ch 8 workshow
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Mick NeedhamJason Otto
39 Questions. Approximately 40 minutes to complete.
Shaping Homework
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Alright. You must have pushed the enter key or the right arrow key.When you push the key you advance through the show. Push it now.When you’re prepared to go on, push the key. When you see a button or multiple choice question, you will left click to select your answer.
A. Left-click me
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Alright. You must have pushed the enter key or the right arrow key.When you push the key you advance through the show. Push it now.When you’re prepared to go on, push the key. When you see a button or multiple choice question, then you will use the TAB key to select your answer.
When you get the right answer, you will continue by hitting the key again. Do this now.
Good.
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you will mark your answer on thepaper form for this homework.
There’s one more thing or two.When you see a question and this picture,
Form
Questi
on #1
You will mark your answer before you click the answer here on the screen.
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So when you see this picture, you mark your paper form first, then you click your answer on the screen second. (This time you won’t mark your homework.)A. TrueB. False Form
Question #Left-click
your answer
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So when you see this picture, you mark your paper form first, then you click your answer on the screen second. (This time you won’t mark your homework.)A. TrueB. False Form
Question #
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So when you see this picture, you mark your paper form first, then you click your answer on the screen second. (This time you won’t mark your homework.)A. TrueB. False Form
Question #
Right on. Now dive in by
hitting the right arrow key.
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Welcome to the Computer-based
Programmed Instruction on
This program will help you increase your knowledge and understanding of behavior analysis and SHAPING.
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You may have already read about Andrew in Elementary Principles of Behavior, but we’re going to use his story to give you some practice and to integrate some terms you’re already familiar with.In the nineteen years that Andrew lived in Big State Hospital he hadn’t spoken a single word.
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He attended group therapy sessions where he was typically unresponsive to the external environment.
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One day at therapy, Dawn, the group therapist dropped a piece of gum.
Andrew took immediate notice of the piece gum, which was a rather unusual reaction for him.
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Dawn was shocked by Andrew’s reaction.
She thought that gum might be a reinforcer for Andrew.
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A reinforcer is defined as a stimulus, event, or condition whose presentation immediately follows a response and the frequency of the response.
A. DecreasesB. IncreasesC. Has no effect on
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answerLeft-click
your answerLeft-click
your answerLeft-click
your answer
Left-click your
answer
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
Question #1
#1
(38 total)
Write your first choice on your homework now.
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A. DecreasesB. IncreasesC. Has no effect on
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answerLeft-click
your answerLeft-click
your answerLeft-click
your answer
Left-click your
answer
Good effort! Give it another try.
A reinforcer is defined as a stimulus, event, or condition whose presentation immediately follows a response and the frequency of the response.
Question #1
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Left-click your
answer
A. DecreasesB. IncreasesC. Has no effect on
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answerLeft-click
your answerLeft-click
your answer
Left-click your
answer
Nope, presenting a reinforcer does have an effect on the frequency of the response.
A reinforcer is defined as a stimulus, event, or condition whose presentation immediately follows a response and the frequency of the response.
Question #1
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A reinforcer is defined as a stimulus, event, or condition whose presentation immediately follows a response and the frequency of the response.
A. DecreasesB. IncreasesC. Has no effect on
Let’s keep going!
Nice Job!
Question #1
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Dawn gave Andrew a piece of gum each time he looked at the gum she was holding near her face. We know the sight of the gum was a reinforcer for Andrew because it increased the frequency of looking at the gum.
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Before:
Andrew has no gum
Before
Andrew looks at the gum near Dawns Face
After:
Andrew has gum
Reinforcement
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What procedure was Dawn using when she presented Andrew with a piece of gum immediately after he looked at the gum?
A. PunishmentB. EscapeC. ReinforcementD. None of the above
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answerLeft-click
your answer
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
Question #2
#2Write your first choice on
your homework now.
Left-click your
answerLeft-click your
answer
![Page 21: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
A. PunishmentB. EscapeC. ReinforcementD. None of the above
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answerLeft-click
your answerLeft-click
your answerLeft-click
your answer
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
Question #2
What procedure was Dawn using when she presented Andrew with a piece of gum immediately after he looked at the gum?
No. Punishment is used to
decrease the frequency of a
response
![Page 22: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
A. PunishmentB. EscapeC. ReinforcementD. None of the above
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answerLeft-click
your answerLeft-click
your answerLeft-click
your answer
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
Question #2
What procedure was Dawn using when she presented Andrew with a piece of gum immediately after he looked at the gum?
No. Escape is the response contingent
removal of an aversive
condition .
![Page 23: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
A. PunishmentB. EscapeC. ReinforcementD. None of the above
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answerLeft-click
your answerLeft-click
your answerLeft-click
your answer
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
Question #2
What procedure was Dawn using when she presented Andrew with a piece of gum immediately after he looked at the gum? No, try
again.
![Page 24: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
A. PunishmentB. EscapeC. ReinforcementD. None of the above
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
Question #2
What procedure was Dawn using when she presented Andrew with a piece of gum immediately after he looked at the gum? That’s Right!!
Dawn was using reinforcement
to increase Andrew’s
looking at the gum!
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Dawn had established a reinforcer to begin shaping Andrew’s behavior.But what behavior should she choose to shape?
She should choose a behavior that will hopefully increase Andrew’s quality of life, happiness, and ability to interact with other people!
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A. Initial behaviorB. Intermediate behaviorC. Terminal behavior
She picked speaking as the goal.
What do we call the goal
of the shaping
intervention?
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Question #3
#3Write your first choice on
your homework now
![Page 27: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
A. Initial behaviorB. Intermediate behaviorC. Terminal behavior
She picked speaking as the goal.
What do we call the goal
of the shaping
intervention?
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
No, the initial behavior is the
current behavior
occurring at some minimal
frequency.
Question #3
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A. Initial behaviorB. Intermediate behaviorC. Terminal behavior
She picked speaking as the goal.
What do we call the goal
of the shaping
intervention?
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
No, the intermediate
behavior in the behavior that more closely
resembles the goal
(speaking).
Question #3
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A. Initial behaviorB. Intermediate behaviorC. Terminal behavior
She picked speaking as the goal.
Yes. The goal of the
shaping intervention
is the terminal behavior.
Question #3
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In deciding the goal of the shaping intervention,Dawn had to figure out the physical properties of speaking.
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A. Response dimensionsB. Response class
What are the physical properties
called?
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answerLeft-click
your answer
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answer
When we talk about the individual physical properties of moving lips, making small croaking sounds, and speaking we are talking about what?
Question #4
#4
Write your first choice on your homework now.
![Page 32: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
A. Response dimensionsB. Response class
No, with a response
class we’re talking about the response necessary for reinforcement
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answer
Left-click your
answer
When we talk about the individual physical properties of moving lips, making small croaking sounds, and speaking we are talking about what?
Question #4
![Page 33: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
A. Response dimensionsB. Response class
Yes, the dimensions
of a response are the physical
properties.
When we talk about the individual physical properties of moving lips, making small croaking sounds, and speaking we are talking about what?
Question #4
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When we talk about moving lips, making small croaking sounds, and speaking all resulting in gum, we are talking about what?
A. Response dimensionsB. Response class
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answer
Left-click your
answer
Question #5
#5
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A. Response dimensionsB. Response class
No, a response
dimension is talking about
just the physical
properties of a response.
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answer
Left-click your
answer
When we talk about moving lips, making small croaking sounds, and speaking all resulting in gum, we are talking about what?
Question #5
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A. Response dimensionsB. Response class
Yes, the response
class shares the effects of reinforcement
.
When we talk about moving lips, making small croaking sounds, and speaking all resulting in gum, we are talking about what?
Question #5
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Response dimensions can involve the• form, sequence or location of a response (topography), •the time from the beginning to the end of a response (duration),•how often a response occurs (rate), or•how much effort the response requires (force or intensity),•and several other physical properties.
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Along what response dimension is Dawn shaping?
Remember she is shaping Andrew’s speaking behavior, or how he moves his lips and vocal cords, not how fast or loud or long he speaks.
What’s the
response dimension
?
A. Intensity or forceB. RateC. TopographyD. Duration
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answer
Left-click your
answer
Question #6
#6
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Along what response dimension is Dawn shaping?
Remember she is shaping Andrew’s speaking behavior, or how he moves his lips and vocal cords, not how fast or loud or long he speaks.
No, if Dawn were shaping intensity or force she’d
be reinforcing higher and
higher volumes of
speaking, for example.
A. Intensity or forceB. RateC. TopographyD. Duration
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answer
Left-click your
answer
Question #6
![Page 40: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Along what response dimension is Dawn shaping?
Remember she is shaping Andrew’s speaking behavior, or how he moves his lips and vocal cords, not how fast or loud or long he speaks.
A. Intensity or forceB. RateC. TopographyD. Duration
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answer
Left-click your
answer
No, if Dawn were shaping rate she’d be reinforcing faster and
faster speeds of speaking, for example.
Question #6
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Along what response dimension is Dawn shaping?
Remember she is shaping Andrew’s speaking behavior, or how he moves his lips and vocal cords, not how fast or loud or long he speaks.
A. Intensity or forceB. RateC. TopographyD. Duration
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answer
Left-click your
answer
No, if Dawn were shaping
duration she’d be
reinforcing longer and
longer speech
sounds, for example.
Question #6
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Along what response dimension is Dawn shaping?
Remember she is shaping Andrew’s speaking behavior, or how he moves his lips and vocal cords, not how fast or loud or long he speaks.
Correct. Dawn
reinforces the form
of Andrew’s speech.
A. Intensity or forceB. RateC. TopographyD. Duration
Question #6
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Just for fun, let’s say that Andrew can already speak but he speaks really quietly.Dawn, in this case, wants him to speak loudly.What response dimension would be shaped in this situation?
A. Intensity or forceB. RateC. TopographyD. Duration
What’s the
response dimension
?
Question #7
#7
Write your first choice on your homework now.
![Page 44: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Just for fun, let’s say that Andrew can already speak but he speaks really quietly.Dawn, in this case, wants him to speak loudly.What response dimension would be shaped in this situation?
A. Intensity or forceB. RateC. TopographyD. Duration
No, shaping
rate would be
shaping often he
says gum.
Question #7
![Page 45: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Just for fun, let’s say that Andrew can already speak but he speaks really quietly.Dawn, in this case, wants him to speak loudly.What response dimension would be shaped in this situation?
A. Intensity or forceB. RateC. TopographyD. Duration
No, shaping
topography would
be shaping
how clearly he says gum.
Question #7
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Just for fun, let’s say that Andrew can already speak but he speaks really quietly.Dawn, in this case, wants him to speak loudly.What response dimension would be shaped in this situation?
A. Intensity or forceB. RateC. TopographyD. Duration
No, duration would be
the amount of time
from the beginning to the end the word “gum.”
Question #7
![Page 47: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Just for fun, let’s say that Andrew can already speak but he speaks really quietly.Dawn, in this case, wants him to speak loudly.What response dimension would be shaped in this situation?
A. Intensity or forceB. RateC. TopographyD. Duration
Correct. It’s important to know what response
dimension along which you are
shaping because if you aren’t
changing behavior along a
response dimension then
you are not shaping.
Question #7
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Let’s also say that Andrew can already speak but he speaks only with Dawn and others living with him.Dawn then works with him so that he speaks with all sorts of people (i.e., in the presence of other stimuli)Is this shaping?
A. YesB. No
#8
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Let’s also say that Andrew can already speak but he speaks only with Dawn and others living with him.Dawn then works with him so that he speaks with all sorts of people (in the presence of other stimuli)Is this shaping?
A. YesB. No
The stimuli and contingencies present when Andrew speaks may change, but speaking isn’t changing
along some response dimension, so it’s not
shaping.
![Page 50: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Let’s also say that Andrew can already speak but he speaks only with Dawn and others living with him.Dawn then works with him so that he speaks with all sorts of people (in the presence of other stimuli)Is this shaping?
A. YesB. No
Correct, the stimuli and contingencies present when Andrew speaks may change, but speaking isn’t changing
along some response dimension, so it’s not
shaping.
![Page 51: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
After several weeks of reinforcing Andrew’s behavior of looking at the gum near her face,one day he slightly moved his lips.Dawn immediately gave Andrew a piece of gum.
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Before Behavior
After
? Andrew has gum
Andrew has no gum
Here’s the first criterion for reinforcement in the shaping procedure. What is Andrew doing now that resembles speaking?
A. Andrew looks at the gumB. Andrew moves his lipsC. Andrew speaks
Left-click your
answerLeft-click your
answer#9
Write your first choice on your homework now.
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Before Behavior After
? Andrew has gum
Andrew has no gum
A. Andrew looks at the gumB. Andrew moves his lipsC. Andrew speaks
Left-click your
answerLeft-click your
answer
Here’s the first criterion for reinforcement in the shaping procedure. What is Andrew doing now that resembles speaking?
No, that’s a prerequisite to
training; but it’s not similar to
speaking in the response
dimension.
![Page 54: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Before Behavior After
? Andrew has gum
Andrew has no gum
A. Andrew looks at the gumB. Andrew moves his lipsC. Andrew speaks
Left-click your
answerLeft-click your
answer
Here’s the first criterion for reinforcement in the shaping procedure. What is Andrew doing now that resembles speaking?
No, that’s not occurring for Dawn to reinforce.
![Page 55: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Before Behavior After
Andrew moves his
lipsAndrew has gum
Andrew has no gum
A. Andrew looks at the gumB. Andrew moves his lipsC. Andrew speaks
Here’s the first criterion for reinforcement in the shaping procedure. What is Andrew doing now that resembles speaking?
Correct, it’s the behavior that’s
occurring at some minimal frequency
and resembles speaking in some
way.
![Page 56: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Before Behavior After
Andrew moves his
lipsAndrew has gum
Andrew has no gum
A. Initial behaviorB. Intermediate behaviorC. Terminal behavior
Left-click your
answer
What do we call this behavior? Remember, eye contact was not in the speaking response class (so it wasn’t the initial
behavior, just a prerequisite).
#10
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Before Behavior After
Andrew moves his
lipsAndrew has gum
Andrew has no gum
A. Initial behaviorB. Intermediate behaviorC. Terminal behavior
Left-click your
answer
No, we’ve just started shaping
speaking behavior.
![Page 58: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Before Behavior After
Andrew moves his
lipsAndrew has gum
Andrew has no gum
A. Initial behaviorB. Intermediate behaviorC. Terminal behavior
No, the terminal
behavior is the goal, speaking.
Left-click your
answer
![Page 59: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Before Behavior After
Andrew moves his
lipsAndrew has gum
Andrew has no gum
A. Initial behaviorB. Intermediate behaviorC. Terminal behavior
Right, Andrew’s moving his lips is the
first behavior resembling speaking.
![Page 60: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Although lip movement is a long way from actually speakingit was a behavior that resembled speaking in some way. And it gave Dawn a place to begin shaping Andrews speech.
Saving the world with behavior
analysis
![Page 61: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Remember that Dawn started out reinforcing Andrew’s looking behavior. This behavior does not resemble speaking like the initial behavior of moving lips.
Remember that Dawn started out reinforcing Andrew’s looking behavior. This behavior does not resemble speaking like the initial behavior of moving lips. But she needed to start with looking because she needs Andrew’s attention (he must look at her) to begin shaping his speech.
Remember that Dawn started out reinforcing Andrew’s looking behavior. This behavior does not resemble speaking like the initial behavior of moving lips. But she needed to start with looking because she needs Andrew’s attention (he must look at her) to begin shaping his speech.Now when Andrew just looks at the gum, Dawn will not give him the gum because she wants to increase only behaviors that more closely resemble the terminal behavior (speaking).
![Page 62: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
So if Dawn wants to shape speaking but also keep Andrew’s attention, then what must Andrew do before she delivers the gum.
A. Look at the gum onlyB. Move his lips onlyC. Look at the gum and move his lips
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A. Look at the gum onlyB. Move his lips onlyC. Look at the gum and move his lips
So if Dawn wants to shape speaking but also keep Andrew’s attention, then what must Andrew do before she delivers the gum.
No. Looking at the gum near Dawn’s face (being attentive) is necessary to train speaking, but it does not resemble the terminal
behavior.
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A. Look at the gum onlyB. Move his lips onlyC. Look at the gum and move his lips
So if Dawn wants to shape speaking but also keep Andrew’s attention, then what must Andrew do before she delivers the gum.
No. Looking at the gum near Dawn’s face (being attentive) is necessary to train speaking, even though it does not resemble the terminal behavior.
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A. Look at the gum onlyB. Move his lips onlyC. Look at the gum and move his lips
So if Dawn wants to shape speaking but also keep Andrew’s attention, then what must Andrew do before she delivers the gum.
Correct. Looking at the gum near
Dawn’s face (being attentive) is
necessary to train speaking, but it does
not resemble the terminal behavior.
![Page 66: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
When shaping behavior, it’s sometimes difficult to know when to stop reinforcing a particular response that approximates the terminal behavior.
![Page 67: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Dawn needs to reinforce successive approximations to speaking, but she must be sure not to get stuck on an approximation.
Keep the procedur
e moving.
![Page 68: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
![Page 69: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
![Page 70: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
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![Page 74: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
![Page 75: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Before
Behavior
BehaviorA.
Andrew moves his lips
, and looks at the gum
B. Andrew only looks at the gum
After
After
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
What behavior will result in the delivery of the gum reinforcer?
Complete the diagram for the initial behavior.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
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Before
Behavior
Behavior
A. Andrew moves his lipsB. Andrew only looks at the gum
After
After
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
What behavior will result in the delivery of the gum reinforcer?
Complete the diagram for the initial behavior.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
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answer
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answer
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answer
He must look at the gum, then move his lips. Dawn will reinforce lip movement now that looking at the gum is occurring at a high rate.
Try Again
.
![Page 77: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Before
BehaviorA.
Andrew moves his lips
and looks at gum
B. Andrew only looks at the gum
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips and looks at gum
After
After
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
What behavior will no longer be reinforced?
Complete the diagram for the initial behavior.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
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Before
BehaviorA. Andrew
moves his lips and looks at
gumB. Andrew only looks at the gum
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips
After
After
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
What behavior will no longer be reinforced?
Complete the diagram for the initial behavior.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
Left-click your
answer
![Page 79: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Before
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
Behavior
Andrew only looks at the
gum
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips and looks at gum
After
After
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Complete the diagram for the before condition.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
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![Page 80: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Before
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
Behavior
Andrew only looks at the
gum
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips and looks at gum
After
After
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Complete the diagram for the before condition.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
Left-click your
answer
![Page 81: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Before
Andrew has no gum Behavior
Andrew only looks at the
gum
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips and looks at gum
After
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
After
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Complete the diagram for the after condition.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
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Before
Andrew has no gum Behavior
Andrew only looks at the
gum
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips and looks at gum
After
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
After
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Complete the diagram for the after condition.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
![Page 83: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Before
Andrew has no gum Behavior
Andrew only looks at the
gum
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips and looks at gum
After
Andrew has gum
After
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Complete the diagram for the after condition.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
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Before
Andrew has no gum Behavior
Andrew only looks at the
gum
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips and looks at gum
After
Andrew has gum
After
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Complete the diagram for the after condition.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
Left-click your
answer
![Page 85: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Before
Andrew has no gum Behavior
Andrew only looks at the
gum
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips
After
Andrew has gum
After
Andrew has no gum
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Since Dawn had seen some lip movement she was able to differentially reinforce lip moving and stop reinforcing simply looking at the gum. She couldn’t stop reinforcing simply looking at the gum until there were some further approximations occurring at some frequency.
![Page 86: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
After Dawn reinforced lip movement for just a few minutes, she decided to stop reinforcing lip movements and wait for his first sounds. After all, Dawn knew he could do it, even though he has not made a sound in 19 years.
A. Yes, let’s stop reinforcing lip movements.B. No, let’s continue reinforcing lip movements.
BeforeAndrew has no
gum Behavior
?
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips and looks at gum
AfterAndrew has gum
AfterAndrew has no
gum
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Is it probably a good time to no longer reinforce lip movements and wait for croaking sounds?
Left-click your
answer
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answer
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answer
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A. Yes, let’s stop reinforcing lip movements.B. No, let’s continue reinforcing lip movements.
BeforeAndrew has no
gum Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips and looks at gum
AfterAndrew has gum
AfterAndrew has no
gum
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Is it probably a good time to no longer reinforce lip movements and wait for croaking sounds?
After Dawn reinforced lip movement for a few minutes, she decided to stop reinforcing lip movements and wait for his first sounds. After all, Dawn knew he could do it, even though he has not made a sound in 19 years.
If Dawn hasn’t heard any sounds from Andrew lately, then she has to continue to reinforce what approximates it. If Dawn doesn’t continue to reinforce lip movement, she is even less likely to hear sounds.
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A. Yes, let’s stop reinforcing lip movements.B. No, let’s continue reinforcing lip movements.
BeforeAndrew has no
gum Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips
Behavior
Andrew moves hisLips and
looks at gum
AfterAndrew has gum
AfterAndrew has no
gum
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Is it probably a good time to no longer reinforce lip movements and wait for croaking sounds?
After Dawn reinforced lip movement for just a few minutes, she decided to stop reinforcing lip movements and wait for his first sounds. After all, Dawn knew he could do it, even though he has not made a sound in 19 years.
![Page 89: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Currently, Andrew is moving his lips only once in a while. He is not making any croaking sounds yet.Before Dawn moves on to the next criterion, the current behavior must occur at a high frequency and the next step in the shaping procedure must occur at some minimum frequency.What should Dawn do?
A. Stop reinforcing his lip movements and reinforce his making croaking sounds
B. Continue reinforcing his making lip movements while looking for croaking sounds to reinforce
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Currently, Andrew is moving his lips only once in a while. He is not making any croaking sounds yet.Before Dawn moves on to the next criterion, the current behavior must occur at a high frequency and the next step in the shaping procedure must occur at some minimum frequency.What should Dawn do?
A. Stop reinforcing his lip movements and reinforce his making croaking sounds
B. Continue reinforcing his making lip movements while looking for croaking sounds to reinforce
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answerLeft-click
your answer
No. If we stop reinforcing lip movements before we
see some further approximation to
speaking, then we will extinguish all behavior resembling speaking.
![Page 91: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Currently, Andrew is moving his lips only once in a while. He is not making any croaking sounds yet.Before Dawn moves on to the next criterion, the current behavior must occur at a high frequency and the next step in the shaping procedure must occur at some minimum frequency.What should Dawn do?
A. Stop reinforcing his lip movements and reinforce his making croaking sounds
B. Continue reinforcing his making lip movements while looking for croaking sounds to reinforce
Correct. Since croaking sounds are not occurring at all, and lip movements are not very frequent, we can’t move on yet.
![Page 92: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
At the beginning of the fourth week Dawn held a piece of gum in front of Andrew.Andrew looked at the gum. And Andrew moved his lips.But Dawn did not give him the gum as she had before.
![Page 93: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Then Andrew emitted a small croaking sound. And Dawn immediately gave him the gum!
Because Dawn needed Andrew to speak, she required him to make a response that more closely resembled speaking.
Gum
“Uuh.”
![Page 94: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
What behavior more closely resembles the goal of speaking than lip movements.
A. Speaking B. Looking at the gumC. Lip movementD. Small croaking sounds
What behavior
is closer to the goal?
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A. Speaking B. Looking at the gumC. Lip movementD. Small croaking sounds
No. Croaking resembles lip
movement more than speaking
does.
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What behavior more closely resembles the goal of speaking than lip movements.
![Page 96: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
A. Speaking B. Looking at the gumC. Lip movementD. Small croaking sounds
No. Looking at the gum is
a prerequisite behavior for
training.
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What behavior more closely resembles the goal of speaking than lip movements.
![Page 97: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
A. Speaking B. Looking at the gumC. Lip movementD. Small croaking sounds
No. Lip movement
is the initial
behavior.
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What behavior more closely resembles the goal of speaking than lip movements.
![Page 98: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
A. Speaking B. Looking at the gumC. Lip movementD. Small croaking sounds
Correct. A small
croaking sound is the behavior that more closely approximates
speaking.
What behavior more closely resembles the goal of speaking than lip movements.
![Page 99: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
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The behavior of making small croaking sounds approximates the final behavior of speaking. What is this middle step called in a shaping procedure?
A. Initial behaviorB. Terminal behaviorC. Intermediate behavior
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answer
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answer
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answer
The behavior of making small croaking sounds approximates the final behavior of speaking. What is this middle step called in a shaping procedure?
A. Initial behaviorB. Terminal behaviorC. Intermediate behavior
No, the initial behavior is the first step not
the middle step in the shaping
procedure.Left-click
your answer
![Page 101: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
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The behavior of making small croaking sounds approximates the final behavior of speaking. What is this middle step called in a shaping procedure?
A. Initial behaviorB. Terminal behaviorC. Intermediate behavior
No, the terminal behavior is the
goal of the intervention and not the middle
step Left-click
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The behavior of making small croaking sounds approximates the final behavior of speaking. What is this middle step called in a shaping procedure?
A. Initial behaviorB. Terminal behaviorC. Intermediate behavior
Correct. Croaking sounds approximate
speaking.
![Page 103: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
After Dawn reinforced lip movement over several days, Andrew also began making croaking sounds as often as moving his lips alone.
A. Yes, let’s stop reinforcing just lip movements.B. No, let’s continue reinforcing just lip movement
s.
BeforeAndrew has no
gum Behavior
?
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips
AfterAndrew has gum
AfterAndrew has no
gum
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Is it probably a good time to begin reinforcing croaking sounds and no longer reinforce lip movements without croaking?
Left-click your
answer
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answer
Left-click your
answer
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A. Yes, let’s stop reinforcing just lip movements.B. No, let’s continue reinforcing just lip
movements.
BeforeAndrew has no
gum Behavior
?
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips
AfterAndrew has gum
AfterAndrew has no
gum
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Is it probably a good time to begin reinforcing croaking sounds and no longer reinforce lip movements without croaking?
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answerLeft-click
your answer
After Dawn reinforced lip movement over several days, Andrew also began making croaking sounds as often as moving his lips alone.
No. If we continue to reinforce only lip movements then they will be the behaviors that occur in the future. Remember Dawn wants Andrew to speak not just move his lips.
![Page 105: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
A. Yes, let’s stop reinforcing just lip movements.B. No, let’s continue reinforcing just lip movement
s.
BeforeAndrew has no
gum Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips
AfterAndrew has gum
AfterAndrew has no
gum
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Is it probably a good time to begin reinforcing croaking sounds and no longer reinforce lip movements without croaking?
After Dawn reinforced lip movement over several days, Andrew also began making croaking sounds as often as moving his lips alone.
![Page 106: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Before
Behavior
BehaviorA. Andrew only moves his lipsB. Andrew makes croaking sounds while moving his lips
After
After
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
What behavior will result in the delivery of the gum reinforcer?
Complete the diagram for the intermediate behavior.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
#22Left-click
your answer
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answerLeft-click your
answer
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answer
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Before
Behavior
After
After
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
What behavior will result in the delivery of the gum reinforcer?
Complete the diagram for the intermediate behavior.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
Left-click your
answerLeft-click your
answer
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
BehaviorA. Andrew only moves his lipsB. Andrew makes croaking sounds while moving his lips No, now that he is
croaking while moving his lips, Dawn will stop reinforcing lip movements
occurring without sounds.
![Page 108: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Before
Behavior
A. Andrew only moves his lipsB. Andrew speaks
BehaviorAndrew makes
croaking sounds while moving his
lips
After
After
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
What behavior will no longer be reinforced?
Complete the diagram for the intermediate behavior.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
#23
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answer
![Page 109: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Before
Behavior
A. Andrew only moves his lipsB. Andrew speaks
BehaviorAndrew makes
croaking sounds while moving his
lips
After
After
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
What behavior will no longer be reinforced?
Complete the diagram for the intermediate behavior.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
Left-click your
answer
![Page 110: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Before
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
Behavior
Andrew only moves his
lips
BehaviorAndrew makes
croaking sounds while moving his
lips
After
After
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Complete the diagram for the before condition.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
#24
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![Page 111: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Before
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
Behavior
Andrew only moves his
lips
BehaviorAndrew makes
croaking sounds while moving his
lips
After
After
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Complete the diagram for the before condition.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
Left-click your
answer
![Page 112: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Before
Andrew has no gum Behavior
Andrew only moves his
lips
BehaviorAndrew makes
croaking sounds while moving his
lips
After
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
After
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Complete the diagram for the after condition.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
#25
Write your first choice on your homework now.
Left-click your
answer
![Page 113: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Before
Andrew has no gum Behavior
Andrew only moves his
lips
BehaviorAndrew makes
croaking sounds while moving his
lips
After
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
After
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Complete the diagram for the after condition.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
![Page 114: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Before
Andrew has no gum Behavior
Andrew only moves his
lips
BehaviorAndrew makes
croaking sounds while moving his
lips
After
Andrew has gum
After
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Complete the diagram for the after condition.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
#26
Write your first choice on your homework now.
Left-click your
answer
![Page 115: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Before
Andrew has no gum Behavior
Andrew only moves his
lips
BehaviorAndrew makes
croaking sounds while moving his
lips
After
Andrew has gum
After
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Complete the diagram for the after condition.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
Left-click your
answer
![Page 116: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Before
Andrew has no gum Behavior
Andrew only moves his
lips
BehaviorAndrew makes
croaking sounds while moving his
lips
After
Andrew has gum
After
Andrew has no gum
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Nice job! Here’s the differential reinforcement diagram you just completed for the intermediate behavior.
![Page 117: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
By the way, what do we call the procedure of reinforcing one response class while not reinforcing another response class?
A. Differential PunishmentB. EscapeC. Differential ReinforcementD. Reinforcement
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answer
Left-click your
answer
#27Write your first choice on
your homework now.
![Page 118: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
By the way, what do we call the procedure of reinforcing one response class while not reinforcing another response class?
No, differential punishment
involves punishing one response
class allowing the other to recover!
A. Differential PunishmentB. EscapeC. Differential ReinforcementD. Reinforcement
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answer
Left-click your
answer
![Page 119: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
By the way, what do we call the procedure of reinforcing one response class while not reinforcing another response class?
No, escape is the contingent removal of an
aversive condition!
A. Differential PunishmentB. EscapeC. Differential ReinforcementD. Reinforcement
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answer
Left-click your
answer
![Page 120: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
A. Differential PunishmentB. EscapeC. Differential ReinforcementD. Reinforcement
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answer
Left-click your
answer
By the way, what do we call the procedure of reinforcing one response class while not reinforcing another response class?
No, this is not plain vanilla
reinforcement!
![Page 121: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
A. Differential PunishmentB. EscapeC. Differential ReinforcementD. Reinforcement
By the way, what do we call the procedure of reinforcing one response class while not reinforcing another response class?
Nice Job! This procedure is
called differential
reinforcement!
![Page 122: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
After several days of differentially reinforcing Andrew’s behavior of making croaking sounds he was frequently making croaking sounds each time he moved his lips.
“Small croaking sounds.”
![Page 123: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
When shaping behavior it’s sometimes difficult to know when to move on to the next behavioral criterion and no longer provide reinforcers for the previously reinforced response.Currently, Andrew is frequently making croaking sounds (while moving his lips) but has not said gum.What should Dawn do?
A. Stop reinforcing his croaking sounds (while moving his lips) and reinforce spoken words.
B. Continue reinforcing croaking sounds (while moving his lips) and start looking for fragments of spoken words to reinforce.
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answer
#28Write your first choice on
your homework now.
![Page 124: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
When shaping behavior it’s sometimes difficult to know when to move on to the next behavioral criterion and no longer provide reinforcers for the previously reinforced response.
A. Stop reinforcing his croaking sounds (while moving his lips) and reinforce spoken words.
B. Continue reinforcing croaking sounds (while moving his lips) and start looking for fragments of spoken words to reinforce.
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answerLeft-click
your answer
Currently, Andrew is frequently making croaking sounds (while moving his lips) but has not said gum.What should Dawn do?
No. Even though, croaking sounds are occurring at a high frequency Andrew has not said ga or gum yet and we need have Andrew saying ga or gum at a minimal frequency before we no longer reinforce croaking sounds .
![Page 125: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
When shaping behavior it’s sometimes difficult to know when to move on to the next behavioral criterion and no longer provide reinforcers for the previously reinforced response.
A. Stop reinforcing his croaking sounds (while moving his lips) and reinforce spoken words.
B. Continue reinforcing croaking sounds (while moving his lips) and start looking for fragments of spoken words to reinforce.
Currently, Andrew is frequently making croaking sounds (while moving his lips) but has not said gum.What should Dawn do?
Correct. We need to have Andrew saying gum at some minimal frequency before we no longer reinforce croaking sounds.
![Page 126: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
By differentially reinforcing Andrew’s croaking behavior for several days he began frequently making croaking sounds.
One day after Andrew made a croaking soundDawn hesitated giving Andrew the gum reinforcer and said “Say, ‘gum, gum’”.
“Say ‘gum’…. ‘Gum’.”
![Page 127: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
At first the croaking sounds were like those heard before.Dawn waited until the croaking sound slightly resembled the word gum before she would give Andrew the reinforcer.
“Gaagaa…
mmmmm”
![Page 128: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
Next, Dawn waited until Andrew’s sound even more closely approximated gum,and reinforced that response.Finally, Andrew clearly said, “Gum” when Dawn asked him to and she immediately gave him the gum.
“Guummm…Gum”
![Page 129: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
Currently, Andrew is frequently making croaking sounds and is saying the word gum at a moderate frequency.What should Dawn do?
A. Stop reinforcing his croaking sounds and reinforce spoken words.
B. Continue reinforcing his croaking sounds while looking for fragments of spoken words to reinforce.
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answerLeft-click
your answer
#29Write your first choice on
your homework now.
![Page 130: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
A. Stop reinforcing his croaking sounds and reinforce spoken words.
B. Continue reinforcing his croaking sounds while looking for fragments of spoken words to reinforce.
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answerLeft-click
your answer
Currently, Andrew is frequently making croaking sounds and is saying the word gum at a moderate frequency.What should Dawn do?
No. Now that Andrew is saying gum at a moderate rate we can stop reinforcing his croaking sounds and reinforce his speaking behavior.
![Page 131: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
A. Stop reinforcing his croaking sounds and reinforce spoken words.
B. Continue reinforcing his croaking sounds while looking for fragments of spoken words to reinforce.
Currently, Andrew is frequently making croaking sounds and is saying the word gum at a moderate frequency.What should Dawn do?
Correct. Now that Andrew is saying gum
at a moderate frequency we no longer have to
reinforce his croaking sounds and we can
focus on reinforcing his speaking behavior.
![Page 132: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
Great Job at making those difficult decisions for Dawn, she appreciates your help!
Now that you’ve decided what to do, let’s get busy filling the diagram for the terminal behavior.
Thanks for your help!
![Page 133: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
Before
Behavior
Behavior
A. Andrew makes a croaking soundB. Andrew says gum
After
After
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
What behavior will result in the delivery of the gum reinforcer?
Complete the diagram for the terminal behavior.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
#30
Write your first choice on your homework now.
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answer
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
![Page 134: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
Before
Behavior
After
After
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
What behavior will result in the delivery of the gum reinforcer?
Complete the diagram for the terminal behavior.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Behavior
A. Andrew makes a croaking soundB. Andrew says gum
No, Dawn is not currently
trying to increase only
lip movements.
![Page 135: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
Before
Behavior
A. Andrew makes a croaking soundB. Andrew says gum
Behavior
Andrew says gum
After
After
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
What behavior will no longer be reinforced?
Complete the diagram for the terminal behavior.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
#31
Write your first choice on your homework now.
Left-click your
answer
![Page 136: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
Before
Behavior
A. Andrew makes a croaking soundB. Andrew says gum
Behavior
Andrew says gum
After
After
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
What behavior will no longer be reinforced?
Complete the diagram for the terminal behavior.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
Left-click your
answer
![Page 137: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
Before
A. Andrew has gumB. Andrew has no gum
Behavior
Andrew makes a croaking
sound
Behavior
Andrew says gum
After
After
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Complete the diagram for the before condition.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
#32
Write your first choice on the scan-tron form now.
Left-click your
answer
![Page 138: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
Before
A. Andrew has gumB. Andrew has no gum
Behavior
Andrew makes a croaking
sound
Behavior
Andrew says gum
After
After
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Complete the diagram for the before condition.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
Left-click your
answer
![Page 139: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
Before
Andrew has no gum Behavior
Andrew makes a croaking
sound
Behavior
Andrew says gum
After
A. Andrew has gumB. Andrew has no gum
After
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Complete the diagram for the after condition.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
#33
Write your first choice on your homework now.
Left-click your
answer
![Page 140: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
Before
Andrew has no gum Behavior
Andrew makes a croaking
sound
Behavior
Andrew says gum
After
A. Andrew has gumB. Andrew has no gum
After
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Complete the diagram for the after condition.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
![Page 141: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
Before
Andrew has no gum Behavior
Andrew makes a croaking
sound
Behavior
Andrew says gum
After
Andrew has gum
After
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Complete the diagram for the after condition.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
#34Write your first choice on
your homework now.
Left-click your
answer
![Page 142: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
Before
Andrew has no gum Behavior
Andrew makes a croaking
sound
Behavior
Andrew says gum
After
Andrew has gum
After
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Complete the diagram for the after condition.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
Left-click your
answer
![Page 143: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
Before
Andrew has no gum Behavior
Andrew makes a croaking
sound
Behavior
Andrew says gum
After
Andrew has gum
After
Andrew has no gum
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Nice job! Here’s the differential reinforcement diagram you just completed for the terminal behavior.
![Page 144: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
Nice job! You have successfully completed the last successive approximation in the shaping procedure Dawn used to get Andrew to speak.
Thanks again for
your help!
![Page 145: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
Now, just a quick test to check your razor sharp behavior analytic skills at shaping.These next couple of questions may be tough, but hang in there because we want to be sure you don’t identify muscle-building, shaping-up examples as behavioral shaping.
We’re almost through with the training and on to bigger and more exciting things!
![Page 146: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
Jimmy, the scrawny kid in class, has just taken up weight lifting. Currently he can barely bench press 100 lbs. But when he’s finished training he’ll be much stronger and able to lift 300 lbs. Is this an example of shaping?
A. YesB. No
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answer
Left-click your
answer
#35
Write your first choice on your homework now.
![Page 147: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
Jimmy, the scrawny kid in class, has just taken up weight lifting. Currently he can barely bench press 100 lbs. But when he’s finished training he’ll be much stronger and able to lift 300 lbs. Is this an example of shaping?
A. YesB. No
No, this is not an example of shaping
because we are talking about physically
building muscle tissue. This differs from
behavioral shaping which is used to
develop or improve an organism’s repertoire .
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answer
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answer
![Page 148: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
Jimmy, the scrawny kid in class, has just taken up weight lifting. Currently he can barely bench press 100 lbs. But when he’s finished training he’ll be much stronger and able to lift 300 lbs. Is this an example of shaping?
A. YesB. No
Correct, this is not an example of shaping
because we are talking about physically
building muscle tissue. This differs from
behavioral shaping which is used to
develop or improve an organisms repertoire .
![Page 149: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
Now, not only was Jimmy weak he also had very poor form while bench pressing. His hands and arms were located in the wrong spot when he pushed the weights up off his chest. His personal trainer began teaching him how to improve his bench pressing form. By the end of his training Jimmy looked like a weight training pro.Is this an example of shaping?
A. YesB. No
#36
Left-click your
answerWrite your first choice on your homework now.
![Page 150: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
A. YesB. No
Now, not only was Jimmy weak he also had very poor form while bench pressing. His hands and arms were located in the wrong spot when he pushed the weights up off his chest. His personal trainer began teaching him how to improve his bench pressing form. By the end of his training Jimmy looked like a weight training pro.Is this an example of shaping?
No, this is and example of shaping
because we are improving the form
Jimmy uses to bench press weights. The
correct form of bench pressing is a skill that was not previously in Jimmy’s repertoire.
Left-click your
answer
![Page 151: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
A. YesB. No
Now, not only was Jimmy weak he also had very poor form while bench pressing. His hands and arms were located in the wrong spot when he pushed the weights up off his chest. His personal trainer began teaching him how to improve his bench pressing form. By the end of his training Jimmy looked like a weight training pro.Is this an example of shaping?
Correct. This is and example of shaping
because we are improving the form
Jimmy uses to bench press weights. The
correct form of bench pressing is a skill that was not previously in Jimmy’s repertoire.
![Page 152: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
Sara, the slow jogger, wants to be able to run the mile in less than 7 minutes. Unfortunately, right now she can barely break the 10 minute marker. But by the end of this year, after lots of hardcore running, she’ll be able to race through the mile in less than 7 minutes. She just physically can’t get down to 7 minutes.Is this an example of shaping?
A. YesB. No
#37
Left-click your
answerWrite your first choice on your homework now.
![Page 153: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
Sara, the slow jogger, wants to be able to run the mile in less than 7 minutes. Unfortunately, right now she can barely break the 10 minute marker. But by the end of this year, after lots of hardcore running, she’ll be able to race through the mile in less than 7 minutes. She just physically can’t get down to 7 minutes.Is this an example of shaping?
A. YesB. No
No,this is not an example of shaping
because we are talking about Sera physically getting in shape which
consists of building muscle tissue and reducing body fat
which do not involve the altering of an
individuals behavioral repertoire.
Left-click your
answer
![Page 154: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
Sara, the slow jogger, wants to be able to run the mile in less than 7 minutes. Unfortunately, right now she can barely break the 10 minute marker. But by the end of this year, after lots of hardcore running, she’ll be able to race through the mile in less than 7 minutes. She just physically can’t get down to 7 minutes.Is this an example of shaping?
A. YesB. No
Correct, this is not an example of shaping
because we are talking about Sera physically getting in shape which
consists of building muscle tissue and reducing body fat
which do not involve the altering of an
individuals behavioral repertoire.
![Page 155: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
Not only was Sara slow when she first started, she also ran like a chicken with its head cut off. Arms and legs flailing all over the place. Her form was terrible. The track coach was appalled by the sight of her and gave her some training. By the end of training Sara was running with the form of a world class runner.Is this an example of shaping?
A. YesB. No
#38
Left-click your
answer
Write your first choice on your homework now.
![Page 156: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
Not only was Sara slow when she first started, she also ran like a chicken with its head cut off. Arms and legs flailing all over the place. Her form was terrible. The track coach was appalled by the sight of her and gave her some training. By the end of training Sara was running with the form of a world class runner.Is this an example of shaping?
A. YesB. No
No,this is an example of shaping because we
are training Sera on the correct form of running, a skill that
was not previously in her repertoire.
Left-click your
answer
![Page 157: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
Not only was Sara slow when she first started, she also ran like a chicken with its head cut off. Arms and legs flailing all over the place. Her form was terrible. The track coach was appalled by the sight of her and gave her some training. By the end of training Sara was running with the form of a world class runner.Is this an example of shaping?
A. YesB. No
Correct,this is an example of shaping
because we are training Sera on the
correct form of running, a skill that
was not previously in her repertoire.
![Page 158: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
Amber is going to school to be a court reporter. In order to graduate she must be able to type 90 words per minute. Unfortunately, right now she can only type 20 wpm. But by the end of her training she’ll be typing away at speeds greater than 100 wpm. Amber’s finger muscles were always strong enough to type a string of random characters equal to 100 wpm, but now her typing has formed a specific response class.
Is this an example of shaping?
A. YesB. No
#39
Left-click your
answerWrite your first choice on your homework now.
![Page 159: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/159.jpg)
Amber is going to school to be a court reporter. In order to graduate she must be able to type 90 words per minute. Unfortunately, right now she can only type 20 wpm. But by the end of her training she’ll be typing away at speeds greater than 100 wpm. Amber’s finger muscles were always strong enough to type a string of random characters equal to 100 wpm, but now her typing has formed a specific response class.
Is this an example of shaping?
A. YesB. No
No, this is an example of shaping because
Amber’s typing repertoire is being
improved. We are not building the tiny
muscles in her fingers but we are altering her
existing typing skill level (behavioral
repertoire).
Left-click your
answer
![Page 160: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/160.jpg)
Amber is going to school to be a court reporter. In order to graduate she must be able to type 90 words per minute. Unfortunately, right now she can only type 20 wpm. But by the end of her training she’ll be typing away at speeds greater than 100 wpm. Amber’s finger muscles were always strong enough to type a string of random characters equal to 100 wpm, but now her typing has formed a specific response class.
Is this an example of shaping?
A. YesB. No
Correct,this is an example of shaping
because the Amber’s typing repertoire is
being improved. We are not building the tiny muscles in her fingers but we are
altering her existing typing skill level
(repertoire).
![Page 161: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/161.jpg)
Another common mistake is to identify examples of behavioral chains as behavioral shaping.
![Page 162: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/162.jpg)
Before
No treatBehavior
Spot lays down
Behavior
Spot rolls over
After
Treat
After
No treat
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
The process of teaching a dog to roll over is the best erroneous example of shaping—it’s actually a behavioral chain.
Why isn’t this an example of shaping? Because sitting, laying down and rolling over are separate behaviors that build on top of each other and occur one after the other.
![Page 163: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/163.jpg)
Before
No treatBehavior
Spot lays down
Behavior
Spot rolls over
After
Treat
After
No treat
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
The process of teaching a dog to roll over is the best erroneous example of shaping—it’s actually a behavioral chain.
In the example with Andrew, moving lips, making croaking sounds and speaking don’t occur in a sequence. Moving lips and making sounds occur while speaking.
![Page 164: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/164.jpg)
Before
No treatBehavior
Spot lifts paw 1 inch
Behavior
Spot lifts paw 5 inches
After
Treat
After
No treat
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
The trick is to look at your whole response class, from the initial behavior all the way to the terminal behavior.
#40
A. YesB. No
Left-click your
answer
Are these two responses in the same response class (similar along a meaningful response dimension)?
![Page 165: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/165.jpg)
Before
No treatBehavior
Spot lifts paw 1 inch
Behavior
Spot lifts paw 5 inches
After
Treat
After
No treat
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
The trick is to look at your whole response class, from the initial behavior all the way to the terminal behavior.
#40
A. YesB. No
Left-click your
answer
Lifting farther and farther up involves almost the same topography.
![Page 166: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/166.jpg)
Before
No treatBehavior
Spot lifts paw 1 inch
Behavior
Spot lifts paw 5 inches
After
Treat
After
No treat
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
The trick is to look at your whole response class, from the initial behavior all the way to the terminal behavior.
#40
A. YesB. No
Lifting farther and farther up involves almost the same topography. Good.
![Page 167: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/167.jpg)
Before
No treatBehavior
Spot sits
Behavior
Spot lifts paw 5 inches
After
Treat
After
No treat
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
The trick is to look at your whole response class, from the initial behavior all the way to the terminal behavior.
#41
A. YesB. No
Left-click your
answer
Are these two responses in the same response class (similar along a meaningful response dimension)?
![Page 168: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/168.jpg)
Before
No treatBehavior
Spot sits
Behavior
Spot lifts paw 5 inches
After
Treat
After
No treat
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
The trick is to look at your whole response class, from the initial behavior all the way to the terminal behavior.
#41
A. YesB. No
Left-click your
answer
Lifting the paw and sitting are two different responses that occur in a sequence or chain. They aren’t similar on any response dimension.
![Page 169: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/169.jpg)
Before
No treatBehavior
Spot sits
Behavior
Spot lifts paw 5 inches
After
Treat
After
No treat
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
The trick is to look at your whole response class, from the initial behavior all the way to the terminal behavior.
A. YesB. No
Lifting the paw and sitting are two different responses that occur in a sequence or chain. They aren’t similar on any response dimension.
![Page 170: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/170.jpg)
Congratulations!You have made it through the training session on shaping.
Now it’s time to get your creative juices flowing and put those finely sharpened behavior analytic skills to good use.
![Page 171: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/171.jpg)
I hope you’re ready for some excitement because it’s time for you to put together your own original example of shaping. We’ll help you
out, don’t worry.
![Page 172: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/172.jpg)
First, take a look at the diagram for Andrew. It includes the initial, intermediate and terminal behaviorsFill in your original example in your diagram just like the diagram for Andrew—unless you are using the PowerPoint Viewer (not the complete Program), which will not allow you to fill in answers on your screen.
![Page 173: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/173.jpg)
Before
BehaviorInitialN/A
BehaviorInitial
After
After
Reinforcement
Extinction
Intermediate
Terminal
Terminal
IntermediateClick me to complete your
original example’s diagram.
![Page 174: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/174.jpg)
Before
BehaviorInitialN/A
BehaviorInitial
After
After
Reinforcement
Extinction
Intermediate
Terminal
Terminal
IntermediateClick me to
review Andrew’s diagram.
Arrow key forward when finished filling in your example.
Print out this slide or write out your answers onto your worksheet. Also, prepare a master transparency to show in the seminar.
Final diagram! Type each of your behaviors and stimulus conditions in the appropriate spots.
![Page 175: Ch 8 workshow](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062905/54547911af795964498b7c5a/html5/thumbnails/175.jpg)
All done.