ch. 5.10 - 5.16, ch. 6 & ch. 7 cell energy & enzymes
TRANSCRIPT
C H. 5 . 1 0 - 5 . 1 6 , C H . 6 & C H . 7
CELL ENERGY & ENZYMES
CELLS MUST CREATE AND/OR PROCESS ENERGY USING CHEMICAL REACTIONS.
• ENZYMES:
• CATALYST: a substance that causes a chemical reaction to ______________ The substance is not changed or used up.
WHAT ARE ENZYMES?
• Most enzymes are ____________________
• Act as a _____________ to accelerate reactions
• ______________________ changed in the process
ENZYMES•___________ for what they catalyze
•Are _________•End in “_____”
HOW DO ENZYMES WORK?
Enzymes work by ______________________, which lowers the __________________________________
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_enzymes_work.html
THE ENZYME–SUBSTRATE COMPLEX
Substrate Joins Enzyme
ACTIVE SITE
SubstrateEnzyme
Active Site
WHAT AFFECTS ENZYME ACTIVITY?
Three factors…1. 2. 3.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
• Extreme __________________ are the most dangerous
• _________ (most “like” _______________, near neutral)
• ____________________________ (_________________)
Example: ____________ must be present in the quaternary structure of hemoglobin in order for it to pick up oxygen.
COFACTORS & COENZYMES
1. Competitive inhibitors:
Enzyme
Competitive inhibitor
Substrate
2 TYPES OF ENZYME INHIBITORS
2. Non-competitive inhibitors:
Enzymeactive site altered
NoncompetitiveInhibitor
Substrate
2 TYPES OF ENZYME INHIBITORS
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PURPOSE OF ENZYMES:
• 1. (ex. synthesis of DNA)
• 2. (ex. digestion of foods)
• 3.
Enzymes A Fun Introduction:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTUm-75-PL4&feature=related
ANABOLIC REACTIONS CATABOLIC REACTIONS
•
• Example: Photosynthesis
•
• Example: Cellular Respiration
ANABOLIC VS. CATABOLIC
MEMORY TRICK!
•A•B•C
•D
EXAMPLES OF ENZYMES
Enzyme Name Job
Lipase Breaks down lipids (fats)
Peptidase Breaks down peptide ponds that hold amino acids together (proteins)
Lactase Breaks down lactose found in dairy products
Cellulase Breaks down cellulose found in cell walls
Pectinase Breaks down pectin found in cell walls
Polymerase Builds DNA and RNA
Lactose
Glucose + Galactose
Disaccharide
Monosaccharide
Monosaccharide
LACTOSE INTOLERANCE
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GHScardinalgreenwich
- “Lactose Intolerance”
• CATALASE is an enzyme found in living things. Its job is to break down the poison hydrogen peroxide.
• Substrate(s)?• Enzyme?• Reactant (s)?• Product(s)?
catalase 2 H2O2 2
H2O + O2
•
•
• OPTIMAL TEMPERATURE: a specific temperature at which an enzyme’s catalytic activity is at its greatest
DO ALL ORGANISMS HAVE THE SAME OPTIMUM TEMPERATURE FOR THEIR ENZYMES?
An enzyme found in Wild Alaskan
Salmon
An enzyme found in Bacteria
An enzyme found in Humans
• pH: Each enzyme works within a small pH range. When an enzyme is NOT in its optimal pH environment the active site of the enzyme changes shape.
• Acidic pH levels:
• Neutral pH level: • Basic pH levels:
• OPTIMAL pH: a specific pH level at which an enzyme’s catalytic activity is at its greatest.
THE SAME GOES FOR ______
DO ALL ENZYMES IN AN ORGANISM HAVE THE SAME OPTIMUM PH?
Amylase
Pepsin
Trypsin
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN AN ENZYME REACHES PAST IT’S OPTIMAL TEMPERATURE OR pH?
DENATURATION (denature):
Denatured proteins will not go back to their original shape!!
CELL ENERGY
Photosynthesis
Cell Respiration
• Photosynthesis:
• Where does photosynthesis occur in plant cells?
CHLOROPLAST
ANATOMY OF A CHLOROPLAST
HOW DOES THE CHLOROPLAST ABSORB SUNLIGHT ENERGY?
• Pigments:
• Chlorophyll a (green) • Chlorophyll b (green)• Carotenoids (yellow, orange, red)
Chlorophylls absorb most strongly in the ____________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ This is why plant parts that contain chlorophyll appear green to the human eye.
Reactants(Into the Chloroplast)
Products(Out of the Chloroplast)
Word Formula
Chemical Formula
PHOTOSYNTHESIS OVERVIEW
PART 1: LIGHT REACTION
PART 2: CALVIN CYCLE
THOMAS ENGELMANN’S EXPERIMENT
What is a valid conclusion based on this graph?
O2 production decreases as the wavelength increases from 550 – 650 nm
Respiration rate in bacteria is greatest at 550 nm
Photosynthetic rate in the algae is greatest in blue light
The algae absorb the greatest amount of O2 in red light
THOMAS ENGELMANN’S EXPERIMENT
Photosynthetic rate in the algae is greatest in blue light
Evidence:
1.
2.
3. Animation of experiment
PHOTOSYNTHESIS DRAWINGS!
Photosynthesis Overview – Page 118
Light Reaction in detail – Page 114Calvin Cycle in detail – Page 116
Full sheet or Half sheet drawings – IN COLOR
CELL ENERGY
Photosynthesis
Cell Respiration
BREAKS DOWN INTO MICROSCOPIC MOLECULES
Loaf of bread Bread crumbs
GLUCOSE’S FINAL DESTINATION…
MITOCHONDRIA!!!
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
The energy is released in the form of ___________!!!!
GLUCOSE ENERGY (ATP)
Cellular Respiration
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE
• ATP:
• Cellular Activities that require ATP:• Active Transport of the cell membrane• Making new DNA and new cells• Muscle contractions • Nerve impulses
Glucose ATP
ATP FUNCTION
ENERGY IS RELEASED WHEN:
The bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups is broken, forming a molecule called ADP (adenosine diphosphate).
Reactants(Into
Mitochondria)
Products (Out of
Mitochondria)
Word Formula
Chemical Formula
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
WHAT TYPE OF ORGANISMS PERFORM CELLULAR RESPIRATION?
AUTOTROPHS HETEROTROPHS
•
• AKA: producer
• Examples: plants, algae & some bacteria
•
• AKA: consumer, herbivore, carnivore, decomposer, omnivore
• Examples: animals, fungi, & most bacteria
CELL RESPIRATION OVERVIEW
PART 1: GLYCOLYSIS
GLYCOLYSIS SUMMARY
TRANSITION TO KREBS / CITRIC ACID CYCLE
PART 2: KREBS / CITRIC ACID CYCLE
PART 3: OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
WITHOUT O2: FERMENTATION
CELL RESPIRATION REACTIONS
CELLULAR RESPIRATION DRAWINGS!
Cell Respiration Overview – Page 100
Glycolysis – Page 95Citric Acid / Krebs Cycle – Page 97
ETC (Oxidative Phosphorylation)- Page 98Fermentation – Page 101
Full sheet or Half sheet drawings – IN COLOR
YEAST - MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS
Significance of Yeast
Food Industry
Medical
Biofuel Industry
ILLUSTRATE INTERDEPENDENCE
• Illustrate the interdependent relationship that occurs between photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Performed by organisms.
• This cellular process occurs in cells, in the organelle called .
• Converts sunlight energy into chemical energy
• It is an reaction.
• CO2 and H2O are the
• Glucose and O2 are the
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
• Performed by & organisms.
• This cellular process occurs in & cells,in the organelle called .• Glucose is stored energy for the cell. ATP is usable
energy for the cell.
• It is a reaction.
• CO2 and H2O & ATP are the
• Glucose and O2 are the