ch 9 the americas: a separate world 40,000 bc – ad 700

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Ch 9 The Americas: A Separate World 40,000 BC – AD 700

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Page 1: Ch 9 The Americas: A Separate World 40,000 BC – AD 700

Ch 9 The Americas: A Separate World

40,000 BC – AD 700

Page 2: Ch 9 The Americas: A Separate World 40,000 BC – AD 700

How did the first people come to North America?

Page 3: Ch 9 The Americas: A Separate World 40,000 BC – AD 700

Land Bridge

• Today the Americas are isolated from the rest of the world by vast oceans

• Thousands of years ago the Americas were connected to Asia by a land bridge

• Beringia- land bridge between Asia and the Americas

Page 4: Ch 9 The Americas: A Separate World 40,000 BC – AD 700

Peopling the Americas

• The first Americans arrived sometime toward the end of the last Ice Age, which lasted from roughly 1.9 million to about 10000 BC.

• Huge ice sheets covered large portions of North America

• The buildup of glaciers locked up huge amounts of earth’s water

• The lowered sea levels created a land corridor between Asia and Alaska

Page 5: Ch 9 The Americas: A Separate World 40,000 BC – AD 700
Page 6: Ch 9 The Americas: A Separate World 40,000 BC – AD 700
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When did the first Americans arrive?

• Humans are believed to have arrived in the Americas between 40,000 BC and 10,000 BC

• Arrowheads discovered in Clovis, New Mexico date back to 9500 BC

• A recent discovery in Monte Verde, Chile provides evidence of human life dating back to 10,500 BC

• A skull found in Mexico City has been dated to 11,000 BC and is believed to be related to the Ainu people of Japan

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Hunters and Gatherers

• The first Americans likely migrated across the Beringia land bridge following herds of animals, including the mammoth

• Mammoth were the most challenging and rewarding prey

• Weighing more than 7 tons, they provided meat, bones, and hide for clothes, food, shelters, and tools

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Following the Game

• Eventually large animals like the mammoth were overhunted and became extinct

• Hunters had to turn to smaller game like deer and rabbits

• Because they were hunters they had to move regularly to follow their food source

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End of the Land Bridge

• With the end of the Ice Age around 12,000 to 10,000 years ago sea levels rose and the land bridge was gone

Page 20: Ch 9 The Americas: A Separate World 40,000 BC – AD 700

Agriculture

• Gradually, early Americans became more familiar with plant foods and began to experiment with simple farming methods

• By 5000 BC, many farmers began to grow plants from seeds such as avocados, squash, gourds, beans and chiles

• By 3400 BC, maize, or corn, became the most important crop

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Farming Brings Great Change

• The cultivation of corn and other crops provided a more reliable and expanding food supply

• This encouraged population growth and the establishment of large settled communities

• As farming became more productive people began to turn to more nonagricultural pursuits such as art, crafts, and building trades

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More Changes

• Differences between social classes emerged

• Society became more complex

Page 23: Ch 9 The Americas: A Separate World 40,000 BC – AD 700

Early Mesoamerican Civilizations

Sec 2

Page 24: Ch 9 The Americas: A Separate World 40,000 BC – AD 700

Mesoamerica

• Mesoamerica- area stretching from central Mexico to northern Honduras, where the first complex societies in the Americas arose

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Page 26: Ch 9 The Americas: A Separate World 40,000 BC – AD 700

Olmec Society

• Olmec- first known civilization builders in Mesoamerica that began creating a society around 1200 BC

• The Olmec culture thrived from around 800-400 BC and lived along the Gulf Coast of Mexico

Page 27: Ch 9 The Americas: A Separate World 40,000 BC – AD 700
Page 28: Ch 9 The Americas: A Separate World 40,000 BC – AD 700

Gulf Coast Geography

• The Gulf Coast is hot and humid and covered with swamps and jungle

• In some places, giant trees form a thick cover that prevents sunlight from reaching the ground

• Up to 100 inches of rain fell every year causing severe flooding

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What are the advantages of living there?

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Environmental Advantages

• Abundant deposits of salt and tar

• Fine clay for making pottery

• Abundance of wood and rubber

• Stone found in the hills to the north

• Rivers provided transportation

• Flood plains provided fertile soil

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Page 33: Ch 9 The Americas: A Separate World 40,000 BC – AD 700

Olmec Society

• Archeologists have discovered earthen mounds, courtyards and pyramids

• Among the earthworks were large stone monuments that included columns, altars and colossal sculpted heads

• Most of all, they probably worshipped a jaguar spirit

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What do those things tell you about Olmec society?

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Trade and Commerce

• The Olmec appear to have been a prosperous people with a trading network throughout Mesoamerica

• Helped to boost their economy and spread Olmec influence

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Decline of the Olmec

• Nobody is sure

• Possibly outside invaders

• May have destroyed own monuments after death of leaders

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Zapotec Civilization

• Zapotec- advanced society that developed in southwestern Mexico after the decline of the Olmec

• Oaxaca is rugged region of mountains and valleys in southern Mexico that has fertile soil, mild climate, and plentiful rainfall

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Monte Alban

• Monte Alban- first real urban center in the Americas that at its peak was home to 25,000 people

• Characterized by a giant plaza paved with stones, towering pyramids, temples and palaces

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Early Mesoamericans Legacy

• The Olmec were an influence to many later civilizations, particularly the Maya

• Olmec art styles can be seen in later civilization especially the jaguar

• The Olmec also left the notion of planned ceremonial centers, ritual ball games, and an elite ruling class

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Zapotec Contributions

• The Zapotec legacy includes a system of writing, calendar system based on the sun, and the first city

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Early Civilizations of the Andes

Sec 3

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The Andes

• The Andes Mountains are the second highest mountain range in the world and stretch about 4,500 miles down the western edge of South America

• The mountains are steep, rocky, and have poor soil

• Hot and dry during the day and freezing during the night

Page 54: Ch 9 The Americas: A Separate World 40,000 BC – AD 700
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First Inhabitants

• Between 3600 and 2500 BC people began to establish villages on the Pacific coast

• The first inhabitants were hunter-gatherers who relied on seafood and small game for survival

• Around 3000 BC, they began to farm

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Chavin Period

• Chavin- first influential civilization in South America that flourished from 900 to 200 BC

• Chavin de Huantar- major ruin featuring pyramids, plazas, and massive earthen mounds

• Archeologists have found no evidence of political or economic organization so they conclude that the Chavin were primarily a religious civilization

• Chavins are considered the mother culture of Peru

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Nazca

• The Nazca flourished along the southern coast of Peru from around 200 BC to AD 600

• They created an extensive irrigation system that included underground canals that let them farm the dry climate

• They are most famously known for the Nazca Lines

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Moche

• The Moche culture lived on the northern coast of Peru from around AD 100 to AD 700

• Their achievements include an extensive irrigation system

• Although the Moche did not have written language much is known about their civilization through the pottery they left behind

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