor arcMinor arc
* Ma!or arcMa!or arc
* (entral angle(entral angle
* 5ector 5ector
* %a$rant%a$rant
* 5egment5egment* ,angent,angent
* (enter (enter
* (irc%m"erence(irc%m"erence
* a$i%sa$i%s
* (hor$(hor$
* Diameter Diameter
* 5ecant5ecant* &rc&rc
* 5emicircle5emicircle
l
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 90/146
)lanes
(ircle: is a close$(ircle: is a close$
c%rve' all points o"c%rve' all points o"
which are the samewhich are the same
$istance "rom a point$istance "rom a point
calle$ the center calle$ the center
(irc%m"erence is(irc%m"erence is
re"erre$ to the circlere"erre$ to the circleor to the $istanceor to the $istance
aro%n$ the circaro%n$ the circ
l
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 91/146
)lanes
(ircles an$ &rcs(ircles an$ &rcs
* a$i%s -.a$i%s -.
* Diameter -D.Diameter -D.
* &ngle -1 rev R 0&ngle -1 rev R 0oo 0H 0.0H 0.
* (irc%m"erence -2S611FS.(irc%m"erence -2S611FS.
* ,angent,angent
* (hor$(hor$ & line perpen$ic%lar to the mi$point o" a chor$ passes& line perpen$ic%lar to the mi$point o" a chor$ passes
thro%gh the center o" the circlethro%gh the center o" the circle
*(oncentric circles(oncentric circles
DD
44
θθ
)l
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 92/146
)lanes
+nscrie$ polygonA: &:>/&8 %-9: 3: 8:>0/=08 - 808/;&:&:9 0<8
:=;8/ . >&8> 3: 0<8&>03:8 3/>> 0<8 /:8/>?
>&8 %-9:
C&/%8 &3;808/ &>03:8 3/>>/:8/>
E)3;%8There are 360° in a circle; for an eight-sided polygon
divide 360° by 8 (360
° ÷ 8=45
° ) to deterine the
C::80 /3&3% %&:8> (<8/8 0<8 8:>&:08/>80 0<8 &/=;.8/8:8
)l
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 93/146
)lanes
(irc%mscrie$ )olygon
A &/=;>/&8 %-9: 3:8 :>0/=08 - 808/;&:&:9
0<8 :=;8/ . >&8> 3: 0<8&>03:8 3/>> 0<8 30>?
>&8 %-9:
C&/%8 &3;808/ &>03:8 3/>>0<8 30>
E)3;%8There are 360° in a circle; for an eight-sided polygon
divide 360° by 8 (360° ÷ 8=45 ° ) to deterine the
C::80 /3&3% %&:8> - /3(&:9 %&:8>89;8:0> 03:98:0 0 3/ >89;8:0>
)l
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 94/146
)lanes
)arallelograms)arallelograms
* si$es si$es
* Opposite si$es are parallelOpposite si$es are parallel
* E#6 s%are' rectangle' an$ rhom%sE#6 s%are' rectangle' an$ rhom%s eg%lar polygonseg%lar polygons
* &ll si$es have e%al length&ll si$es have e%al length si$es: e%ilateral triangle si$es: e%ilateral triangle
si$es: s%are si$es: s%are F si$es: pentagonF si$es: pentagon
* (irc%mscrie$ or inscrie$(irc%mscrie$ or inscrie$
5 li$
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 95/146
5oli$s
* ,hree $imensional,hree $imensional
* ,hey have a vol%me,hey have a vol%me
* eg%lar polyhe$raleg%lar polyhe$ral
;ave reg%lar polygons;ave reg%lar polygons"or "aces"or "aces
&ll "aces are the same&ll "aces are the same
)risms)risms
* ,wo e%al parallel,wo e%al parallel
"aces"aces
* 5i$es are5i$es are
parallelograms parallelograms
)yrami$s)yrami$s
* (ommon intersection(ommon intersection
point -verte#. point -verte#.
(ones(ones
(ylin$ers(ylin$ers
5pheres5pheres
G t i t ti li$
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 96/146
Geometric constr%ctionsoli$s
)olyhe$ral: soli$s o%n$e$ y plane s%r"aces)olyhe$ral: soli$s o%n$e$ y plane s%r"aces
* ,hese s%r"aces are calle$ "ace,hese s%r"aces are calle$ "ace
* eg%lar )olyhe$ral: a soli$ with "aces e%al a reg%lar polygoneg%lar )olyhe$ral: a soli$ with "aces e%al a reg%lar polygon
G t i ( t i t
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 97/146
Geometric (onstraints
7hen maing soli$ mo$els' constraints are7hen maing soli$ mo$els' constraints are
necessary to pro$%ce parts o" e#act shapesnecessary to pro$%ce parts o" e#act shapes
an$ si4es6 ,o mae a part parametric it isan$ si4es6 ,o mae a part parametric it isnecessary to %se as many geometricnecessary to %se as many geometric
constraints as possile6 ,he ne#t set o"constraints as possile6 ,he ne#t set o"
sli$es will show what that geometry is6sli$es will show what that geometry is6
G t i ( t i t
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 98/146
Geometric (onstraints
Parallel L&:8> 0<30 3/8 8=3% &>03:8./;83< 0<8/ 30 83< &:0 3%:9 0<8&/
%8:90<? T<8>8 0( %&:8> 3/8 3/3%%8%? T<8 %&:8> 3/83%> /8/8>8:0&:9 0<8 >-;% ./ 3/3%%8%?
Perpendicular L&:8> 0<30 3/8 !" ./; :8 3:0<
T<8>8 0( %&:8> 3/8 8/8:&=%3/ 3:/8/8>8:0 0<8 >-;% ./ 8/8:&=%3/?
G t i ( t i t
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 99/146
Geometric (onstraints
;ori4ontal & line is hori4ontal when it is;ori4ontal & line is hori4ontal when it is
parallel to the hori4on6 +n soli$ mo$eling' parallel to the hori4on6 +n soli$ mo$eling'
the line is also parallel in the hori4ontalthe line is also parallel in the hori4ontal pro!ection plane an$ will appear tr%e length6 pro!ection plane an$ will appear tr%e length6
@ertical & line is vertical when it is@ertical & line is vertical when it is
perpen$ic%lar to the hori4on6 ,his line will perpen$ic%lar to the hori4on6 ,his line will e parallel to the "ront an$ pro"ile pro!ection e parallel to the "ront an$ pro"ile pro!ection
planes6 planes6
G t i ( t i t
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 100/146
Geometric (onstraints
,angent & line or arc that has one point in common with,angent & line or arc that has one point in common withan arc6 +" a line is tangent with a circle the line will ean arc6 +" a line is tangent with a circle the line will e
perpen$ic%lar with a line $rawn "rom the point o" tangency perpen$ic%lar with a line $rawn "rom the point o" tangencythro%gh the center point o" the arc6 +" two arcs are tangentthro%gh the center point o" the arc6 +" two arcs are tangent-3ig%re B.' a line $rawn etween the centers will intersect-3ig%re B.' a line $rawn etween the centers will intersectat the point o" tangency6at the point o" tangency6
G t i ( t i t
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 101/146
Geometric (onstraints
Concentric C&/%8> / 3/> 0<30 ><3/8 0<8 >3;8 8&:0?
T<8>8 &/%8> 3: 0<8 3/> ><3/8 0<8 >38:08/ &:0?
Coincident P&:0> 0<30 ><3/8 0<8 >3;8 %30&:: 0<8 /&:308 %3:8? P&:0> ;3- 3%> 8 3/0>. 3/> / =/'8>?
G t i ( t i t
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 102/146
Geometric (onstraints
Collinear L&:8> 0<30 &. /,808 30 83< 0<8/ (&%%8;8 0<8 >3;8 %&:8?
C%%&:83/ %&:8>
Coplanar T( / ;/8 ,80> 0<30 >&0 &: 0<8 >3;8%3:8?
Fixed Point A &:0 0<30 <3> 88: ./8 0 >03- &:
:8 %30&: &: >38?
Equal T( / ;/8 %&:8> 3/> / &/%8> 0<30 3/8 9&'0<8 >3;8 ;39:&0=8?
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 103/146
Geometric constr%ction
Bisecting a line orBisecting a line orcirc%lar arccirc%lar arc
*3rom & B $raw3rom & B $rawe%al arcs withe%al arcs withra$i%s greater thanra$i%s greater thanhal" &Bhal" &B
* 6 Toin intersection D6 Toin intersection D E with a straight E with a straight
line to locate center line to locate center
G t i t ti
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 104/146
Geometric constr%ction
Bisecting a line with a triangle ,5%areBisecting a line with a triangle ,5%are
* 3rom en$points & B' $raw constr%ction lines at3rom en$points & B' $raw constr%ction lines at0' F' or 0 $egrees with the given line60' F' or 0 $egrees with the given line6
* ,hen thro%gh their intersection' (' $raw a line,hen thro%gh their intersection' (' $raw a line perpen$ic%lar to the given line to locate the center perpen$ic%lar to the given line to locate the center((
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 105/146
Geometric constr%ction
Bisecting an angle
&ngle B&( is to e isecte$:
* 5trie large arc * 3rom intersect points (
B' strie e%al arcs r with ra$i%s slightlylarger than hal" B(' tointersect at D
* Draw line &D' which isect the angle
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 106/146
Geometric constr%ction
,rans"erring an angle
&ngle B&( is to e trans"erre$ to the new position &H BH:* >se any convenient ra$i%s ' an$ strie arcs "rom centers & an$ &H
* 5trie e%al arcs r' an$ $raw si$e &H(H
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 107/146
Geometric constr%ction
Drawing a line thro%gh a point an$ parallel to aline
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 108/146
Geometric constr%ction
Drawing a line parallel to a line an$ at a $istance
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 109/146
Geometric constr%ction
Divi$ing a line into e%al parts
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 110/146
Geometric constr%ction
Divi$ing a
line into
e%al parts
contin%e$
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 111/146
Geometric constr%ction
Divi$ing a line into proportional parts
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 112/146
Geometric constr%ction
Drawing a line thro%gh a point an$
perpen$ic%lar to a line* 7hen the point is not on the line
* 7hen the point is on the line
* 3ig%re c' $' an$ eAsel" rea$
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 113/146
Geometric constr%ction
Drawing a triangle with si$es given* Draw one si$e' as (' in $esire$ position' an$ strie arc
with ra$i%s e%al to si$e &
* 5trie arc with ra$i%s e%al to si$e B* Draw si$e & an$ B "rom intersection o" arcs' as shown in
+++
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 114/146
Geometric constr%ction
Drawing a right trianglewith hypoten%se an$one si$e given* Given si$es 5 an$ '
with &B as a $iametere%al to 5' $raw asemicircle
* 7ith & as a center an$ as a ra$i%s' $raw an arc
intersecting thesemicircle at (
* Draw &( an$ (B tocomplete the righttriangle
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 115/146
Geometric constr%ction
Drawing an e%ilateral triangle
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 116/146
Geometric constr%ction
Drawing a s%areDrawing a s%are
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 117/146
Geometric constr%ction
Drawing a reg%lar pentagonDrawing a reg%lar pentagon
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 118/146
Geometric constr%ction
Drawing a reg%lar he#agonDrawing a reg%lar he#agon
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 119/146
Geometric constr%ction
Drawing a reg%larDrawing a reg%lar
he#agonhe#agon
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 120/146
Geometric constr%ction
Drawing any reg%lar polygonDrawing any reg%lar polygon
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 121/146
Geometric constr%ction
Drawing a circle tangent to a line at a given point* &t )' erect a perpen$ic%lar to the line
* 5et o"" the ra$i%s o" the re%ire$ circle on the perpen$ic%lar
* Draw a circle with ra$i%s ()
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 122/146
Geometric constr%ction
Drawing a tangent to a circle thro%gh a point* Given point ) on the circle
* Move the ,s%are an$ triangle as a %nit %ntil one si$e o" thetriangle passes thro%gh the point ) an$ the center o" the circle
* ,hen sli$e the triangle %ntil the other si$e passes thro%gh point)' an$ $raw the re%ire$ tangent
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 123/146
Geometric constr%ction
Drawing tangents to two circles* Move the triangle an$ ,s%are as a %nit %ntil one
si$e o" the triangle is tangent' y inspection' to thetwo circles6
* ,hen sli$e the triangle %ntil the other si$e passesthro%gh the center o" one circle' an$ lightly marthe point o" tangency6
* ,hen sli$e the triangle %ntil the sli$e passes thro%ghthe center o" the other circle' an$ mar the point o"tangency6
* 3inally' sli$e the triangle ac to the tangent position' an$ $raw the tangent lines etween the two points o" tangency6 Draw the secon$ tangent line ina similar manner
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 124/146
Geometric constr%ction
Drawing tangents to two circles
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 125/146
Geometric constr%ction
(onstr%cting arcs tangent to two lines
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 126/146
Geometric constr%ction
(onstr%cting an arc tangent to a line an$ anotherarc
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 127/146
Geometric constr%ction
(onstr%ctingan arc tangentto two givenarcs
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 128/146
Geometric constr%ction
(onstr%cting an arc tangent to a given arc
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 129/146
Geometric constr%ction
(onic 5ections: are c%rves pro$%ce$ y
planes intersecting a right circ%lar cone
types o" c%rves are pro$%ce$: circle'ellipse' paraola' hyperola
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 130/146
Geometric constr%ction
Ellipse: 5inglec%rve$s%r"ace primitive Kcreate$ when a plan
passes thro%gh a rightcirc%lar cone at anangle to the a#is that isgreater than the angle
etween the a#is an$the si$es -a circle whenviewe$ at an angleappears as an ellipse.
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 131/146
Geometric constr%ction
&n ellipse
* ,he long a#is is the ma!or a#is the short a#is is the
minor a#is
* Each ellipse has two 3O(+ points -E 3.
* ,he "oci points are "o%n$ y striing arcs with ra$i%s
e%al to hal" the ma!or a#is with center at the en$ o"
the minor a#is -point ( or D.
* &n ellipse is generate$ y a point moving so that thes%m o" its $istances "rom two points -the "oci. is
constant an$ e%al to the ma!or a#is
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 132/146
Geometric constr%ction
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 133/146
Geometric constr%ction
(onstr%cting a 3oci
Ellipse
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 134/146
Geo et c co st %ct o
(onstr%cting "oci ellipse(onstr%cting "oci ellipse
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 135/146
(onstr%cting concentric circle ellipse(onstr%cting concentric circle ellipse
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 136/146
(onstr%cting "o%r centere$ metho$ ellipse(onstr%cting "o%r centere$ metho$ ellipse
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 137/146
)araola: (%rve
create$ when a
plane intersects aright circ%lar cone
parallel to the si$e
-elements. o" the
cone
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 138/146
Engineering Applications
o* +ara&olas
+arallelogram
,ethod o*
)ra$ing
+ara&olas
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 139/146
(onstr%cting a(onstr%cting a
paraola paraola
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 140/146
(onstr%cting a paraola(onstr%cting a paraola
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 141/146
;yperola: (%rve
o" the intersection
create$ when a
plane intersects a
right circ%lar cone
an$ maes a smaller
anglewith the a#is than
$o the elements
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 142/146
;yperola;yperola
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 143/146
(onstr%cting a hyperola(onstr%cting a hyperola
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 144/146
(onstr%cting invol%tes o" a circle(onstr%cting invol%tes o" a circle
Geometric constr%ction
7/17/2019 ch01.ppt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch01ppt-568dadc4986d1 145/146
(onstr%cting a spiral(onstr%cting a spiral
* & singlec%rve$ s%r"ace that egins at a point calle$ a pole an$& singlec%rve$ s%r"ace that egins at a point calle$ a pole an$
ecomes larger as it travels in a plane aro%n$ the origin ecomes larger as it travels in a plane aro%n$ the origin