Ch 7: The Young Republic Launched

Washington Presidency

Preceden

ts— Examples

for the Future

SETS

Washington arrives in New York City

GeorgeMartha

The Washington’s Entertain in the 1st Capital New York City

First Administration

• President• Vice-President• electoral vote • took office

Vice President John Adams President George Washington

getting busy . . .

• Executive Cabinet created (GW advisors)– Secretary of War- Henry Knox– Secretary of State Thomas

Jefferson– Secretary of Treasury -

Alexander Hamilton– Attorney General –Edmond

Randolph• GW turns away relatives

and friends to find the best qualified people

• Secure enough to select people with different opinions

Federal Court System

Judiciary Act 1789 creates a federal court system with three levels.1st Chief Justice ____________

• Chief Justice and 5 associate justices• 3 Federal Circuit Courts• State court decisions could be appealed

to a federal court when constitutional

issues were raised.Important

Hamilton vs Jefferson• Born in the British West

Indies• Goal: give the union

solid economic and financial base

• Co-author of the Federalist with Madison

• Nationalist—wanted to see U.S. as a powerful, highly centralized government.

• Good order more important than liberty

• Born in Virginia• Goal:

Hamilton’s Financial Plan

1. Pay off $54 million national debt

– Protect American credit• Pay (N) states’ Rev. War debts

($25 mil.)– Most Southern states had already

paid debts– Known as Assumption Bill

2. National bank (B.U.S.)to stabilize currency

3. Protective tariff for “infant” American industry

2. Assumption

• US took over debts the states had during the American Revolution (25M)

• WHY?: • Would make people more concerned

with future of US – loyalty to nat’l gov’t – not states

• Total = $80M

Hamilton’s Assumption Bill

• Congress Let’s make a Deal!– “North – you want

Assumption & South, I need your votes

• Let’s relocate the nation’s capital to the banks of the Potomac River – 6 mi. land donated by Maryland and Virginia (Washington, DC)

Funding

• $54M debt from American Revolution and years under the Articles

• Owed to US citizens, US & foreign banks, foreign gov’ts

• US pledged to pay in full at face value & with interest

Whaddya think of the plan, TJ?

Some people may call me a blockhead for this, but I have 2 thoughts on this:

No. 1, the B.U.S. is UNCONSTITUTIONAL!

Not to mention a tool for the rich people!

No. 2, I’m opposed to the tariff because it benefits

primarily the wealthy northeasterners.

ConclusionFirst Congress (1789-91)

• Enacted a tariff law• Adopted and proposed to the States

the Bill of Rights• Organized the Departments of State,

Treasury, and War• Established the Federal Judiciary

One of most productive session of the National Legislature

Troubles Abroad

The French Revolution 1789“war of all peoples against all

kings”• Inspired by the American

Revolution– Declaration of Rights

• 97% living in terrible conditions• King Louis XVI beheaded

– Federalists: “revolution gone wrong”

• Upper-class French fled to England– Regroup and regain control

• France declares war on England• What’s a good country like the U.S.

to do?

Whiskey Rebellion 1794

• 1791 “excise tax” placed on whiskey

• Farmers in western PA. refused to pay tax and Governor of PA refused to collect it.

• Tarred and feathered tax collectors

Federal Response:• 12,000 troops (including Hamilton) sent to

enforce the law• Later GW pardoned those who had been

arrested• But……GW and AH had proved their point

Example of federal authority over states

Whiskey Rebellion• The tarring and

feathering of federal officials was one way in which farmers in western Pennsylvania protested the tax on whiskey in 1794. When Washington called for volunteers to put down the resurrection, more people responded than during the Revolution. Thought Questions

• Why did farmers in western Pennsylvania protest the Whiskey Tax?

• Did everyone in the nation view the Whiskey Rebellion with alarm and fear?

• Why or why not?

Let’s ask the Big 3!

• TJ: support France• AH: support England• GW: stay neutral!

– Proclamation of Neutrality 1793• Friendly with both• Trade with both

– French upset because of 1778 treaty– Both countries seized our ships– England impressed our sailors

Jay’s Treaty 1794

• U. S. Granted “most favored” status to Britain– 7/8 of trade with GB

• GB to withdraw from NW Territory

• U.S. pay debts owed from pre-Revolution

• GB pay damages for ships and cargoes seized

• Most people AGAINST treaty– No promise to stop seizing

ships or impressing sailors– Nothing about freedom of

the seas• GW didn’t like it but U.S.

couldn’t afford another war

• Jay burned in effigy along the Atlantic Coast

Spain gets nervous!The Pinckney Treaty 1795

Treaty of Friendship, Limits, and Navigation Between Spain and the U S

• Worried that U.S. and GB would conspire and take Florida and Louisiana Territory

• Treaty: favorable to U. S.– Set boundary between Florida and Georgia 31°

N– U.S. may use New Orleans w/o charge and use

whole Miss. River traveling thru Spanish territory

– Spain to stop encouraging Indians to attack Americans

See ya, George!

• Twice is enough!– Virginia is calling him

home• Precedent-setter again

– Only FDR different– 22nd amendment

• Farewell Address– No parties – No permanent alliances

Come home, George!

No Political Parties No Permanent Alliances

Washington’s Estate

• Home for 45 years• 8000 acres• 5 farms• 500 acres for him and

his family on the Potomac River

• George retired here for less than 3 years

• He died here December 14,

1799

"No estate in America is more pleasantly situated than this..."

George Washington, 1793

Challenges at Home

• Battle of Fallen Timbers– Anthony Wayne’s

forces defeat Chief Blue Jacket at the Battle of Fallen Timbers

• Treaty of Greenville Native Americans surrender present day Ohio.

“Mad” Anthony Wayne

John Adams #2

• 2-term VP– “most insignificant

office ever”• Patriot leader for

independence• Massachusetts delegate

to 1st and 2nd Continental Congresses

• Diplomat to France • Law degree from

Harvard

XYZ Affair

France resented Jay TreatyContinued seizing American

shipsAdams sent 3 ministers to

FranceCompensate U.S. for

damagesRelease U.S. from 1778

TreatyFrench Foreign Minister

demanded a bribe in order to negotiate$250,000 bribe$10 million loan to France

Adams refused and told public

American public wants war“Millions for defense; not a penny for tribute”

John Adam’s Administration

XYZ Affair• Undeclared naval war in the Caribbean

between French and U. S. navy.• French agents offer a peace treaty for a

bribe.• Americans refuse to pay.

Maiden America

Alien and Sedition ActsThe Federalists strike back

• Alien Acts

– Designed to strike back at the Dem-Reps

• Immigrants tended to support Dem-Reps

– Increased residency requirement to become

U.S. citizen from 5 to 14 years

– President empowered to imprison or deport

“dangerous” or “suspicious” aliens

• Sedition Act

– Forbade conspiracy and criticism of

government and leaders

The Democratic-Republican ResponseThe Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

1798

• anti-Federalist• Alien and Sedition Acts are

unconstitutional• TJ and Madison ghost writers (Sedition Act)• Doctrine of states’ rights

– States can declare laws of Congress “null and void”

• Good material for the 1800 election• Adopted by pro-slavery southerners to

justify their actions

Election of 1800

• “bloodless revolution”• TJ #3 President

Judiciary Act of 1801the midnight judges

• JA of 1801 created new federal judge positions• Adams appointed 42 Federalists who opposed Dem-Rep

principles just before he left office– Designed to antagonize and disrupt TJ’s administration

• Not all appointments were delivered• Led to Marbury v. Madison

– William Marbury sued for his job– President TJ told Sec. of State Madison to NOT deliver

commission– CJ Marshall established the concept of judicial review

• Sec. 13 of JA (1789) unconstitutional

I want my job!

Get lost!