Ch. 31:Decolonization

A. New Nations

South & S.E. Asia: Middle East: Africa:1946: The Philippines1947: India (Gandhi & Nehru) & Pakistan1948: Burma & Malaysia1949: Indonesia (Sukarno)

1932: Iraq1944: Syria1946: Jordan1948: Israel

1922: Egypt (Nasir)1951: Libya1960: Congo (Lumamba)1962: Algeria1963: Kenya (Kenyatta)

Decolonization in Africa

B. Patterns of Decolonization:

1. Violent Revolutions & Civil War: China, Algeria, Angola, & Vietnam

2. Non-Violent Independence:India, Ghana, & Turkey (Kemal Ataturk)

3. BOTH violent & non-violent:Kenya, Congo, Egypt, & South Africa

* Guatemala (1954): CIA overthrows the Guatemalan President who attempted to take land from the U.S.-owned United Fruit Co.

C. Algeria

Goals:

independence from French RuleArab Nationalism

Methods:

FLN (National Liberation Front)used violence, guerilla warfare, terrorism, torture8 year civil war (1954-1962)

D. Sub-Saharan Africa Independence

1. Less violent overall, but suffered from:arbitrarily drawn bordersdependence on export cropslack of roads & railroads

*Egyptian coup led by Gamal Abdel Nasser: nationalized Suez Canal (1956)…war w/ Israel

2. African National Congress (ANC) leaders:Ghana: Kwame NkrumahKenya: Jomo Kenyatta

Kwame Nkrumah & Jomo Kenyatta

E. Race Conflict in Africa

Race conflict severe in southern Africa:

Portuguese colonies of Angola & MozambiqueBritish colony of Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)South Africa (Apartheid system)

F. The “Third” World

1. “Third World”= newly decolonized “nonaligned” countries within the “bipolar” Cold War

2. 1955: Bandung Conference meeting of 29 African & Asian countries by the Indonesian President Sukarno

- role of Soviets & U.S.?

II. Chinese Cultural Revolution

1. 1949: communist victory by Mao Zedong & creation of People’s Republic of China (PRC)

2. 1958: Mao’s “Great Leap Forward” to industrialize PRC

3. 1966: Cultural Revolution Cultural Revolution (creation of Red Guard units to purge dissidents…3 million killed)

III. The Middle East

1. Arab-Israeli conflict:1947: U.N. Partition into Jewish & Palestinian land1948: creation of Israel…war w/ Arabs1967: Six-Day War…led to creation of Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) by Yasir Arafat

Munich Olympics hostage

2. Middle East Oil: oil-producing states formed OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

- monopoly on oil supply- Yom Kippur War (1973) against Israel led OPEC to embargo

oil to U.S. for supporting Israel…

IV. Global Environmental Concerns

1. Overpopulation fears

- “Green Revolution”: agricultural tech increased food supply

- overuse of pesticides/herbicides

- Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring

2. Industrial & Nuclear Waste

- 1970: Earth Day

Outline:I. Thesis (2-3 sentences)

II. Economic III. SocialIV. Political*1 diff. & 1 similarity for each)

Thesis?

Thesis?

Thesis?