ch01 history of pharmacy
TRANSCRIPT
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and PracticesMike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
The Pharmacy TechnicianFOUNDATIONS AND PRACTICES
Chapter 1History of Pharmacy Practice
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and PracticesMike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Figure 1.2Ancient humans and medicine.
(Used with permission of Pfizer, Inc. Images by Robert Thom. All rights reserved.)
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and PracticesMike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Ancient Mesopotamia
•Earliest known record of apothecary practice, approximately 2,600 BCE
•Healers combined roles of priest, pharmacist, and physician
•Clay tablets recorded symptoms of illness, prescriptions, and instructions for compounding remedies
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and PracticesMike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Ancient China
•Legendary Emperor Shen Nung researched the medicinal value of herbs, testing many of them on himself, approximately 2,000 BCE
•Shen Nung wrote the first Pen T-Sao, or native herbal, recording 365 drugs
•In modern times, Shen Nung is still worshipped as the patron god of Chinese drug guilds
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and PracticesMike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Ancient Egypt
•Two classifications of workers: echelons and chiefs of fabrication
•Echelons were gatherers and preparers of drugs, similar to modern pharmacy technicians
•Chiefs of fabrication were the head pharmacists
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The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and PracticesMike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Papyrus Ebers
•Most important ancient pharmaceutical record
• Written in 1,500 BCE•A collection of 800 prescriptions;
specifically mentions 700 unique drugs
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and PracticesMike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Ancient India
•The Charaka Samhita recorded more than 2,000 drugs
•Written as early as 1,000 BCE•Meaning “compendium of wandering
physicians,” the Charaka Samhita was the work of multiple authors
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The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and PracticesMike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Ancient Greece
•Terra Sigilata, or "sealed earth", was the first therapeutic agent to bear a trademark
•Originated in Greece before 500 BCE•Composed of sacred clay that was
blessed, refined, shaped into uniform tablets, impressed with an official seal, sun-dried, and then distributed commercially
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The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and PracticesMike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Theophrastus
•One of the greatest early Greek philosophers and natural scientists
•Observed and wrote extensively on the medicinal qualities of herbs
•Known as the father of botany•His unusually accurate observations and
writings date to about 300 BCE
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The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and PracticesMike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Use slide of Figure 1.3, “Hippocrates of Cos,” from the textbook
Figure 1.3Hippocrates of Cos.
(Stock Montage/Hulton Archive/Getty Images.)
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The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and PracticesMike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Hippocrates
•Greek physician who lived between 460 BCE and 377 BCE
•Known as the father of medicine•Commonly regarded as one of the most
notable figures in medicine of all time•Rejected the widely held views that illness
was connected to mystic or demonic forces and positioned medicine as a branch of science
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and PracticesMike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Hippocrates (cont.)
•Published more than 70 writings related to the practice of medicine and apothecary
•Hippocratic Oath: physicians pledge to “do no harm”
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The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and PracticesMike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Theory of Humors
•Connects personal health to harmony among four bodily fluids, known as humors
•Each humor also related to a mood or personality characteristic– Blood (happiness)– Phlegm (lethargy)– Yellow bile (irritability)– Dark or “black” bile (melancholy)
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The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and PracticesMike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Ancient Rome
•Mithridates VI developed poisons, preventives, and treatments around 100 BCE
•Used himself and prisoners as subjects on which to test poisons and antidotes
•During the first century CE, Pedanios Dioscorides wrote De Materia Medica, which was used by medical professionals as late as the sixteenth century
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The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and PracticesMike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Galen
•Practiced and taught both pharmacy and medicine during 130–200 CE
•His principles of preparing and compounding medicines reigned in the Western world for 1,500 years
•His name still is associated with the class of pharmaceuticals compounded by mechanical means: galenicals
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and PracticesMike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Use slide of Figure 1.4, “The first apothecaries,” from the textbook
Figure 1.4The first apothecaries.
(Used with permission of Pfizer, Inc. Images by Robert Thom. All rights reserved.)
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and PracticesMike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Development of the Apothecary
•In 8th century, Arab practitioners separated the arts of the apothecary and physician
•The first apothecaries, or privately owned drug stores, appeared in Baghdad
•Arab apothecaries developed new medicines
•Traveling Muslims brought the new system of pharmacy to Europe and Africa
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and PracticesMike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Use slide of Figure 1.5, “The first pharmacopoeia,” from the textbook
Figure 1.5The first pharmacopoeia.
(Used with permission of Pfizer, Inc. Images by Robert Thom. All rights reserved.)
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and PracticesMike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Development of the Pharmacopeia
•The first pharmacopeia, the Nuovo Receptario, was published in Florence, Italy, in 1498
•One of the earliest constructive collaborations between the Guild of Apothecaries and the Medical Society
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The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and PracticesMike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
The First Anglo-Saxon Organization for Pharmacists
•The Guild of Grocers monopolized trade in drugs and spices
•In 1617, King James I formed a separate company for apothecaries
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The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and PracticesMike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
The First Apothecary in the American Colonies
•Apothecaries from Europe were largely unwilling to emigrate to the American colonies
•John Winthrop, first Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony and founder of Boston, sought advice from English apothecaries and physicians
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The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and PracticesMike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
The First Apothecary in the American Colonies (cont.)
•In 1640, Winthrop began selling imported European medicines and medicines derived from native New England plants
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The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and PracticesMike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
The 18th Century
•America’s first female pharmacist, Elizabeth Marshall
•America’s first hospital, Philadelphia, 1751– Founded by Benjamin Franklin– The hospital’s pharmacy began operations in
1752
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The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and PracticesMike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
The 18th Century (cont.)
•John Morgan, pharmacist and physician– Advocated written prescriptions– Advocated for the independent practice of the
two professions
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The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and PracticesMike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
The 18th Century (cont.)
•America’s first Apothecary General, Andrew Craigie– Duties included procurement, storage,
manufacture, and distribution of the Army's drugs
– Also developed an early pharmaceutical wholesaling and manufacturing business
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and PracticesMike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
The 19th century
•America’s first college of pharmacy, the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy
•The American Pharmaceutical Association– Founded to meet the needs for better
intercommunication among pharmacists– Set standards for education and
apprenticeship– Began quality control over imported drugs
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and PracticesMike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Use slide of Figure 1.6, “The father of American pharmacy, William Procter, Jr.,” from textbook
Figure 1.6The father of American pharmacy, William Procter, Jr.
(Used with permission of Pfizer, Inc. Images by Robert Thom. All rights reserved.)
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and PracticesMike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
The 19th century (cont.)
•The father of American pharmacy, William Procter, Jr.– Graduated from the Philadelphia College of
Pharmacy in 1837– Operated a retail pharmacy– Served as professor of pharmacy for 20 years– Was a leader in founding the American
Pharmaceutical Association– Editor of the American Journal of Pharmacy for
22 years
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and PracticesMike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
The 19th century (cont.)
•The United States Pharmacopoeia– Published in 1820– First book of drug standards to achieve
national acceptance
•The father of modern genetics, Gregor Mendel
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The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and PracticesMike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
The 20th century
•The American Council on Pharmaceutical Education– Founded in 1932 to establish standards for
pharmacy education– Initially established standards for
baccalaureate degree in pharmacy; added the doctor of pharmacy standards as an alternative
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and PracticesMike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Evolution of the Pharmacist’s Role
•The traditional era (1900–1930): formulating and dispensing drugs derived from natural sources
•The scientific era (1930–1960): development of new drugs; scientific testing; mass production of synthetic drugs and antibiotics
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and PracticesMike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Evolution of the Pharmacist’s Role (cont.)
•The Clinical Era (1960–1990): pharmacists expected to dispense drug information, warnings, advice, and suggestions to patients
•The Pharmaceutical Care Era (current era): practice of pharmacy focused on ensuring positive outcomes for drug-related therapies
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and PracticesMike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Biotechnology
•Drugs are produced using living organisms such as yeast, bacteria, or mammalian cells
•The majority are manufactured through recombinant DNA technology– A human gene capable of triggering specific
protein production is inserted into a living organism and cultured in a laboratory
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and PracticesMike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Biotechnology (cont.)
•The majority are manufactured through recombinant DNA technology– The organism incorporates the gene into its
cell structure, and begins producing the desired protein (drug)
•The majority of drugs being so developed are tested for use in the treatment of cancer or cancer-related conditions
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and PracticesMike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Use slide of Figure 1.7, “DNA and pharmacogenomics: The future of pharmacy,”
from the textbook
Figure 1.7DNA and pharmacogenomics: The future of pharmacy.
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and PracticesMike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Pharmacogenomics
•Predicts whether a patient will have a severe, negative reaction to a prescribed medication
•Simple, rapid DNA test used•May aid in selection of better medications
for patient•Still in development