ch 7 abbasid decline and spread of islam. i. excess and decline abbasid caliphs lived extremely...
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Ch 7Abbasid Decline and Spread of Islam
I. Excess and Decline
Abbasid caliphs lived extremely lavishly Concubines, wives and courtiers
Succession was a problemAl Mahdi’s son was poisoned 1 year after his death
Solved with Harun al-Rashid (786-809)1001 Arabian Nights
His death resulted in civil warIssues with slave armies
II. Breakdown and Decline
Women lost rightsHarem
Slaves who could only win freedom with sons
Protected by Eunuchs
Arabs and non-Arabs
VeilSlave women did not have to wear a veil
Rich womenNo careers
Poor WomenClothing, silk and rug production
II. Breakdown and Decline
Slave armies were used during civil wars
Extravagant building projectsHigh taxes
Irrigation fell apart
Shi’ites caused rebellions
II. Breakdown and decline
InvadersBuyids (945 AD)
Persian invaders
Captured Baghdad
Sultans (victorious)
Seljuk Turks (1055 AD)200 years
Sunnis who purged Shi’ites
Came to rule the Ottoman empire
III. CrusadesCatholic invasions to free Jerusalem (Holy Land) from the Muslims
Encouraged by Byzantium
Pope Urban II
Series of 8 crusades 1st most successful
3rd- Muslims united under SaladinEnded with King Richard the Lion Hearted and Saladin making peace
Most were failures
Helped revive classical culture lost to the west
Brought desire to trade with Middle East
III. Crusades
IV. Learning and Prosperity
Town life grewWealth in trade grew
Art flourishedTapestry/Rugs
Mosque grew
LiteraturePersian replaces Arabic
Illuminate text
PoetryShah-Nama (Book of Kings)- Firdwasi
History book
اسالمي
IV. Learning and Prosperity
Science and MathImproved Greek Algebra and Geometry
TrigonometrySine, cosine and tangent
Objective experimentation
Al-Biruni: calculated specific mass of 18 minerals
Astronomical tables
Star maps
Medicine
Map Making
V. End of Abbasid Caliphate
Was divided early on due to Succession
Mongols Chinggis Khan (1220s) aka Ghengis Khan
Raided Eastern provinces
HuleguChinggis’s grandson
Took Baghdad in 1258 (ended Abbasid rule)
Pushed west and was defeated by the Mamluks of Egypt
Cairo becomes Islam capital
V. End of Abbasid Caliphate
VI. Islam spreads to Asia
Main region of spread was IndiaInevitable encounters
Encountered some problemsDid not spread easily and resulted in violence
Islam is open socially while Hinduism is not
Islam is strict religiously and Hinduism is flexible
VI. Islam spreads to Asia
1st invasion (711 AD)Effects were not enduring
Result of trade and Indian attacks on Arab ships
General Muhammad ibn QasimUmayyad
17 years old
No real effect
Treated as Dhimili
Indian culture had more influence
Did not add much territory
VI. Islam spreads to Asia
2nd Invasion (962 AD)Turkish Slave dynasty
Pushed to Afghanistan and into the Indus Valley
Mahmud of Ghazni pushed raiding and conquest
3rd ruler of dynasty
Pushed deep into India
Pursuit of wealth
Muhammad of GhurSucceeded Mahmud and conquered central India
Qutb-ud-din AibakSlave lieutenant took over after Muhammad’s assassination
VI. Islam spreads to Asia
Indian convertsSeparated Arabs and Hindus
Muslims put themselves into the top of the caste system
Some gave themselves divine rule
Most Muslims assimilated themselves into Arab society
VI. Islam spreads to Asia
Hindus couldn’t assimilate IslamUsed cults to make their religion more desirable
Bhaktic
Kabir and Mira Bai
Gurus and mystics
Islam tried to accommodate these differences
Conversion did not happen frequently
VI. Islam spreads to Asia
Southeast AsiaSpread to Sumatra, and Strait of Malacca and Malaya
Spread through trade
Sufi Mystics spread IslamMixed mysticism and Islam
Allowed for pre-Islam belief
More flexible