ch. 6 – routing theory – part 1 ccna semester 2 originally by rick graziani, instructor was...

Ch. 6 – Routing Theory – Part 1Ch. 6 – Routing Theory – Part 1

CCNA Semester 2CCNA Semester 2Originally by Rick Graziani, Instructor

Was modified by Prof. Yousif

Part I

Routing Basics and Static Routes

Path determination, for traffic going through a network cloud, occurs at the network layer (Layer 3).

The path determination function enables a router to evaluate the available paths to a destination and to establish the preferred handling of a packet.

The network layer provides best-effort end-to-end packet delivery across interconnected networks.

The network layer uses the IP routing table to send packets from the source network to the destination network.

After the router determines which path to use, it proceeds with forwarding the packet.

It takes the packet that it accepted on one interface and forwards it to another interface or port that reflects the best path to the packet's destination.

Much more information later in the presentation on “The Routing Table Structure.”

Very important points: Packet: IP Source and IP Destination (Network Layer) addresses do not

change. Data Link Source and Data Link Destination addresses do change to

reflect the current and next hop routers. The routing table (coming) contains the IP address of the next-hop router

– This address is used to find the Data Link Destination address which is used to encapsulate the original IP packet.

The router’s path determination function looks up the network address in the routing table and determines which interface it should exit.

The router’s switching function encapsulates it in the proper data link frame with the proper data link destination address.

Routing Protocols Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs): RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF,

IS-IS– IGRP and EIGRP are Cisco Proprietary

Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGPs): EGP, BGP

Routing Protocols: Much more later!IGPs – Interior Gateway Protocols RIP (Routing Information Protocol)

– Distance Vector IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)

– Distance Vector– Cisco Proprietary

EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)– Advanced Distance Vector or Hybrid– Cisco Proprietary

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)– Link-state

IS-IS (Intermediate-System to Intermediate System)– Link-state

EGPs – Exterior Gateway Protocols EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol)

– EGP – Path vector BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)

– EGP – Path vector

Autonomous System (AS) – Networks under the control of a single organization (within a single company).

IGP – Routing protocols used within an AS. EGP – Routing protocols used between AS’s

Important Routing Table Principles (Zinin, Cisco IP Routing) Every router makes its decision alone, based on the information

it has in its own routing table. The fact that one router has certain information in its routing

table does not mean that other routers have the same information.

Routing information about a path from one network to another does not provide routing information about the reverse, or return path.

The Routing Table prior to any interface configuration The command to view the IP Routing table is: (priviledge or user mode)

Router# show ip route

Currently, no routes in the routing table.

Directly Connected Networks and the IP Routing Table

RTA#show ip route

Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP

i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default

U - per-user static route, o - ODR

Gateway of last resort is not set

RTA#

172.16.0.0/16 192.168.1.0/24

.1 .1.2 .2

RTA RTB RTC192.168.2.0/24

.1 .1

10.0.0.0/8

s0 s0 s1s1e0 e0

Configuring an interface Adding an ip address/mask to an interface tells the router that it is a

member, “Directly Connected” to that network – just like when a host computer is configured with an ip address/mask.

Notice the route is shown with the subnet mask and the “exit-interface.” Don’t forget the “no shutdown” Don’t forget the interface must be in “up” and “up”


RTA(config)#inter e 0

RTA(config-if)#ip add 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0

RTA(config-if)#no shutdown

RTA#show ip route

Codes: C - connected,.. <Other codes and gateway information omitted>

C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0

RTA#

172.16.0.0/16 192.168.1.0/24

.1 .1.2 .2

RTA RTB RTC192.168.2.0/24

.1 .1

10.0.0.0/8

s0 s0 s1s1e0 e0

Viewing the Routing Table Process Use the “debug ip routing” command to view the Cisco IOS routing table

process of adding a directly connected network to the routing table. When finished, be sure to use “undebug all” Debug commands are used to view detailed information about Cisco IOS

processes – more later.

Directly Connected Networks and the IP Routing TableRTA# debug ip routing


RTA(config-if)#ip add 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0

RTA(config-if)#no shutdown

00:28:56: RT: add 192.168.2.0/24 via 0.0.0.0, connected metric [0/0]

00:28:56: RT: interface Ethernet0 added to routing table

RTA#show ip route



RTA# undebug all

Viewing the Routing Table Process Directly connected routes will also be removed if the link goes down. Directly connected routes will only be in the routing table if, it is not

administratively down, the line is “up” and protocol is “up” For serial interfaces, don’t forget the “clock rate” command on the

router with the DCE cable – neither interface will be “up” and “up” until both ends are configured correctly.

Directly Connected Networks and the IP Routing TableRTA# debug ip routing


RTA(config-if)#shutdown

00:34:38: RT: interface Ethernet0 removed from routing table

00:34:38: RT: del 192.168.2.0 via 0.0.0.0, connected metric [0/0]

00:34:38: RT: delete network route to 192.168.2.0

RTA#show ip route


RTA# undebug all


RTA#show ip route


C 172.16.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0


RTB#show ip route




RTC#show ip route




172.16.0.0/16 192.168.1.0/24

.1 .1.2 .2

RTA RTB RTC192.168.2.0/24

.1 .1

10.0.0.0/8

s0 s0 s1s1e0 e0

The Routing Tables Notice that the routers only know about their own directly connected

networks. They are not sharing routing information because we have not

configured any static routes or dynamic routing protocols.

Configuring an interface as part of a subnet We will discuss this in much more detail later using the presentation – “The

Routing Table.” For now, notice that when the subnet mask is not a classful mask, but a

subnetted /16 mask. The routing table information shows the route to the subnetted network The mask is shown in the above, “parent” classful network.


RTC(config)#inter e 0

RTC(config-if)#ip add 10.1.0.1 255.255.0.0

RTC#show ip route


10.0.0.0/16 is subnetted, 1 subnets

C 10.1.0.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0


RTC#

172.16.0.0/16 192.168.1.0/24

.1 .1.2 .2

RTA RTB RTC192.168.2.0/24

.1 .1

10.1.0.0/16

s0 s0 s1s1e0 e0

Routing – Only directly connected hosts (routers) Routers can only reach networks known about in its own routing table.


RTA#show ip route



RTA#ping 172.16.0.1

Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 172.16.0.1, timeout is 2 seconds:

!!!!!

Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 56/57/60 ms

RTA#ping 172.16.0.2

!!!!!

RTA#ping 192.168.1.1

.....

RTA#ping 192.168.1.2

.....

RTA#ping 10.1.0.1

.....

172.16.0.0/16 192.168.1.0/24

.1 .1.2 .2

RTA RTB RTC192.168.2.0/24

.1 .1

10.1.0.0/16

s0 s0 s1s1e0 e0

Routing– Routing tables must have the necessary network routes Question: If RTA can ping RTB’s 172.16.0.2 interface why can’t it ping

RTB’s 192.168.1.1 interface? - RTA does not have a route to it in its routing table.

Question: Would an extended ping from RTA, using the source IP address of 192.168.2.1 be able to ping 172.16.0.1 on RTB? Why or why not? Where does the echo request or echo reply fail?


RTA#show ip route



RTA#ping 172.16.0.1


!!!!!

Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 56/57/60 ms

RTA#ping 172.16.0.2

!!!!!

172.16.0.0/16 192.168.1.0/24

.1 .1.2 .2

RTA RTB RTC192.168.2.0/24

.1 .1

10.1.0.0/16

s0 s0 s1s1e0 e0

Routing– Routing tables must have the necessary network routes Question: Would an extended ping from RTA, using the source IP address of

192.168.2.1 be able to ping 172.16.0.1 on RTB? Why or why not? The echo request from RTA reaches RTB because RTA has a route to

172.16.0.0/16 in its routing table. However, the echo reply from RTB back to RTA fails, because RTB does not

have a route for 192.168.2.0/24 in its routing table.


RTA#show ip route



RTB#show ip route




RTA#ping

Protocol [ip]:

Target IP address: 172.16.0.2

Extended commands [n]: y

Source address or interface: 192.168.2.1


.....

172.16.0.0/16 192.168.1.0/24

.1 .1.2 .2

RTA RTB RTC192.168.2.0/24

.1 .1

10.1.0.0/16

s0 s0 s1s1e0 e0

Routing Table Principles Revisited (Zinin, Cisco IP Routing) Every router makes its decision alone, based on the information it has

in its own routing table. The fact that one router has certain information in its routing table does

not mean that other routers have the same information. Routing information about a path from one network to another does not

provide routing information about the reverse, or return path.


RTA#show ip route




RTB#show ip route




RTC#show ip route





172.16.0.0/16 192.168.1.0/24

.1 .1.2 .2

RTA RTB RTC192.168.2.0/24

.1 .1

10.1.0.0/16

s0 s0 s1s1e0 e0

TopicsPart I. Routing Basics and Static Routing Basic Concepts:

– Network Layer

– IP Routing Table

– Path Determination

– Routed Protocols versus Routing Protocols

– Network Layer Protocol Operations

– Path Switching (Introduction)

– Multiprotocol Routing IP Routing Table and Directly Connected Networks Static Routing

– Configuring Static Routes

– Static Routing in the Real-world

– Default Static Routes

– Recursive Lookups

– Static Routes and the Routing Table Process

– Advantages and Disadvantages of Static Routing

Static Routes In this presentation we will look at how to configure static

routes.

Dynamic Routes In this presentation we will look at the concepts of dynamic

routing, but will discuss the configuration and more of the concepts in the Chapter 12 – Routing Protocols.

Current IP Routing Tables

Configuring Static Routes172.16.0.0/16 192.168.1.0/24

.1 .1.2 .2

RTA RTB RTC192.168.2.0/24

.1 .1

10.1.0.0/16

s0 s0 s1s1e0 e0

RTA#show ip route




RTB#show ip route




RTC#show ip route





Configuring Static RoutesRTR(config)# ip route prefix mask {address | interface} [distance] [tag tag] [permanent]

prefix IP route prefix for the destination. mask Prefix mask for the destination. address IP address of the “next hop” that can be

used to reach that network. interface Network interface to use (exit-interface) distance (Optional) An administrative distance. tag tag (Optional) Tag value that can be used as

a "match" value for controlling redistribution via route maps. (CCNP Advanced Routing)

Permanent (Optional) Specifies that the route will not be removed, even if the interface shuts down. (CCNP Advanced Routing)

Configuring static routes Routers do not need to configure static routes for their own

directly connected networks. We need to configure static routes for networks this router

needs to reach. We will need to configure static routes for the other routers as

well, as “routing information about a path from one network to another does not provide routing information about the reverse, or return path.”

Convergence – When all the routers in the network (AS) have accurate and consistent information, so that proper routing and packet forwarding can take place.

Convergence will not happen until all the routers have complete and accurate routing information, meaning we must configure static routes on all the routers before packets will be correctly delivered.


.1 .1.2 .2

RTA RTB RTC192.168.2.0/24

.1 .1

10.1.0.0/16

s0 s0 s1s1e0 e0

Basic static route example Be sure to use the proper subnet mask!

Configuring Static Routes

RTA(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.0.2

RTA#show ip route

Codes: C - connected, S - static,


S 192.168.1.0/24 [1/0] via 172.16.0.2


Network/subnet routeIntermediate-Address (usually “next-hop”)

172.16.0.0/16 192.168.1.0/24

.1 .1.2 .2

RTA RTB RTC192.168.2.0/24

.1 .1

10.1.0.0/16

s0 s0 s1s1e0 e0

Basic static route example (continued) [1/0] – [ Administrative Distance / Metric ] Administrative Distance – This is the “trustworthiness” of the routing

information. The default administrative distance of static routes is 1. The Administrative Distance of a directly connected route is 0. Lower the AD the more trustworthy. If the router learns about a route to a network from more than one

source, it will install the route with the lower administrative distance in the routing table. – More later.



RTA#show ip route



S 192.168.1.0/24 [1/0] via 172.16.0.2


172.16.0.0/16 192.168.1.0/24

.1 .1.2 .2

RTA RTB RTC192.168.2.0/24

.1 .1

10.1.0.0/16

s0 s0 s1s1e0 e0

Basic static route example (continued) [1/0] – [ Administrative Distance / Metric ] Metric – This is the “cost” of getting to this route, I.e. how far away this

network is. The lower the cost, the closer the network. Static routes always show a cost of “0” even if it was configured with

the intermediate address is multiple-hops away. Much more later.



RTA#show ip route



S 192.168.1.0/24 [1/0] via 172.16.0.2


172.16.0.0/16 192.168.1.0/24

.1 .1.2 .2

RTA RTB RTC192.168.2.0/24

.1 .1

10.1.0.0/16

s0 s0 s1s1e0 e0

Recursive Lookup The router knows it can get to 192.168.1.0/24 network by forwarding

the packets to the router at the ip address of 172.16.0.2 How does the router know how to get to the ip address 172.16.0.2? It does a recursive lookup – first (1) by looking up the 192.168.1.0/24

network and finding it needs to forward the packet to 172.16.0.2 – the router then (2) looks up the 172.16.0.0 network and sees it can forward it out the interface Serial 0.



RTA#show ip route



S 192.168.1.0/24 [1/0] via 172.16.0.2


172.16.0.0/16 192.168.1.0/24

.1 .1.2 .2

RTA RTB RTC192.168.2.0/24

.1 .1

10.1.0.0/16

s0 s0 s1s1e0 e0

1

2

Static Routes and the Routing Table Process Notice that the static route is entered into the routing table by the

routing table process (debug ip routing) with a metric of 0.


.1 .1.2 .2

RTA RTB RTC192.168.2.0/24

.1 .1

10.1.0.0/16

s0 s0 s1s1e0 e0

RTA#debug ip routing

IP routing debugging is on

RTA#conf t

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.


05:53:48: RT: add 192.168.1.0/24 via 172.16.0.2, static metric [1/0]


05:54:38: RT: add 10.1.0.0/16 via 172.16.0.2, static metric [1/0]

RTA(config)#undebug all

Configuring all of the static routes Notice that the intermediate-address is always the next-hop ip address. This does not always have to be the case, and we will look at other

options in the presentation on Static Routes- Additional Information Good idea to do a “copy running-config startup-config” if everything is

working right. To verify the routes are in there, you can do a:

Router# show running-config


.1 .1.2 .2

RTA RTB RTC192.168.2.0/24

.1 .1

10.1.0.0/16

s0 s0 s1s1e0 e0



RTB(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.0.1


RTC(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1


Examining RouterA Notice the 10.0.0.0 parent – classful information Again, we will look at why in the presentation on The Routing Table.


.1 .1.2 .2

RTA RTB RTC192.168.2.0/24

.1 .1

10.1.0.0/16

s0 s0 s1s1e0 e0



RTA#show ip route




S 10.1.0.0 [1/0] via 172.16.0.2

S 192.168.1.0/24 [1/0] via 172.16.0.2


RTA#ping 10.1.0.1

!!!!!

RTA#ping 192.168.1.2

!!!!!

RTA#ping 192.168.1.1

!!!!!

Examining RouterB


.1 .1.2 .2

RTA RTB RTC192.168.2.0/24

.1 .1

10.1.0.0/16

s0 s0 s1s1e0 e0



RTB#show ip route




S 10.1.0.0 [1/0] via 192.168.1.2


S 192.168.2.0/24 [1/0] via 172.16.0.1

RTB#ping 192.168.2.1

!!!!!

RTB#ping 10.1.0.1

!!!!!

Examining RouterC


.1 .1.2 .2

RTA RTB RTC192.168.2.0/24

.1 .1

10.1.0.0/16

s0 s0 s1s1e0 e0



RTC#show ip route


S 172.16.0.0/16 [1/0] via 192.168.1.1




S 192.168.2.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.1.1

RTC#ping 192.168.1.1

!!!!!

RTC#ping 172.16.0.1

!!!!!

Advantages and Disadvantages of Static Routing

Advantages Low processor

overhead No bandwidth

utilization– Secure operation

don’t inadvertently advertise networking information to an untrusted source

Predictability (precise control)

Disadvantages High-maintenance

configuration No adaptability

(except for floating static routes)

Static routes in the real-world Soon we will learn about dynamic routing protocols (RIP, etc.),

where routers can learn automatically about networks, without the manual configuration of static routes.

Does this mean that static routes are never used in the real-world? No! Static routes are used in conjunction with dynamic routing

protocols. It is common to use a static route where using a dynamic routing

protocols would have disadvantages or where it just not needed.

Static routes in the real-world (continued) In the example above, there is only one route, link, between VCC’s

network and the ISP. When there is only a single route to a network, this is known as a stub

network. It is very common for the ISP to have a static route pointing to it’s

customers’ networks, in this case VCC College.

VCC College

ISP

10.1.1.2/24

10.1.1.1/24

172.16.0.0/16

ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 10.1.1.2

Static routes in the real-world (continued) What about VCC College and sending packets to the ISP – packets

going to the Internet? It is also common for customer networks to use a special kind of static

route, known as a default static route. Of course we will examine this later throughout the rest of this course,

but for now we specify the network and mask as “0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0” (pronounced “quad-zero”).

This tells the router to forward all packets to this next-hop address (or exit interface) that do not have an explicit route in the routing table.

Cabrillo College

ISP

10.1.1.2/24

10.1.1.1/24

172.16.0.0/16

ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 10.1.1.2

ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.1.1.1

Default

Static routes in the real-world (continued) Any packets not matching the routes 172.16.0.0/16 or 10.1.1.0/24 are

sent to the router 10.1.1.1 – where it is now their “problem.”

VCC College

ISP

10.1.1.2/24

10.1.1.1/24

172.16.0.0/16

ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 10.1.1.2

ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.1.1.1

RTB#show ip route

Gateway of last resort is 10.1.1.1 to network 0.0.0.0



C 10.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1

S* 0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via 10.1.1.1

Default

ip default-network command The curriculum shows another command:

ip default-network We will look at this command after we have discussed dynamic routing

protocols, specifically IGRP. Note: This command is used when needing to propagate a default

route with the IGRP or EIGRP routing protocols. It is not commonly used with static routes, RIP, or OSPF.

Static routes do not lend themselves well to topology changes, and by themselves will not adjust to network changes (new network, down network, change in network characteristics – I.e. link bandwidth).

Although, backup static routes can be configured (later), it is better to use a dynamic routing protocol which can automatically detect and adjust to changes in the network topology.

In many cases with complex network topologies, static routes and backup-static routes, can not provide complete redundancy and backup, and can even lead to routing loops. – Later when in the presentation Static Routes – Additional Information.

ch. 6 – routing theory – part 1 ccna semester 2 originally by rick graziani, instructor was...

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