Ch 28 Crisis of Imperial Order

Warm Up

• Few sentences explaining Social Darwinism and White Man’s Burden and how these ideologies affected Africa and Asia:

• I. Origins of Crisis in Europe and the Middle East– A. Ottoman Empire and the Balkans– By the late 19th century Young Turks had

forced a constitution on the sultan and carried out modern reforms

– Young Turks took control and looked to Germany for military assistance

– B. Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

– Four main causes of WWI– Militarism: Germany and Britain looked to gain

the largest navies– France and Russia look to gain largest armies– Alliances: Triple Entente: Britain, France, and

Russia and Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria Hungary, and Italy

• Imperialism: European countries divided up Africa for raw materials– European nations forced China to open

foreign trade– Nationalism: Dual Monarchy of Austria-

Hungary fails to appease separatist – Serbia wants Bosnia to be independent and is

angry with Austria-Hungary• The immediate cause: the assassination of

Archduke Franz Ferdinand– Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian

throne– June 28, 1914 – a bomb is thrown in the

Archduke’s car, but the attempt fails

• At 10:10 am,[61] Franz Ferdinand's car approached and Čabrinović threw his bomb. The bomb bounced off the folded back convertible cover into the street.[62] The bomb's timed detonator caused it to explode under the next car, putting that car out of action, leaving a 1-foot-diameter (0.30 m), 6.5-inch-deep (170 mm) crater,[61] and wounding a total of 20 people according to Reuters.[63]

• Čabrinović swallowed his cyanide pill and jumped into the Miljacka river. Čabrinović's suicide attempt failed as the cyanide only induced vomiting, and the Miljacka was only five inches deep. Police dragged Čabrinović out of the river, and he was severely beaten by the crowd before being taken into custody.

• Franz Ferdinand and Sophie gave up their planned programs in favor of visiting the wounded from the bombing at the hospital. Count Harrach took up a protective position on the left hand running board of Franz Ferdinand’s car.[67] This is confirmed by photographs of the scene outside the Town Hall. At 10:45 a.m., Franz Ferdinand and Sophie got back into the motorcade, once again in the third car.[67] In order to avoid the city center, General Oskar Potiorek decided that the royal car should travel straight along the Appel Quay to the Sarajevo Hospital. However, Potiorek forgot to inform the driver, Leopold Lojka,[68], about this decision. On the way to the hospital, Loyka took a right turn into Franz Josef Street.

• After learning that the assassination had been unsuccessful Princip went to a nearby food shop (Schiller's delicatessen). When Princip emerged, he saw Franz Ferdinand's open car reversing after having taken the wrong turn as it drove past, near the Latin Bridge. After realizing the mistake, the driver put his foot on the brake, and began to back up. In doing so the engine of the car stalled and the gears locked, giving Princip his opportunity.

• Princip stepped forward and fired two shots from a distance of about five feet using a Belgian-made 9x17mm (.380 ACP) Fabrique Nationale model 1910 semi-automatic pistol.[citation

needed] Pistol serial numbers 19074, 19075, 19120 and 19126 were supplied to the assassins; Princip used #19074.[69] According to Albertini, "the first bullet wounded the Archduke in the jugular vein, the second inflicted an abdominal wound on the Duchess."[65] Princip was immediately arrested. At his sentencing, Princip stated that his intention had been to kill Governor Potiorek, rather than Sophie.[70]

– The car speeds away and makes a wrong turn, which allows Gavrilo Princip to shoot and kill both the Archduke and his wife

– Princip was a member of the Black Hand, a secret Serb nationalist group

– Princip is arrested and identified as a Serb– Austria is furious and wants to attack Serbia,

but fears Russia will interfere on Serbia’s behalf

– Turns to ally Germany, who issues a “blank check”, stating that Austria can rely on German support no matter what

– Austria issues an ultimatum to Serbia on July 25

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BCTIaiiGB4o

– Some of the demands are humiliating and outrageous, so Serbia rejects some of the demands

– Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia on July 28

• II. The Great War and the Russian Revolutions, 1914-1918– A. Stalemate, 1914-1917– The Schlieffen Plan: is the German war plan

based on a two front war against France and Russia

– Send 90% of army against France– Send 10% of army against Russia– Need a quick victory against France so they

can turn entire army against slower mobilizing Russia

• Why Implemented:– Thought Russia would take a long time to

mobilize– France had built fortresses along the French-

German border – must go through Belgium– Need a quick win – speed is essential

• Why fails:– Belgium resists and Great Britain enters the

war– Russia mobilizes faster than expected and

invades eastern Germany– Germany has to move troops from France to

protect the German border against Russia– French victory at the Battle of the Marne

– Trench Warfare: Are a series of six feet deep ditches protected by barbed wire

– Zigzagged to keep it from becoming a shooting gallery and to minimize blast effect of a shell impact

– Nearly 500 miles of two parallel trenches running from the English Channel to the borders of Switzerland

– Life in the trenches:– Trenches were filthy, muddy, poorly drained,

noisy, and diseased

– Shared trenches with:– Rats, fleas, garbage, and human waste– Remains of decaying corpses– Most soldiers were depressed and miserable– Disillusioned and want to go home– This was not the glorious war they signed up for– B. Home Front and the War Economy– Rationing and Recruitment were necessary—men

from the colonies to fight and women to work in factories

– At first US only sold goods in the War. Sold to Britain and France.

– US entered in 1917

– Governments controlled public opinion– Censored newspapers – didn’t want people

discouraged by the numbers of casualties– Created propaganda = ideas spread to

influence public opinion

WWI Propaganda

– C. Ottoman Empire at War– Turks and Germans made an alliance in 1914– Dardanelles Strait: Plan by Churchill to break

the deadlock on the Western Front– Goal is to seize the Dardanelles from the

Ottoman Empire – Want to be able to ship supplies to Russia – Beach heads become areas of trenches and

the stalemate leads to evacuation– 1917 British troops take Iran and capture

Baghdad

– D. Double Revolution in Russia– Russian steamroller-not well trained and not

much ammo but will send massive amounts of troops

– Best asset is its numbers, myth Russian steamroller

– Not yet as industrialized as the rest of Europe– Army short on guns, ammunition, food– 1/3 of soldiers don’t have guns – Allies unable to ship supplies to Russia– German naval fleet blocking the Baltic Seas– Czar Nicholas takes command of the army and

leaves his wife, Czarina Alexandra, in charge of the gov’t

– She turns to Rasputin to heal her son – Rasputin is a self-proclaimed healer– Dec. 1916 a group of Russian nobles decide

to assassinate Rasputin• Poisoned, shot three times, and finally

drowned (still able to untie the knots)

– Bolshevik Revolution 1917:– Nov. 6 Bolshevik forces seize the Winter Palace

and the new gov’t collapses– The Bolsheviks rename themselves Communists

and set up a new gov’t with Lenin as their leader• He abolishes private property• Seizes private land and factories

– One of Lenin’s first acts was to take Russia out of the war

– Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918)– Between Germany and Russia to end Russia’s

involvement in WWI– Harsh terms

• Russia gives Germany: Finland, Poland, Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania

– E. End of the War in Western Europe, 1917-1918

– Germany can’t compete with the British warships, so resorts to submarine warfare

– Unrestricted submarine warfare = any ship traveling in the waters around Great Britain was subject to attack by German submarines

– Will fire on ships regardless of nationality– Targeted the British naval vessels, along with

merchant ships bringing supplies to Britain– Unrestricted submarine warfare, Zimmerman

Telegram, and invasion of Belgium bring US in the War

• On the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month in 1918, World War I comes to an end– Nov. 11th used to be celebrated as armistice

day, now it is known in the U.S. as Veteran’s Day

– Germany and the Central Powers surrender

• III. Peace and Dislocation in Europe, 1919-1929– A. Impact of War– Great War causes millions of death; more

than any other wars– Impact: War created millions of refugees

many either fleeing to France or US– Soldiers spread influenza which spread

around the world

– US passes immigration laws that close doors to immigrants

– B. Peace Treaties– Paris Peace Conference leaders:– US: Woodrow Wilson—wants peace and self

determination– Britain: David George—wants to punish

Germany but not totally weaken– France: Georges Clemenceau—wants to

severely punish Germany– Italy: Vittorio Orlando—just there to gain

territory

George Orlando Clemenceau Wilson

– Treaty of Versailles humiliated Germany– Treaty Conditions:– Territorial losses

• Loses overseas colonies, which are given to Allied Powers

• Parts of Germany go to form new nations, such as Poland

– Military restrictions• Limits on army (100,000) and weapons• No navy or air force• Demilitarized zone along the French border

– War guilt• Germany assumes sole responsibility for the war• Must make reparations = payments made to the

victors to cover the costs of the war– Amounts to 33 billion dollars

– Austria Hungary falls apart and new countries arise

C. Russian Civil War and New Economic Policy– Communist Russia and the Soviet Republic of

Ukraine merge to create USSR– Lenin dies in 1924 and Stalin takes over– Introduced Five-Year Plans:– Each factory and mine had production goals

set by the state– Led to increases in industrial output, but not

for consumer goods

• IV. China and Japan: Contrasting Destinies– A. Social and Economic Change– China struggles with population booms and

Japan modernizes and depends on foreign trade

– B. Revolution and War, 1900-1918– Sun Yat-sen takes China– Japan is on the side of the allies in WWI

taking German colonies as spoils

• Sun played an instrumental role in overthrowing the Qing Dynasty in October 1911, the last imperial dynasty of China.

• He wanted to replace the Qing with a ruling nationalist party that would act as a guardian until the Chinese people were ready for democracy

• Sun Yat Sen dies in 1925 and Chiang Kai-shek takes control

• Chiang Kai-shek set up the Republic of China and was in power until 1948

• He was forced out and sent to Taiwan

• Chiang Kai-shek

Inaugural Speech 1947

• V. New Middle East– A. Mandate System– Territories lost by Germany and Ottomans were

given to winners of war as mandates instead of gaining their independence

– Britain took Palestine, Iraq, and Jordan– France took Syria and Lebanon– B. Rise of Modern Turkey– Turkey modernized with the help of European

nations– Mustafa Kemal led Turkey in the modernization– Kemal introduced European law and replaced

Arabic with Latin alphabet– Kemal took the name Ataturk (father of the

Turks)

Mustafa Kemal

– C. Arab Lands and the Question of Palestine– Arab people did not see mandate system as

liberation but as colonialism– French army dominated most of the jobs and

businesses in Middle East– Iraq was allowed its independence by Britain

in 1922• VI. Society, Culture, and Technology in the

Industrialized World– A. Class and Gender– 1920 Women gained the right to vote in US– Governments were now providing housing,

highways, schools, broadcasting, and public health facilities

– B. New Technologies of Modernity– New Technologies like airplane, electricity,

and radio– Amelia Earhart and Charles Lindbergh were

idolized by the public – Radio now brought news, sports, soap

operas, and advertising to the home– Gilded age of America brought film and

Hollywood into the picture in 1921

Earhart

• C. Technology and the Environment– Mass produced

automobiles replaced horses

– Skyscrapers with steel frames and passenger elevators were built

– Gas powered tractors replaced horses

– Dams and canals generate electricity