Ch 6, WWI. The Great War Sec. I. The U.S. Enters WWI. President Wilson pledged to strike a new note in international affairs. A.Mexican Revolution. From 1884 to 1911, dictator Porfirio Daz ruled Mexico; supported by a few wealthy landowners while most were poor and landless, led to revolution in 1911 forcing Daz to flee. Francis Madero replaced Diaz with a constitutional gov t; General Victoriano Huerta overthrew Medero and presumably had him assassinated. President Wilson felt the US had a moral obligation to intervene and put good people in power. Incident with US marines being arrested for going to a restricted part of Tampico; Mexico refused to apologize; Wilson used incident as excuse to overthrow Huerta. Anti-American riots started; used int l mediation to resolve; Carranza (who got weapons from US) became next Mexican president; Mexicans opposed to Carranza still not happy; conducted raids in the US to provoke Wilson. 1.April 1914, Wilson sent troops to Mexico. 2.Pancho Villa led group of guerillas; burned the town of Columbus, N.M. 10 civilians and 14 US soldiers killed in Columbus raid. Wilson responded by sending over 6,000 troops under General Pershing into Mexico to capture Villa, but never did after a year of searching. During 1st term, Wilson sent marines into Nicaragua, Haiti, and Dominican Republic to restore order and set-up stable gov ts. Francisco "Pancho" Villa, was a Mexican Revolutionary general. As commander of the Divisin del Norte (Division of the North), he was the caudillo of the Northern Mexican state of Chihuahua. His charisma and effectiveness gave him great popularity, and was provisional Governor of Chihuahua in 1913 and In 1916 he raided Columbus, New Mexico. Villa and his supporters employed tactics such as propaganda and firing squads against his enemies, and expropriated hacienda land for distribution to peasants and soldiers. He also robbed and commandeered trains, and printed his own money to pay for his cause. B.Outbreak of WWI. 1.Triple Alliance v. Triple Entente. Tensions rose when Austria- Hungary (A-H in 1867) annexed the Ottoman province of Bosnia in 1908; then in 1912, different Balkan groups fought one another for more land and power. Balkans Triple Alliance (1882) Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy (Italy changes sides); Later called the Central Powers. Triple Entente (1907) England, France, and Russia (US in 1917), Later called the Allies. a) Nationalism intense pride of one s homeland. a) Nationalism intense pride of one s homeland. Ethnic groups in the Balkans and the Hapsburg Empire had nationalist feelings. Serbs, Bosnians, Croats, and Slovenes all live in a region in southeastern Europe called the Balkans. 2.Militarism aggressive preparation for war. a)Mass armies (conscription). b)Industrial Revolution many destructive guns & weapons. c)Propaganda. 3.Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Aust-Hung 10+ ethnicities (nationalism), Dual Monarchy of Franz Josef I (old school and resisted change). Franz (Francis) supported reforms United States of Austria. together/peaceful coexistence. June 28,1914 was Serbian Nationalist Day = bad day for visit! The Black Hand wanted Bosnia to be free of Aust-Hung rule. The Black Hand was supported by Serbian army officers. First attempt with a bomb thrown at his convertible failed, later that day, Gavrilo Princip, a 19-yo Bosnian Serb, fatally shot them after driver Gavrilo Princip, a 19-yo Bosnian Serb, fatally shot them after driver took a wrong turn. Princip was not a good shot according to instructor. Sentenced to 20 years, but died after only four (in 1918). Gavrilo Princip C. Beginning of WWI, the U.S. tried to remain neutral. Am investors/Wall Street were making $ off war: British battle victory made stocks raise. Gave Allies loans so they could buy US supplies. Neutral?? 8 million Germ-Americans and 4.5 mill Irish-Americans (anti-Br) in U.S. Thousands of Germ-Americans joined the German army. 1.The Lusitania unarmed British passenger ship sunk by German U- boat on May 7, a) 123 U.S. citizens dead. floating palace from New York to England. 1,195 dead, including 94 children & infants. Rumors of ship being armed; British admiralty had warned the Lusitania. Lusitania was carrying wartime essentials: motorcycle parts, metals, cotton goods, food, 4,200 cases of rifle ammo, 1,250 cases of shrapnel (not explosive), and 18 boxes of percussion fuses. Caused anti-German feelings. Newspapers called it deliberate murder. (Sunk in just 18 minutes). 2.The Zimmerman Telegram Germany asks Mexico to invade U.S. Germany asked Mexico to take back Texas, NM, and Arizona. Took 2-weeks to decode. Mexico was in civil war; pushed U.S. over the edge and declared war. According to the Zimmermann telegram, if Mexico allied with Germany, Germany would help Mexico regain Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. 3.U.S. enters war (Allies) in April Not everyone wanted to go to war (Isolationists, women, & labor groups). U.S. business/industries making a lot of $: loans to Europe then selling them goods. Congresswoman Jeannette Rankin of Montana The first women elected to Congress and a lifelong pacifist, she was one of fifty to vote against the U.S. to enter into WW I (vote after only 4 days in office) and the only member of Congress to vote against entry into WWII. She also led resistance to the Vietnam War. Americans were issued the Chauchau light machine gun, even though it was unreliable and they had the Browning VAR at home (U.S. Gov t didn t want the Germans to get a hold of it). II.The Home Front. A.Selective Service Act conscription. Only England and U.S. did not have conscription when the war started. Many armies doubled in size. In 1914, the Russian Army was the largest army in the world. Russia's poor roads & railways made ineffective deployments of soldiers. According to the Selective Service Act, the order in which men were called to service would be determined by a lottery. B.Mobilizing the Workforce. 1.Women created new roles (normally held by men). Chimney sweeps, truck drivers, farm laborers, factory workers in heavy industry. Many jobs were considered beyond the capacity of women. 1st war that women officially served in the armed forces (non- combat roles; mostly nurses and clerical; hired temporarily. By the end of the war, 11,000 women served in the navy. 20,000 in Army Nursing Corps (10,000 overseas). a)Men took back their jobs & those women who stayed had their wages lowered. b)Right to Vote (1920) 19 th Amendment. WWI had positive political and social impacts. 2.African-Americans. a)Racially segregated military units under white officers. a)Racially segregated military units under white officers. b) Great Migration North moved north to work in factories. b) Great Migration North moved north to work in factories. Faced discrimination and prejudice in the army. Of the nearly 400,000 drafted, about 42,000 served overseas. The Great Migration during WWI was a flow of African American civilians moving from the South up to Northern cities. The 369 th Infantry Regiment. African-American 92nd and 93rd Infantry Divisions fought in bitter Western Front Battles. The entire 369th Infantry Regiment awarded highly prized French decoration Croix Guerre (war cross) for gallantry in combat. Opened doors with higher-paying jobs ( Great Migration North). Harlem Hellfighters is the popular name for the 369th Infantry Regiment, formerly the 15th New York National Guard Regiment. The unit was also known as The Black Rattlers, and the first African-American Regiment during WWI. Mexican Americans Head North Political turmoil in Mexico and the wartime labor shortage in the U.S. convinced many Mexicans to head North. Political turmoil in Mexico and the wartime labor shortage in the U.S. convinced many Mexicans to head North. Between , over 100,000 Mexicans migrated to TX, AZ, CA, & NM. Between , over 100,000 Mexicans migrated to TX, AZ, CA, & NM. Tens of thousands headed North to Chicago, St. Louis, Omaha, etc. to work in wartime factory jobs. Tens of thousands headed North to Chicago, St. Louis, Omaha, etc. to work in wartime factory jobs. Many faced hostility and discrimination; tended to settle in their own neighborhoods (Barrios). Many faced hostility and discrimination; tended to settle in their own neighborhoods (Barrios) The Legorreta family at their home in San Francisco, California. 3.Immigrants. a) Lower immigrant quotas. b) Fired from jobs. c) Faced discrimination. Ellis Island, New York Harbor, 1917. Mexicans migrated the U.S. due to political turmoil in Mexico (Civil War). Between 1917 and 1920, 100,000 Mexicans migrated North; moved to separate neighborhoods, called Barrios, due to discrimination. C.Total War. WWI became a total war, with governments taking control of their economies and civilians undergoing rationing of goods. 1.Impact of Total War involved a complete mobilization of resources and people. Control over the economies free market capitalistic systems were temporarily suspended. Planned Economies systems directed by gov t agencies. 2.War Industries Board (WIB) Coordinated production of war materials. a) Bernard Baruch Ran the WIB. WIB told manufacturers what to produce. Expected a short war so did little long-term planning; needed new measures. Bernard Baruch, The WIB encouraged companies to use mass-production techniques to increase efficiency and to eliminate waste by standardizing products. The WIB set production quotas and allocated raw materials. It also conducted psych testing to help people find the right jobs. 3.Food Administration Reduce food consumption; ran by Herbert Hoover. a)Victory Gardens. b) Food will win the war don t waste it! Gov ts set-up price, wage, and rent controls; rationed food supplies and materials; regulated imports and exports; took over transportation systems and industries. During World War I, Americans were encouraged to Hooverize by observing Wheatless Mondays. President Woodrow Wilson men and women who remain to till the soil and man the factories are no less a part of the army than the men beneath the battle flags. 4.Fuel Administration conserve gas, coal, and heating oil; started daylight savings. To conserve energy during WWI, the Fuel Administration introduced daylight savings time. 5.RR Administration controlled RR s. 6.National War Labor Board resolved labor disputes. 7.Liberty Bonds and Victory Bonds pay for the war. Manipulation of Public Opinion By 1916, there were signs of lagging civilian morale under pressures of total war. Gov ts suppressed any opposition to the war. Authoritarian gov ts (Germ, Aust-Hung, and Russia) used force to subdue their populations. Democratic states expanded police powers to stop internal dissent = England (Defense of the Realm Act (DORA) allowed the gov t to arrest protesters as traitors; newspapers were censored and sometimes even suspended publication. D.Selling the War. 1.Gov t propaganda ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a position. Stirred up national hatreds; make people feet their nation s cause was just. a) Committee on Public Information Propaganda, 4-minute speeches ; ran by George Creel. a) Committee on Public Information Propaganda, 4-minute speeches ; ran by George Creel. Job of selling the war to the people; recruited advertisers, artists, etc. Distributed posters and pamphlets; Four-Minute Speeches at movies and public halls to support war by buying bonds; reporting draft dodgers. Four-Minute Men gave patriotic speeches urging support of war effort. As war progressed and morale sagged, gov ts needed new techniques to motivate public daddy, what did you do in the Great War? Freedom of speech and press were limited by the gov t for national security. Newspaper ads urged Americans to spy on their neighbors/fellow citizens. Patriotism turned to persecution: violence against German-Americans, mobs attacked labor activists, socialists, and pacifists. 2.Espionage and Sedition Acts illegal to criticize the gov t, president, or war efforts; deny mail to violators. Freedom of speech in the U.S. is Guaranteed by the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which states in part: "Congress shall make no law... abridging the freedom of speech, or the press." Those found guilty of such actions "shall be punished by a fine of not more than $10,000 or Imprisonment for not more than twenty years, or both. Major portions of the Espionage Act remain part of U.S. law today! Eugene V. Debs Eugene V. Debs was an American labor and political leader and five-time Socialist Party of America candidate for the American Presidency. On 16 June 1918 Debs made an anti-war speech in Canton, Ohio, protesting US involvement in WWI, and he was subsequently arrested under the Sedition Act of He was convicted and sentenced to serve ten years in prison. Espionage Act of 1917 illegal for spying and penalized disloyalty, giving false reports, or otherwise interfering with the war effort. The Sedition Act of 1918 Any public expression against the war (President or Gov t) was illegal. 1,500 prosecutions and 1,000 convictions under both laws! What is a clear and present danger ? Can NOT yell Fire in a crowded theatre. Schenck vs. The United States a) Schenck vs. The United States (1919) Supreme Court ruled (1919) Supreme Court ruled an individual s freedom of an individual s freedom of speech can be limited due to speech can be limited due to clear and present danger clear and present danger The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that an individual s freedom of speech can be curbed when the words uttered constitute a clear and present danger. Schenck was overturned by Brandenburg v. Ohio, (1969). III.A Bloody Conflict. Allied offenses on the Western front were a disaster; The Russian revolution (started in Nov 1917) weakened the Allies when Russia withdrew from the war a few months later; large losses on both sides due to machinery and slaughter. A.Combat. 1.Trench Warfare. 2.New technologies tank, plane, machine gun, & poison gas. Russia out of war (V.I. Lenin, Bolshevik leader, elected in 1917). Almost 10 million died during WWI; great devastation in Europe. British PsyOps Vickers Because of rapid-fire machine guns. Used to see enemy activities. 3.U.S. (Doughboy) entry boosted morale, new troops & material. 1918 4. Convoys ships gathered into groups for protection. With over a million U.S. troops pouring into France, the Allies marched towards Germany. Germans realized the war was lost and asked for peace. 5. Armistice truce, or agreement, to stop fighting on Nov. 11, The war to end all wars. -- Woodrow Wilson The L.A. Times B.Treaty of Versailles (Jan 1919) Victorious Allies met to make a final settlement. After the defeat of the Germans, peace settlements brought political and territorial changes to Europe and created bitterness and resentment in several nations. Versailles restricted/limited Germany s military power (humiliating!). Germany not invited; Russia couldn t attend due to civil war; most decisions made by Big 3. Punished Germany for the war, established new nations, and created a League of Nations to solve international problems. Feb 14 - Screened for Austrian Military Service; Found Unfit. Feb 14 - Screened for Austrian Military Service; Found Unfit. Aug 14 - Hitler petitions to serve in Bavarian forces despite Austrian Citizenship. Aug 14 - Hitler petitions to serve in Bavarian forces despite Austrian Citizenship. 7 Oct 16 - Wounded in leg at the Somme. 7 Oct 16 - Wounded in leg at the Somme. 28 Sep 1918 28 Sep 1918 Incident involving Henry Tandy, VC. 11 Nov At 11 Nov At news of armistice; Hitler reacts bitterly. One of the haunting photos of the 20th Century. Adolf Hitler (circled) thrills to the announcement of war in Munich, August First World War Service of Adolf Hitler 1.U.S. President Woodrow Wilson 14 Points (based on open diplomacy). a)League of Nations. England and France just wanted to make Germany pay! b)U.S. Senate rejects the Treaty. A New Map of Europe The losers lost land. New lines mixed with ethnic groups. Austria-Hungary was broken-up into individual nation-states = Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania (got Russian land too), Yugoslavia (Serbia). Ottoman land formed Lebanon and Syria (mandated by France), and Iraq and Palestine (mandated by England). Mandate System Br and Fr territorial acquisitions; one nation governs another nation as a mandate from the League of Nations but does not own the territory. The Western Allies promised to recognize independent Arab states in return for help (against the Turks) during the war, but changed their minds (opposed by Pres Wilson). IV.The War s Impact. US emerges as a world industrial leader. A.Economy in turmoil inflation (gov t removed the restrictions on goods, as demand , the prices ). 1.Cost of Living rose due to inflation. Inflation increased the cost of food, clothes, shelter, & other essentials. High inflation led to strikes. In 1919, over 3,600 strikes involving over 4 million workers (more & better organized). Boston Police Strike (1919) about 75% of the police force went on strike (riots and looting resulted; when the police returned to work, the commissioner refused and hired all new police). 2.The Seattle General Strike involves several industries (over 60,000 people), paralyzed city for 5 days. Steel Strike shortly after the police strike ended, an estimated 350,000 steelworkers (one of largest strikes in US history) went on strike for better pay, shorter hours, and recognition of their union. Companies blamed strike on foreign radicals and hired many Mexicans and African-Americans; 18 strikers were killed in Gary, IN.; Jan 1920 the strike collapsed and set back the union cause until organized in Strikes worried many Americans because it was the tactic of Communists in Europe. Racial unrest Soldiers returning from the war were competing for jobs with African-Americans who moved to the north. Summer of 1919, over 20 race riots broke out in US, the worst in Chicago due to an African-American teenager drowning after being kept from the shore at a white beach, riot lasted several days with 38 deaths (15 white and 23 black) and over 500 injured. Attracted by plentiful jobs, high wages, and cheap rent in northern cities, by 1930 some 2 million blacks migrated out of the South. B.The Red Scare Fear that the Communists (Reds) might seize power led to a nationwide panic. Anti-German and Anti-Russian (Communists) feeling during the war (increased when Russia dropped out due to helping Germany). Strikers seen as revolutionaries and unpatriotic. 1917cartoon. A series of bombings, including one damaging the home of U.S. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, led to the creation of a special division within the Justice Department, later becoming the FBI in 1919 and led by J. Edgar Hoover. Palmers Raids focused on immigrants and foreign residents for radical activities, but found no evidence; ignored civil liberties in the process, no warrants, mistreated and jailed people for indefinite periods of time without speaking to their attorneys. During 1920 s, Americans often linked radicalism with immigrants, putting pressure on Congress to limit immigration. A TNT bomb planted in New York on Sept 16, 1920, killed thirty people at a Wall Street crowd & injured hundreds. Mitchell Palmer, US Attny General C.An End to Progressivism Warren G. Harding won 1920 election; promise of return to normalcy. People tired of economic problems, racial unrest, and fresh memories of WWI, wanted to return to simpler times before the progressive era and to build a more prosperous and stable society.