ch 3 evolution of green plants

8/3/2019 Ch 3 Evolution of Green Plants

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Evolution and Diversity of

Green and Land Plants

Michael G. Simpson


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cellulose:

beta formof glucose


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Cellulosic cell wall

made of cellulose microfibrils


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Elodea (Hydrocharitaceae - Alismatales)

cell wall

chloroplasts


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chloroplast:chlorophyll a & bgrana

starch

amyloplasts (starch grains):

alpha-1,4-glucopyranoside


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2 forms of

glucose


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By endosymbiosis:

How did chloroplasts

evolve?


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Charales - oogamy

Nitella Chara

oogonium

Coleochaete


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cell wall:cellulosic

plasmodesmata (in some Green Plants)

-allow cell-to-cell communication


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The Land Plants

=Embryophyta (embryophytes)

The first colonization of plants on landduring the Silurian period, ca. 400 million

years ago.

Land Plants now dominate the earth.


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sporophyte:- allowed for many more propagules (spores) produced

- sporophyte (diploid) shields against deleterious recessives


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cuticlecell wall

epidermal cell

cuticle:protects against desiccation


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parenchyma:solid mass of tissue; cells:

1) are elongate to isodiametric;

2) have a primary (1) cell wall only (rarely a 2 wall);

3) living at maturity, capable of continued cell divisions.


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Marchantia (liverwort) Mnium (moss)

antheridium

antheridium

sperm cells


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Marchantia (liverwort)

archegonium

egg cell

neck


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Bryophytesparaphyletic


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Bryophytes

Liverworts

Hornworts

Mosses


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Liverworts -

Hepaticae

Two basic forms:

-thalloid

-leafy


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Thalloid(Conocephalum sp.)


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Leafy(Bazannia)

-3 rows of leaves,

lower usu. reduced


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antheridiophore-specialized structure that bears

antheridia

archegoniophore

-specialized structure that bearsarchegonia


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Marchantia

pore

gemma cup

pore

gemmae


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Marchantia

sporophyte spores

elaters


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stomate


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Mosses

(Musci)


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sporophyte:- allowed for many more propagules (spores) produced

- sporophyte (diploid) shields against deleterious recessives


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fertilization

protonema gametophyte (n)

archegonium antheridiumsporophyte (2n)

spore

(n) meiosis


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Economically important mosses:

Sphagnum Peat Moss


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Leaves have tiny pores that retain water

Sphagnum - Peat moss:

chlorophyllous cells

hyaline cell

pore


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Sphagnum - Peat moss:

Sphagnum Peat Moss

Plants make ground water acidic, form extensive bogs


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Peat = partially decomposed

Sphagnum

- Used in

potting media

- Used as afuel


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Peat = partially decomposed

Sphagnum

- Tollandman:

- preserved

remains in bog,405-100 B.C.


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Hornworts

(Anthocerotae)


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ch 3 evolution of green plants

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