ch. 7 diagrams cell structure. figure 6.2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 m 10 m 1 m 100 nm 10 nm 1...
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Ch. 7 Diagrams
Cell Structure
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Figure 6.2 10 m
1 m
0.1 m
1 cm
1 mm
100 m
10 m
1 m
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
0.1 nm Atoms
Small molecules
Lipids
Proteins
Ribosomes
VirusesSmallest bacteria
Mitochondrion
Most bacteriaNucleus
Most plant andanimal cells
Human egg
Frog egg
Chicken egg
Length of somenerve andmuscle cells
Human height
Un
aid
ed e
ye
Lig
ht
mic
rosc
op
y
Ele
ctro
n m
icro
sco
py
Super-resolution
microscopy
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Brightfield(unstained specimen)
Brightfield(stained specimen)
50
m
Confocal
Differential-interference-contrast (Nomarski)
Fluorescence
10 m
Deconvolution
Super-resolution
Scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM)
Transmission electronmicroscopy (TEM)
Cross sectionof cilium
Longitudinal sectionof cilium
Cilia
Electron Microscopy (EM)
1
m1
0
m5
0
m
2 m
2 m
Light Microscopy (LM)
Phase-contrast
Figure 6.3
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Differentialcentrifugation
Centrifuged at1,000 g
(1,000 times theforce of gravity)
for 10 min Supernatantpoured intonext tube
20 min
60 minPellet rich innuclei andcellular debris
3 hr
Pellet rich inmitochondria(and chloro-plasts if cellsare from a plant)
Pellet rich in“microsomes”
Pellet rich inribosomes
20,000 g
80,000 g
150,000 g
TECHNIQUE (cont.)Figure 6.4b
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Fimbriae
Bacterialchromosome
A typicalrod-shapedbacterium
(a)
Nucleoid
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Cell wall
Capsule
Flagella A thin sectionthrough thebacterium Bacilluscoagulans (TEM)
(b)
0.5 m
Figure 6.5
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Figure 6.6
Outside of cell
Inside of cell0.1 m
(a) TEM of a plasmamembrane
Hydrophilicregion
Hydrophobicregion
Hydrophilicregion
Carbohydrate side chains
ProteinsPhospholipid
(b) Structure of the plasma membrane
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Surface area increases whiletotal volume remains constant
Total surface area[sum of the surface areas(height width) of all boxsides number of boxes]
Total volume[height width length number of boxes]
Surface-to-volume(S-to-V) ratio[surface area volume]
1
5
6 150 750
1
1251251
1.26 6
Figure 6.7
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Figure 6.8a
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
RoughER
SmoothER
Nuclearenvelope
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Plasmamembrane
Ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
LysosomeMitochondrion
Peroxisome
Microvilli
MicrotubulesIntermediate filaments
Microfilaments
Centrosome
CYTOSKELETON:
Flagellum NUCLEUS
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NUCLEUS
Nuclearenvelope
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Golgiapparatus
Mitochondrion
Peroxisome
Plasma membrane
Cell wall
Wall of adjacent cell
Plasmodesmata
Chloroplast
Microtubules
Intermediatefilaments
Microfilaments
CYTOSKELETON
Central vacuole
Ribosomes
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Roughendoplasmic
reticulum
Figure 6.8c
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Nucleus
Rough ER
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Nuclear envelope:
Inner membrane
Outer membrane
Nuclear pore
Chromatin
Ribosome
Porecomplex
Close-upof nuclearenvelope
Figure 6.9a
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Figure 6.10
0.25 m
Free ribosomes in cytosol
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Ribosomes bound to ER
Largesubunit
Smallsubunit
Diagram of a ribosomeTEM showing ER andribosomes
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Figure 6.11 Smooth ER
Rough ER
ER lumen
CisternaeRibosomes
Smooth ERTransport vesicle
Transitional ER
Rough ER 200 nm
Nuclearenvelope
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Figure 6.13
Nucleus
Lysosome
1 m
Digestiveenzymes
Digestion
Food vacuole
LysosomePlasma membrane
(a) Phagocytosis
Vesicle containingtwo damagedorganelles
1 m
Mitochondrionfragment
Peroxisomefragment
(b) Autophagy
Peroxisome
VesicleMitochondrion
Lysosome
Digestion
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Figure 6.14
Central vacuole
Cytosol
Nucleus
Cell wall
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
5 m
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NucleusEndoplasmicreticulum
Nuclear envelope
Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells(host cell)
Engulfing of oxygen-using nonphotosyntheticprokaryote, whichbecomes a mitochondrion
Mitochondrion
Nonphotosyntheticeukaryote
Mitochondrion
At leastone cell
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote
Chloroplast
Figure 6.16
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Figure 6.17
Intermembrane space
Outermembrane
DNA
Innermembrane
Cristae
Matrix
Freeribosomesin themitochondrialmatrix
(a) Diagram and TEM of mitochondrion (b) Network of mitochondria in a protistcell (LM)
0.1 m
MitochondrialDNA
Nuclear DNA
Mitochondria
10 m
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Figure 6.18a
RibosomesStroma
Inner and outermembranes
Granum
1 mIntermembrane spaceThylakoid
(a) Diagram and TEM of chloroplast
DNA
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Column of tubulin dimers
Tubulin dimer
25 nm
Actin subunit
7 nm
Keratin proteins
812 nm
Fibrous subunit (keratinscoiled together)
10 m 10 m 5 m
Table 6.1
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Centrosome
Longitudinalsection ofone centriole
Centrioles
Microtubule
0.25 m
Microtubules Cross sectionof the other centriole
Figure 6.22
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Direction of swimming
(b) Motion of cilia
Direction of organism’s movement
Power stroke Recovery stroke
(a) Motion of flagella5 m
15 m
Figure 6.23
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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Animation: Cilia and Flagella Right-click slide / select “Play”
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Microtubules
Plasmamembrane
Basal body
Longitudinal sectionof motile cilium
(a)0.5 m 0.1 m
0.1 m
(b) Cross section ofmotile cilium
Outer microtubuledoubletDynein proteins
CentralmicrotubuleRadialspoke
Cross-linkingproteins betweenouter doublets
Plasma membrane
Triplet
(c) Cross section ofbasal body
Figure 6.24
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Figure 6.25 Microtubuledoublets
Dynein protein
ATP
(a) Effect of unrestrained dynein movement
Cross-linking proteinsbetween outer doublets
ATP
Anchoragein cell
(b) Effect of cross-linking proteins
(c) Wavelike motion
1
2
3
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Figure 6.27
Muscle cell
Actinfilament
Myosin
Myosin
filament
head
(a) Myosin motors in muscle cell contraction
0.5 m
100 m
Cortex (outer cytoplasm):gel with actin network
Inner cytoplasm: solwith actin subunits
(b) Amoeboid movement
Extendingpseudopodium
30 m(c) Cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells
Chloroplast
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Figure 6.30
EXTRACELLULAR FLUIDCollagen
Fibronectin
Plasmamembrane
Micro-filaments
CYTOPLASM
Integrins
Proteoglycancomplex
Polysaccharidemolecule
Carbo-hydrates
Coreprotein
Proteoglycanmolecule
Proteoglycan complex
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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Animation: Tight Junctions Right-click slide / select “Play”
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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Animation: Desmosomes Right-click slide / select “Play”
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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Animation: Gap JunctionsRight-click slide / select “Play”
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Figure 6.32
Tight junctions preventfluid from movingacross a layer of cells
Tight junction
Tight junction
TEM0.5 m
TEM1 m
TE
M0.1 m
ExtracellularmatrixPlasma membranes
of adjacent cells
Spacebetween cells
Ions or smallmolecules
Desmosome
Intermediatefilaments
Gapjunction
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Figure 6.UN01
Nucleus
(ER)
(Nuclearenvelope)