Ch 29 The Collapse of Ch 29 The Collapse of the Old Orderthe Old Order

1929–19491929–1949

The Stalin Revolution The Stalin Revolution

Five-Year Plans Five-Year Plans

Stalin set about the task of Stalin set about the task of industrializing the Soviet Union in industrializing the Soviet Union in such a way as to increase the such a way as to increase the power of the Communist Party power of the Communist Party domestically and to increase the domestically and to increase the power of the Soviet Union in power of the Soviet Union in relation to other countries.relation to other countries.

Industrial Production Industrial Production Emphasis on Emphasis on

development of major development of major industries industries (oil, coal, (oil, coal, steel, electricity)steel, electricity)

Lack of attention to Lack of attention to production of production of consumer goods consumer goods (housing, clothing, (housing, clothing, furniture)furniture)

Persistent shortagesPersistent shortages Use of forced labor to Use of forced labor to

meet industrial targetsmeet industrial targets

Steel workers

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Pig iron Steel Oil Coal

1927-81932

Collectivization of Agriculture Collectivization of Agriculture

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FcumJNNX0qc

The Second Five-Year Plan (1933–The Second Five-Year Plan (1933–1937) was originally intended to 1937) was originally intended to increase the output of consumer increase the output of consumer goods goods

However fear of the Nazi regime in However fear of the Nazi regime in Germany prompted Stalin to shift the Germany prompted Stalin to shift the emphasis to heavy industries and emphasis to heavy industries and armaments. armaments.

Terror and Opportunities Terror and Opportunities

industrialization and collectivization industrialization and collectivization

=threats and force. =threats and force.

Stalin used the NKVD (secret police) Stalin used the NKVD (secret police) in order to create a climate of terrorin order to create a climate of terror

Many Soviet citizens supported Many Soviet citizens supported Stalin’s regime in spite of the fear and Stalin’s regime in spite of the fear and hardships. hardships.

Stalinism created:Stalinism created: new opportunities for women to join new opportunities for women to join

the workforce the workforce obedient, unquestioning people to rise obedient, unquestioning people to rise

within the ranks of the Communist within the ranks of the Communist Party, Party,

In the late 1930s the contrast In the late 1930s the contrast between the economic strength of between the economic strength of the Soviet Union and the Depression the Soviet Union and the Depression troubles of the capitalist nations troubles of the capitalist nations gave many the impression that gave many the impression that Stalin’s planned economy was a Stalin’s planned economy was a success.success.

The Depression The Depression

Economic Crisis Economic Crisis

New York stock market October 29, New York stock market October 29, 1929 caused: a chain reaction in 1929 caused: a chain reaction in which:which:

consumers cut their purchasesconsumers cut their purchases companies laid off workerscompanies laid off workers small farms failed. small farms failed.

On the international scale, the stock-On the international scale, the stock-market collapse led New York banks market collapse led New York banks to recall their loans to Germany and to recall their loans to Germany and Austria, thus ending their payment of Austria, thus ending their payment of reparations to France and Britain, reparations to France and Britain, who then could not repay their war who then could not repay their war loans to the United Statesloans to the United States

In the United States, Britain, and In the United States, Britain, and France, governments used economic France, governments used economic programs. programs.

In Germany and Japan, radical In Germany and Japan, radical politicians devoted their economies politicians devoted their economies to military build-up, to military build-up,

Depression in Nonindustrial Depression in Nonindustrial Regions Regions The Depression spread to Asia, The Depression spread to Asia,

Africa, and Latin American Africa, and Latin American

India and China were not dependent India and China were not dependent on foreign trade and thus were little on foreign trade and thus were little affected. affected.

In Latin America the Depression led In Latin America the Depression led to the establishment of military to the establishment of military dictatorshipsdictatorships

Southern Africa boomed during the Southern Africa boomed during the 1930s. 1930s.

The increasing value of gold and the The increasing value of gold and the relatively cheaper copper deposits of relatively cheaper copper deposits of Northern Rhodesia and the Belgian Northern Rhodesia and the Belgian Congo led to a mining boom that Congo led to a mining boom that benefited European and South benefited European and South African mine owners.African mine owners.

The Rise of Fascism The Rise of Fascism

Mussolini’s Italy Mussolini’s Italy

In postwar Italy thousands of unemployed In postwar Italy thousands of unemployed veterans and violent youths banded veterans and violent youths banded together in together in fasci di combattimento fasci di combattimento to to demand action, demand action,

Benito Mussolini, a former socialist, Benito Mussolini, a former socialist, became leader of the Fascist Party and became leader of the Fascist Party and used the used the fasci di combattimentofasci di combattimento to force to force the government to appoint him to the post the government to appoint him to the post of prime minister. of prime minister.

In power, Mussolini installed Fascist In power, Mussolini installed Fascist Party members in all government Party members in all government jobs and crushed all sources of jobs and crushed all sources of opposition. opposition.

Mussolini and the Fascist movement Mussolini and the Fascist movement excelled at propaganda and glorified excelled at propaganda and glorified warwar

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q7CT5TDwxEc v=q7CT5TDwxEc

Hitler’s Germany Hitler’s Germany

Germany had been hard-hit by: Germany had been hard-hit by: Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of VersaillesThe hyperinflation of 1923, and the The hyperinflation of 1923, and the

Depression. Depression. So who do you blame?So who do you blame?

socialists, Jews, and foreignerssocialists, Jews, and foreigners

ADOLF HITLERADOLF HITLER

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONESSENTIAL QUESTION

What led to Adolf Hitler’s What led to Adolf Hitler’s rise to power and the rise to power and the Nazis ruling Germany?Nazis ruling Germany?

A DICTATOR IS BORN A DICTATOR IS BORN

♂ Adolf Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn, near Linz, Austria on April 20, 1889

♂ Adolf Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn, near Linz, Austria on April 20, 1889

KLARA and ALOIS:KLARA and ALOIS: THE THE

PARENTS OF A PARENTS OF A MONSTERMONSTER

HITLER AS A YOUTHHITLER AS A YOUTHAdolf was an

intelligent child, but a poorly performing student, both of

Adolf’s parents died when he was a

teenager, leaving him with a modest

inheritance; Adolf sought to become an

artist

LEFT: Hitler at age 13

BELOW: Hitler, part of a church choir group

LEFT: Hitler at age 13

BELOW: Hitler, part of a church choir group

THE YEARS IN VIENNATHE YEARS IN VIENNA In January 1908, the 19 In January 1908, the 19

year old Adolf moved to year old Adolf moved to the city of the city of Vienna,Vienna, the the capital of Austriacapital of Austria

Adolf tries to enter the Adolf tries to enter the Academy of Arts, but is Academy of Arts, but is rejected;rejected; his audition his audition painting was deemed not painting was deemed not good enoughgood enough

THE ACADEMY OF ARTS IN THE ACADEMY OF ARTS IN VIENNAVIENNA

This 1914 painting is titled:This 1914 painting is titled:"The Courtyard of the Old Residency "The Courtyard of the Old Residency

in Munich."in Munich."

A 1914 painting: A 1914 painting: "Ruins "Ruins of a Cloister in Messines."of a Cloister in Messines."

SAMPLES OF HITLER’S ARTSAMPLES OF HITLER’S ARTSAMPLES OF HITLER’S ARTSAMPLES OF HITLER’S ART

ONE OF HITLER’S GREAT LOVES:ONE OF HITLER’S GREAT LOVES: THE THE MUSIC OF RICHARD WAGNERMUSIC OF RICHARD WAGNER

GERMAN COMPOSER GERMAN COMPOSER RICHARD WAGNERRICHARD WAGNER

♫Adolf enjoyed the opera music of Richard Wagner, whose stirring music glorified Germany and often had warlike themes (such as “Ride of the Valkyries”)

♫ Wagner’s music had a profound effect on the young Adolf Hitler

FIRST EXPOSURE TO POLITICSFIRST EXPOSURE TO POLITICS

Galician Jews are present in Vienna. As with much of Europe, there are anti-Semitic feelings in Vienna (it was Adolf’s first exposure to anti-

Semitism). The politics of Georg von Schoenerer (an anti-Semite) and Vienna’s mayor, Karl Lueger (who said the public would do without

freedoms for security), would have an influence on young Hitler.

KARL LUEGERKARL LUEGERGEORG VON SCHOENERERGEORG VON SCHOENERERGEORG VON SCHOENERERGEORG VON SCHOENERER

POLITICIZATION POLITICIZATION OF HITLEROF HITLER

It is while living in Vienna that Adolf first learns of

the ideas of mystical German nationalism and the “Aryan ideal”; these ideas would shape the Nazi ideology decades later, as exemplified in

this 1930s poster

When World War I breaks out, Adolf

Hitler finds a purpose; he

volunteers to be a soldier for the

country he adored: Germany

WARTIME SERVICEWARTIME SERVICE Hitler served as a dispatch runner (messenger) on the Western Front, carrying messages from headquarters to the trenches by bicycle.

It was often a dangerous assignment; Hitler was wounded twice in one week in 1916 and sent to Germany to recover.

Awarded medals for bravery (including the Iron Cross), he returned to fight in 1917.

Hitler served as a dispatch runner (messenger) on the Western Front, carrying messages from headquarters to the trenches by bicycle.

It was often a dangerous assignment; Hitler was wounded twice in one week in 1916 and sent to Germany to recover.

Awarded medals for bravery (including the Iron Cross), he returned to fight in 1917.

Adolf Hitler never forgot the humiliation that Germany was served at the hands of the Allies.

AN ANGRY YOUNG MANAN ANGRY YOUNG MAN

Corporal Hitler (right) with two fellow German soldiers, one of whom is missing a leg

Corporal Hitler (right) with two fellow German soldiers, one of whom is missing a leg

As he recovered at a Stettin hospital As he recovered at a Stettin hospital from eye injuries suffered in an Allied from eye injuries suffered in an Allied poison gas attack in Ypres, Hitler heard poison gas attack in Ypres, Hitler heard about Germany’s defeat. His reaction:about Germany’s defeat. His reaction:

“ “The burning in my eyes The burning in my eyes could not match the hate could not match the hate burning in my heart. From burning in my heart. From that moment, I knew I that moment, I knew I should enter politics.”should enter politics.”

Many Germans were Many Germans were disillusioned after the disillusioned after the defeat in the Great War defeat in the Great War and and hatedhated the democratic the democratic government that took government that took power after WWI (the power after WWI (the Weimar Republic) Weimar Republic)

Ex-soldiers like Hitler felt Ex-soldiers like Hitler felt that they had been that they had been “stabbed in the back”“stabbed in the back” by by JewsJews and and CommunistsCommunists back home in Germany; back home in Germany; they felt that they had not they felt that they had not been defeated on the been defeated on the battlefield battlefield

GERMANY AFTER THE GREAT WAR (1919-1923)

GERMANY AFTER THE GREAT WAR (1919-1923)

An anti-Communist posterAn anti-Communist poster

A SOLDIER WITHOUT A WARA SOLDIER WITHOUT A WAR Hitler learned of the Germans’ destiny as the Hitler learned of the Germans’ destiny as the

“master race”“master race” and of the “economic conspiracy” and of the “economic conspiracy” of the world’s of the world’s JewsJews against the Fatherland against the Fatherland

Hitler, now 30 years old, also discovered while at Hitler, now 30 years old, also discovered while at Munich that he had a flair for Munich that he had a flair for public speaking, public speaking, delivering severaldelivering several passionate speeches at the passionate speeches at the local university and transfixing audienceslocal university and transfixing audiences

PARTY MEMBER #55PARTY MEMBER #55

Hitler Hitler agreedagreed with the Nazi’s party’s views and became a member with the Nazi’s party’s views and became a member in 1920in 1920

Later on, he became a party leader, recruiting many German Later on, he became a party leader, recruiting many German soldiers from his barracks; Hitler’s goal was to soldiers from his barracks; Hitler’s goal was to seizeseize the German the German Workers’ Party and reshape it to his own endsWorkers’ Party and reshape it to his own ends

THE NAZI PARTYTHE NAZI PARTY

With Hitler becoming its new leader, the German Workers’ Party later became the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (in German: Nazional Sozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter Partei). The

party’s name was abbreviated as NSDAP and shortened to “Nazi”

With Hitler becoming its new leader, the German Workers’ Party later became the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (in German: Nazional Sozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter Partei). The

party’s name was abbreviated as NSDAP and shortened to “Nazi”

THE SWASTIKATHE SWASTIKA

NAZI USE OF THE SWASTIKANAZI USE OF THE SWASTIKA

The swastika is an The swastika is an ancientancient symbol that has been used for symbol that has been used for over 3,000 years by many over 3,000 years by many cultures, representing life, cultures, representing life, strength, and good luck. strength, and good luck.

HITLER ON TRIAL FOR SEDITIONHITLER ON TRIAL FOR SEDITIONIn February 1924, Hitler was brought to trial.

The trial was a political circus: the judge was sympathetic to Hitler and allowed him to express his political views.

Hitler made statements during the trial that made him well-known nationally and increased his popularity with Germans.

In February 1924, Hitler was brought to trial.

The trial was a political circus: the judge was sympathetic to Hitler and allowed him to express his political views.

Hitler made statements during the trial that made him well-known nationally and increased his popularity with Germans.

Hitler and several of his fellow Nazis during a break in the trialHitler and several of his fellow Nazis during a break in the trial

Charged of treason against the unpopular Weimar Republic, Hitler proclaimed: “There is no such thing as treason against the

traitors of 1918.”

Charged of treason against the unpopular Weimar Republic, Hitler proclaimed: “There is no such thing as treason against the

traitors of 1918.”

MEIN KAMPF: “MY STRUGGLE”MEIN KAMPF: “MY STRUGGLE” Hitler received a light sentence and

only served 9 months in a minimum security prison. He spent most of his time writing his autobiography.

Mein Kampf expressed Hitler’s beliefs

Two of the major issues he addressed in Mein Kampf were:

1. Lebensraum (“living space”): Germany must take over other countries, especially Russia, for the use of the German “master race”.

2. Anti-Semitism: inferior races, especially the Jews, must be destroyed.

Hitler received a light sentence and only served 9 months in a minimum security prison. He spent most of his time writing his autobiography.

Mein Kampf expressed Hitler’s beliefs

Two of the major issues he addressed in Mein Kampf were:

1. Lebensraum (“living space”): Germany must take over other countries, especially Russia, for the use of the German “master race”.

2. Anti-Semitism: inferior races, especially the Jews, must be destroyed.

When times are bad…When times are bad……people turn to extremes for answers…people turn to extremes for answers

The Nazis’ The Nazis’ Power Power

IncreasesIncreases

CHANCELLOR HITLERCHANCELLOR HITLER

The aging German President

Paul von Hindenburg appoints Hitler as

chancellor in January 1933.

Hitler’s power was increasing (over one million members of the Nazi Party and 400,000 men in his

private army), so Hindenburg thought to contain the Nazis by offering Hitler a position in the government.

CHANCELLOR HITLERCHANCELLOR HITLER

When Hindenburg dies of When Hindenburg dies of old age, Chancellor Hitler old age, Chancellor Hitler takes the President’s role takes the President’s role and and powerpower as well. as well.

Combining the titles of Combining the titles of presidentpresident and and chancellor,chancellor, Adolf Hitler becomes Adolf Hitler becomes Der Der FuhrerFuhrer (The Leader) (The Leader)

THE REICHSTAG FIRETHE REICHSTAG FIRE

Within a disaster lay an

opportunity for Hitler… an

opportunity to eliminate his

worst political enemies:

the Communists

Within a disaster lay an

opportunity for Hitler… an

opportunity to eliminate his

worst political enemies:

the Communists

ELIMINATING POLITICAL ENEMIESELIMINATING POLITICAL ENEMIES

On February 27, 1933, a “feeble minded” Dutch On February 27, 1933, a “feeble minded” Dutch Communist named Martinus van der Lubbe set the Communist named Martinus van der Lubbe set the Reichstag (Germany’s government) building on Reichstag (Germany’s government) building on firefire

Hitler used this fire as a reason Hitler used this fire as a reason outlawoutlaw the the Communist Party and arrest their leadersCommunist Party and arrest their leaders

With the Enabling Act, the Reichstag gave Hitler With the Enabling Act, the Reichstag gave Hitler dictatorial powersdictatorial powers because of this “crisis” because of this “crisis”

CONSPIRACY: The Nazis may have helped start the CONSPIRACY: The Nazis may have helped start the fire in the Reichstag building fire in the Reichstag building

Hitler used his Hitler used his new powersnew powers to outlaw all other to outlaw all other political parties and abolish trade unionspolitical parties and abolish trade unions

Hitler was now “Der Fuhrer” both in name Hitler was now “Der Fuhrer” both in name and in factand in fact

ELIMINATING RIVAL NAZISELIMINATING RIVAL NAZIS

June 30, 1934: “The Night of the Long Knives” June 30, 1934: “The Night of the Long Knives” Hitler’s black-shirted SS murderers killed over 1000 Nazis who

were seen as threats to Hitler’s power in the Nazi Party

THE THIRD REICHTHE THIRD REICH

The Nazis identified their rule as the successor to the The Nazis identified their rule as the successor to the Holy Roman Empire (the First Reich) and the Bismarck-Holy Roman Empire (the First Reich) and the Bismarck-created German Empire of 1871 (the Second Reich)created German Empire of 1871 (the Second Reich)

The Nazis called their new empire the The Nazis called their new empire the “Third Reich”“Third Reich”

VICIOUS ANTI-SEMITISMVICIOUS ANTI-SEMITISMHitler’s Hitler’s racial viewsracial views were were

put in everything put in everything Germans read or saw Germans read or saw

In this German children’s In this German children’s book, a pious mother book, a pious mother teaches her little son, teaches her little son,

““The Jew is the The Jew is the most poisonous most poisonous mushroom in mushroom in existence.”existence.” The children’s book “Der Giftpilz” The children’s book “Der Giftpilz”

(The Poisonous Mushroom)(The Poisonous Mushroom)

HITLER’S FIERY SPEECHESHITLER’S FIERY SPEECHES One of the greatest One of the greatest

weapons in Hitler’s arsenal weapons in Hitler’s arsenal as he battled for power was as he battled for power was his ability to deliver his ability to deliver apocalyptic and apocalyptic and convincing convincing speechesspeeches

http://http://www.youtube.com/watch?www.youtube.com/watch?v=Owj7Sg_xJr4 v=Owj7Sg_xJr4

“If the international Jewish financiers in and outside Europe should succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war, then the result will not be the Bolshevizing of the Earth, and thus the victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe!"  

Adolf Hitler on January 30, 1939

This Nazi propaganda poster reads,

“Behind the enemy powers:

the Jew”

East Asia, 1931–1945 East Asia, 1931–1945

The Manchurian Incident of The Manchurian Incident of 1931 1931

The Chinese Communists and The Chinese Communists and the Long March the Long March

http://http://www.youtube.com/www.youtube.com/

watch?v=YAPddtJNbEc watch?v=YAPddtJNbEc

The Sino-Japanese War, 1937–The Sino-Japanese War, 1937–1945 1945

On July 7, 1937 Japanese troops attacked On July 7, 1937 Japanese troops attacked Chinese forces near Beijing, forcing the Chinese forces near Beijing, forcing the Japanese government to initiate a full-Japanese government to initiate a full-scale war of invasion against China. scale war of invasion against China.

The United States and the League of The United States and the League of Nations made no efforts to stop the Nations made no efforts to stop the Japanese invasion, Japanese invasion,

In the conduct of the war, the Japanese In the conduct of the war, the Japanese troops proved to be incredibly violent, troops proved to be incredibly violent, committing severe atrocities when they committing severe atrocities when they took Nanjing in the winter of 1937–1938 took Nanjing in the winter of 1937–1938 and initiating a “kill all, burn all, loot all” and initiating a “kill all, burn all, loot all” campaign in 1940.campaign in 1940.

Chiang Kai-shek escaped to the mountains Chiang Kai-shek escaped to the mountains of Sichuan, where Chiang built up a large of Sichuan, where Chiang built up a large army to prepare for future confrontation army to prepare for future confrontation with the Communists. with the Communists.

In Shaanxi province, Mao built up his In Shaanxi province, Mao built up his army, formed a government, and skillfully army, formed a government, and skillfully presented the Communist Party as the presented the Communist Party as the only group in China that was serious about only group in China that was serious about fighting the Japanese.fighting the Japanese.

The Second World War The Second World War

The War of Movement The War of Movement

World War I was a war of defensive World War I was a war of defensive maneuvers, but in World War II the maneuvers, but in World War II the introduction of motorized weapons introduction of motorized weapons gave back the advantage to the gave back the advantage to the offensive, as may be seen in offensive, as may be seen in Germany’s Germany’s blitzkrieg blitzkrieg (lightning (lightning war) and in American and Japanese war) and in American and Japanese use of aircraft carriers.use of aircraft carriers.

War in Europe and North War in Europe and North Africa Africa

It took less than a month for It took less than a month for Germany to conquer Poland. Germany to conquer Poland.

After a lull during the winter of 1939–After a lull during the winter of 1939–1940, Hitler went on an offensive in 1940, Hitler went on an offensive in March that made him the master of March that made him the master of all of Europe between Spain and all of Europe between Spain and Russia by the end of June. Russia by the end of June.

Hitler’s attempt to invade Britain was Hitler’s attempt to invade Britain was foiled by the British Royal Air Force’s foiled by the British Royal Air Force’s victory in the Battle of Britain (June–victory in the Battle of Britain (June–September 1940). September 1940).

In 1941 Hitler launched a massive In 1941 Hitler launched a massive invasion of the Soviet Union; his invasion of the Soviet Union; his forces, successful at first, were forces, successful at first, were stopped by the winter weather of stopped by the winter weather of 1941–1942 and finally defeated at 1941–1942 and finally defeated at Stalingrad in February 1943.Stalingrad in February 1943.

In Africa, the Italian offensive in British In Africa, the Italian offensive in British Somaliland and Egypt, although initially Somaliland and Egypt, although initially successful, was turned back by a British successful, was turned back by a British counterattack. counterattack.

German forces came to assist the Italians, German forces came to assist the Italians, but they were finally defeated at Al but they were finally defeated at Al Alamein in northern Egypt by the British, Alamein in northern Egypt by the British, who had the advantage of more plentiful who had the advantage of more plentiful weapons and supplies and better weapons and supplies and better intelligence.intelligence.

War in Asia and the Pacific War in Asia and the Pacific

In July 1941 France allowed Japan to In July 1941 France allowed Japan to occupy Indochina; the United States occupy Indochina; the United States and Britain responded by stopping and Britain responded by stopping shipments of steel, scrap iron, oil, shipments of steel, scrap iron, oil, and other products that Japan and other products that Japan needed. needed.

In response, the Japanese chose to go to In response, the Japanese chose to go to war, hoping that a surprise attack on the war, hoping that a surprise attack on the United States would be so shocking that the United States would be so shocking that the Americans would accept Japanese control Americans would accept Japanese control over Southeast Asia rather than continuing over Southeast Asia rather than continuing to fight against Japan. to fight against Japan.

Japan attacked American forces at Pearl Japan attacked American forces at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 and proceeded Harbor on December 7, 1941 and proceeded to occupy all of Southeast Asia and the to occupy all of Southeast Asia and the Dutch East Indies within the next few Dutch East Indies within the next few months.months.

The United States joined Britain and the The United States joined Britain and the Soviet Union in an alliance called the Soviet Union in an alliance called the United Nations (or the Allies). United Nations (or the Allies).

By June 1942 the United States had By June 1942 the United States had destroyed four of Japan’s six largest destroyed four of Japan’s six largest aircraft carriers; aircraft carriers were the aircraft carriers; aircraft carriers were the key to victory in the Pacific, and since key to victory in the Pacific, and since Japan did not have the industrial capacity Japan did not have the industrial capacity to replace the carriers, the Japanese were to replace the carriers, the Japanese were now faced with a long and hopeless war.now faced with a long and hopeless war.

The End of the War The End of the War

By 1943 the Soviet Red Army was By 1943 the Soviet Red Army was receiving supplies from factories in receiving supplies from factories in Russia and the United States. Russia and the United States.

The Soviet offensive in the east The Soviet offensive in the east combined with Western invasions of combined with Western invasions of Sicily and Italy in 1943 and of France Sicily and Italy in 1943 and of France in 1944 to defeat Germany in May in 1944 to defeat Germany in May 1945. 1945.

By May 1945 American bombing and By May 1945 American bombing and submarine warfare had devastated the submarine warfare had devastated the Japanese economy and cut Japan off from its Japanese economy and cut Japan off from its sources of raw materials, while Asians who sources of raw materials, while Asians who had initially welcomed the Japanese as had initially welcomed the Japanese as liberators from white colonialism were now liberators from white colonialism were now eager to see the Japanese leave. eager to see the Japanese leave.

The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 convinced Japan to Nagasaki in August 1945 convinced Japan to sign terms of surrender early the next sign terms of surrender early the next month. month.

Chinese Civil War and Chinese Civil War and Communist Victory Communist Victory

After the Japanese surrender in After the Japanese surrender in September 1945 the Guomindang September 1945 the Guomindang and Communist forces began a civil and Communist forces began a civil war that lasted until 1949. war that lasted until 1949.

The Guomindang had the advantage The Guomindang had the advantage of more troops and weapons and of more troops and weapons and American support, but its brutal and American support, but its brutal and exploitative policies and its printing exploitative policies and its printing of worthless paper money eroded of worthless paper money eroded popular support.popular support.

The Communists built up their forces with The Communists built up their forces with Japanese equipment gained from the Soviets Japanese equipment gained from the Soviets and American equipment gained from and American equipment gained from deserting Guomindang soldiers and won deserting Guomindang soldiers and won popular support, especially in Manchuria, by popular support, especially in Manchuria, by carrying out a radical land reform program. carrying out a radical land reform program.

On October 1, 1949 Mao Zedong announced On October 1, 1949 Mao Zedong announced the founding of the People’s Republic of the founding of the People’s Republic of China as Chiang Kai-shek’s Guomindang China as Chiang Kai-shek’s Guomindang forces were being driven off the mainland to forces were being driven off the mainland to Taiwan.Taiwan.

The Character of WarfareThe Character of Warfare

Why was it the War of Why was it the War of Science? Science?

World War II was different from World War II was different from previous wars both in its enormous previous wars both in its enormous death toll and in the vast numbers of death toll and in the vast numbers of refugees that were generated during refugees that were generated during the war. the war.

The unprecedented scale of human The unprecedented scale of human suffering during the war was due to a suffering during the war was due to a change in moral values and to the change in moral values and to the appearance of new technologies of appearance of new technologies of warfare. warfare.

Science had a significant impact on the Science had a significant impact on the technology of warfare. technology of warfare.

This may be seen in the application of This may be seen in the application of scientific discoveries to produce synthetic scientific discoveries to produce synthetic rubber and radar, in developments in rubber and radar, in developments in cryptanalysis and antibiotics, in the cryptanalysis and antibiotics, in the development of aircraft and missiles, and development of aircraft and missiles, and in the United States government’s in the United States government’s organization of physicists and engineers in organization of physicists and engineers in order to produce atomic weapons.order to produce atomic weapons.

What’s the importance of What’s the importance of bombingf Bombing Raidsbombingf Bombing Raids

The British and Americans excelled at The British and Americans excelled at bombing raids that were intended not to bombing raids that were intended not to strike individual buildings, but to break the strike individual buildings, but to break the morale of the civilian population. morale of the civilian population.

Massive bombing raids on German cities Massive bombing raids on German cities caused substantial casualties, but caused substantial casualties, but armament production continued to armament production continued to increase until late 1944, and the German increase until late 1944, and the German people remained obedient and hard-people remained obedient and hard-working.working.

The Holocaust The Holocaust Nazi killings of civilians were part of a Nazi killings of civilians were part of a

calculated policy of exterminating whole races calculated policy of exterminating whole races of people.of people.

German Jews were deprived of their citizenship German Jews were deprived of their citizenship and legal rights and herded into ghettoes, and legal rights and herded into ghettoes, where many died of starvation and disease. where many died of starvation and disease.

In early 1942 the Nazis decided to apply In early 1942 the Nazis decided to apply modern industrial methods in order to slaughter modern industrial methods in order to slaughter the Jewish population of Europe in the Jewish population of Europe in concentration camps like Auschwitz. concentration camps like Auschwitz.

This mass extermination, now called the This mass extermination, now called the Holocaust, claimed some 6 million Jewish lives.Holocaust, claimed some 6 million Jewish lives.

HolocaustHolocaust

Holocaust is a Holocaust is a word of Greek word of Greek origin meaning origin meaning "sacrifice by fire." "sacrifice by fire."

The ProblemThe Problem

Based on your prior knowledge, Based on your prior knowledge, what are some of the injustices the what are some of the injustices the Jewish population faced?Jewish population faced?

Gathering EvidenceGathering Evidence

You will be viewing six photographs You will be viewing six photographs and a short videoand a short video

As you watch please gather evidence As you watch please gather evidence of injustices that the Jewish of injustices that the Jewish population faced during the population faced during the Holocaust.Holocaust.

Record your observations on the Record your observations on the note sheet provided.note sheet provided.

We will have a class discussion We will have a class discussion based on the evidence you gathered.based on the evidence you gathered.

Evidence SheetEvidence SheetTask DirectionsTask Directions

Please use the evidence sheet Please use the evidence sheet provided to record your provided to record your observations as you view the observations as you view the following slides.following slides.

Evidence SheetEvidence Sheet

Photograph OnePhotograph One

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives

Imagine the conditions on those trains. What would it be like?

Photograph Photograph TwoTwo

Notice their clothing. What do you see? What does Notice their clothing. What do you see? What does that mean?that mean?

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives

Photograph ThreePhotograph Three

What does

What does

this picture

this picture

say about

say about

humanity?

humanity?

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives

Photograph Photograph FourFour

Look at the details of this picture. How are the prisoners dressed? Look at the details of this picture. How are the prisoners dressed? How are they standing? What inferences can you make?How are they standing? What inferences can you make?

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives

Photograph FivePhotograph Five

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives

Based on this photo, what inferences can you make about the treatment in the camps?

Photograph 6Photograph 6

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives

Imagine sleeping in these quarters.

VideoVideo

Link to video from the United States Link to video from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum website Holocaust Memorial Museum website about the liberation of death camp about the liberation of death camp known as Auschwitz. known as Auschwitz.

VideoVideo

Maximize the Real Player video screen Maximize the Real Player video screen to view the video.to view the video.

Conclusive StatementsConclusive Statements

What statements can you make What statements can you make about the treatment of the about the treatment of the

Jewish population based on the Jewish population based on the evidence gathered while looking evidence gathered while looking at the photographs and video?at the photographs and video?

War and the Environment? War and the Environment?