Ch. 9 MemoryCh. 9 Memory

Mr. McElhaneyMr. McElhaney

PLHSPLHS

Remembering is an Active Remembering is an Active ProcessProcess

Memories can be lost and revisedMemories can be lost and revised Types of MemoryTypes of Memory

– Short Term MemoryShort Term Memory– Long Term MemoryLong Term Memory

Info that appears to be lost may still be in Info that appears to be lost may still be in memorymemory

Problems with memory:Problems with memory:– Forgetting and storage issuesForgetting and storage issues

Recovered memories are problematicRecovered memories are problematic Strategies such as Mnemonics can Strategies such as Mnemonics can

improve memoryimprove memory

BasicsBasics

Definition- Memory is an active Definition- Memory is an active system that receives, stores and system that receives, stores and organizes, alters, and recovers organizes, alters, and recovers informationinformation

Encoding- info is changed into usable Encoding- info is changed into usable and storable formand storable form

Encoding-Storage-RetrievalEncoding-Storage-Retrieval

3 Part System Memory3 Part System Memory

SensorySensory STM (Working)STM (Working) LTM LTM

Sensory MemorySensory Memory

New info is perceived through the New info is perceived through the sensessenses

Info is held exactly as perceived for a Info is held exactly as perceived for a few seconds (few seconds (TransducedTransduced))

Preceding short term MemoryPreceding short term Memory

All of the Senses:All of the Senses:

Use Use Transduction:Transduction:– The process of changing energy The process of changing energy

(stimulus) to a form that can be (stimulus) to a form that can be processed by the nervous system-processed by the nervous system-

– For example- light to a form that can be For example- light to a form that can be recognized by the retina.recognized by the retina.

Dual System in MemoryDual System in Memory

Short Term MemoryShort Term Memory Long Term MemoryLong Term Memory

Small desk and file cabinet Small desk and file cabinet conceptconcept

STM

Meaningful info storedMeaningful info storedMeaningful info storedMeaningful info storedMeaningful info stored

Meaningful info storedMeaningful info storedMeaningful info storedMeaningful info storedMeaningful info stored

Fig. 9.2 Remembering is thought to involve at least three steps. Incoming information is first held for a second or two by sensory memory. Information selected by attention is then transferred to temporary storage in short-term memory. If new information is not rapidly encoded, or rehearsed, it is forgotten. If it is transferred to long-term memory, it becomes relatively permanent, although retrieving it may be a problem. The preceding is a useful model of memory; it may not be literally true of what happens in the brain (Eysenck & Keane, 1995).

Short Term Memory 1Short Term Memory 1

Is working memoryIs working memory Includes Includes Selective attentionSelective attention Holds small amounts of info for a Holds small amounts of info for a

brief timebrief time Encoding in STM- Encoding in STM-

– memories are stored by imagesmemories are stored by images– And phonetically- by sound, words and And phonetically- by sound, words and

lettersletters

Short Term Memory 2Short Term Memory 2

Storehouse for small amounts of infoStorehouse for small amounts of info Phone numbers/shopping listsPhone numbers/shopping lists

Working memory holds info while Working memory holds info while other activities are taking place.other activities are taking place.

Is Is sensitive to interruptionsensitive to interruption + + interferenceinterference

Processing info helps Processing info helps MemoryMemory

Connecting to LTMConnecting to LTM ChunkingChunking RehearsalRehearsal Elaborative RehearsalElaborative Rehearsal

Short Term Memory 3Short Term Memory 3

Limited size = 7 “slots”/Information Limited size = 7 “slots”/Information bitsbits

Good mem = 9 bitsGood mem = 9 bits RecodingRecoding= reorganizing information= reorganizing information ChunkingChunking = form of recoding, creating = form of recoding, creating

connections/groups between info connections/groups between info Rehearsal-Rehearsal- repeating info increases repeating info increases

STM and can lead to transfer to LTMSTM and can lead to transfer to LTM

Elaborate RehearsalElaborate Rehearsal – –

Linking new info to memories in LTM Linking new info to memories in LTM will improve memorywill improve memory

Elaborate = extend, think about info Elaborate = extend, think about info as you studyas you study

Ask yourself “why” why would that Ask yourself “why” why would that be true?be true?

Try to relate new ideas to your own Try to relate new ideas to your own experiences and knowledgeexperiences and knowledge

Long Term MemoryLong Term Memory Found in theFound in the Cortex of Brain Cortex of Brain Hippocampus Hippocampus clearly associated with clearly associated with

memory (see brain map of memory)memory (see brain map of memory) permanent storehousepermanent storehouse for Memory for Memory Everything you knowEverything you know goes into LTM goes into LTM

Important + Important + Meaningful infoMeaningful info gets gets transferred to LTMtransferred to LTM

The The more you know the easier it is to add more you know the easier it is to add memorymemory

Long Term MemoryLong Term Memory EncodingEncoding = storage (LTM) stored based on = storage (LTM) stored based on

meaningmeaning Recoding/reorganizing/revision is present in Recoding/reorganizing/revision is present in

LTMLTM example- Chunking can/will work in LTMexample- Chunking can/will work in LTM Constructive ProcessingConstructive Processing = updating memory = updating memory

– Fills in the Fills in the gaps of memory with logical gaps of memory with logical conclusionsconclusions or extensions, or inferences or extensions, or inferences

– ((Pseudo MemoriesPseudo Memories are false memories) are false memories)– Relates to how we can sometimes not know the Relates to how we can sometimes not know the

source of some memoriessource of some memories

Organization of Info in LTMOrganization of Info in LTM

Patterns of AssociationPatterns of Association = memory = memory structurestructure

Examples: rules, images, symbols, Examples: rules, images, symbols, similarities, formal meaning, personal similarities, formal meaning, personal meaningmeaning

Network ModelNetwork Model (or schema) (or schema)– Associations of new of linked ideasAssociations of new of linked ideas– We make organization based on linked We make organization based on linked

meaningsmeanings

Memory AidsMemory Aids

Chunking infoChunking info= try to link 2-3 or = try to link 2-3 or more facts into larger chinks and more facts into larger chinks and your memory will improveyour memory will improve

Key to memory is to find meaningKey to memory is to find meaning Always think about how you feel Always think about how you feel

about thingsabout things

Fig. 9.7 Fig. 9.7 In the model shown here, long-term memory is divided into In the model shown here, long-term memory is divided into procedural memory (learned actions and skills) and declarative procedural memory (learned actions and skills) and declarative memory (stored facts). Declarative memories can be either semantic memory (stored facts). Declarative memories can be either semantic (impersonal knowledge) or episodic (personal experiences associated (impersonal knowledge) or episodic (personal experiences associated with specific times and places).with specific times and places).

Types of LTM = skill and Types of LTM = skill and factfact

Procedural- Procedural- SkillSkill Conditioned Conditioned

ResponseResponse Learned ActionsLearned Actions AutomaticAutomatic Lower brain-Lower brain-

cerebellumcerebellum Typing and Driving Typing and Driving

ActionsActions

Types of MemoryTypes of Memory

Episodic MemoryEpisodic Memory= = experiencesexperiences

AutobiographicAutobiographic

– When we access we When we access we re-experiencere-experience

Most easily Most easily forgotten LTMforgotten LTM

Declarative-Declarative- Facts Facts Names, faces, Names, faces,

dates, words, ideasdates, words, ideas Expressed in words Expressed in words

and symbolsand symbols Semantic MemorySemantic Memory Encyclopedia of Encyclopedia of

basic knowledgebasic knowledge You don’t forgetYou don’t forget

Memory FormationMemory Formation

Consolidation-Consolidation- the forming of LTM the forming of LTM memorymemory

Takes Takes time to movetime to move info from STM to info from STM to LTMLTM

MeaningMeaning is key is key

Re-dintegrativeRe-dintegrative Memories Memories

Memories in LTMMemories in LTM Can be triggered by cuesCan be triggered by cues Cues (associations/clues) always Cues (associations/clues) always

enhance memories enhance memories TriggeredTriggered memoriesmemories are cues to are cues to

other connected memories other connected memories Pictures, smells, songs, soundsPictures, smells, songs, sounds

Cue-Dependent ForgettingCue-Dependent Forgetting

Stimuli associated with memory are Stimuli associated with memory are missingmissing

Memory Tasks- LTMMemory Tasks- LTMRecallRecallDirect Direct Retrieval of Retrieval of InfoInfoWho-WhatWho-WhatFactsFacts

RecognitionRecognitionPrevious Previous learned info is learned info is correctly correctly identifiedidentifiedMC testsMC testsAccurate for Accurate for visualsvisuals

RelearningRelearningReviewing Reviewing previously previously exposed exposed to/learned to/learned infoinfo25% greater 25% greater proficiencyproficiencyReview Review helps we Re-helps we Re-learn faster.learn faster.

Serial Position EffectSerial Position Effect

STMSTM Being able to memorize the Being able to memorize the

beginning and end of a listbeginning and end of a list But not the middleBut not the middle

Why?- Why?- The end- interference, STM has The end- interference, STM has

limited capacitylimited capacity

Implicit and Explicit Implicit and Explicit MemoriesMemories

Implicit MemoriesImplicit Memories We are not aware We are not aware UnconsciousUnconsciousPrimingPriming Giving a person Giving a person

limited cueslimited cues Info previously Info previously

learned is reflected learned is reflected in cued responsesin cued responses

Related to implicit Related to implicit memorymemory

Sub-consciousSub-conscious

Explicit MemoriesExplicit Memories Recall is usedRecall is used Conscious Conscious

memoriesmemories Trying to Trying to

rememberremember

ForgettingForgetting

Encoding Failure:Encoding Failure: When a memory was never When a memory was never formed in the first placeformed in the first place

Memory Traces:Memory Traces: Physical changes in nerve Physical changes in nerve cells or brain activity that occur when cells or brain activity that occur when memories are storedmemories are stored

Memory Decay:Memory Decay: When memory traces become When memory traces become weaker; fading or weakening of memoriesweaker; fading or weakening of memories

Disuse:Disuse: Theory that memory traces weaken Theory that memory traces weaken when memories are not used or retrieved when memories are not used or retrieved

BlockingBlocking

RepressionRepression SuppressionSuppression

Brain Anatomy and MemoryBrain Anatomy and Memory

Locations of memory is identified Locations of memory is identified through through brain mappingbrain mapping

Experiments through Experiments through Electroconvulsive Shock Electroconvulsive Shock destroys destroys memorymemory– Mostly effects recent memoriesMostly effects recent memories– Before ConsolidationBefore Consolidation

Brain #2Brain #2

HippocampusHippocampus= closely associated = closely associated with LTMwith LTM

Used in Used in ConsolidationConsolidation of memory of memory Known as the Known as the “Switching Station” “Switching Station”

between STM and LTMbetween STM and LTM Grows neurons that make new Grows neurons that make new

connections with in the brainconnections with in the brain Damage to hippocampus = Damage to hippocampus =

AterogradeAterograde amnesia= inability to amnesia= inability to store new memories LTM store new memories LTM (“50 First (“50 First Dates”)Dates”)

Brain 3Brain 3

3lbs of brain3lbs of brain Cerebral Cortex- multiple areas Cerebral Cortex- multiple areas

associated associated

Front of Cortex = Episodic Memory- Front of Cortex = Episodic Memory- eventsevents

Back area of Cortex = Semantic Back area of Cortex = Semantic Memory- ideas Memory- ideas

AmnesiaAmnesia

Retrograde (before) Retrograde (before) AmnesiaAmnesia

Forgetting events Forgetting events that occur before that occur before an injury or traumaan injury or trauma

Anterograde- Anterograde- AmnesiaAmnesia

““50 First Dates”50 First Dates” Forgetting invents Forgetting invents

tha follow an injurytha follow an injury

Memory SupportsMemory Supports

Making Notes- write things downMaking Notes- write things down PreventsPrevents info from info from slippingslipping out of out of

short term memory before you can short term memory before you can reviewreview it and it and storestore it more it more permanentlypermanently

Sorry, not finished with this Sorry, not finished with this ppt.ppt.