CH 24 CH 24 The West Between the WarsThe West Between the Wars

1919-19391919-1939

CH 24.1 Search for Stability

The treaties after WWI redrew the map of Europe

New countries were established, new boundaries were drawn

Germany vowed to get their territories back

League of Nations

One of W. Wilson’s 14 Points But the US did not join

Members of the League of Nations would not use force to stop aggressive acts

French Demands France wanted the Treaty of Versailles to be

strictly enforced

Germany was ordered to pay $132 Billion German marks ($33 Billion in USD) Every year - 2.5 Billion

After 1921, Germany could not afford to pay

France sent troops the Ruhr Valley (mining area)

Germany Being unable (or unwilling) to pay Germans

resisted however they could

Germany also experienced very high inflation In 1914 – 4.2 marks = $1 US

By November 1923 4.2 Trillion Marks = $1 US

Germans kept printing money to try to get themselves out of debt But this money was worthless

Germany The Dawes Plan

An American banker came up with an idea to help Germany and France

Reduce the amount of reparations

US would loan $200M to aid Germany and introduce new investors into Germany

Led to prosperity for many nations until 1929

Moving towards Peace

Germany and France finally were able to settle their territorial disputes 1925 signed the Treaty of Locarno

“Banning War Forever!”

Germany joined the League of Nations

1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact – War will not be used to settle problems No consequences ever set if someone violated

the pact

Great Depression in Europe

Depression – a period of low economic activity and rising unemployment

2 Causes for Great Depression in Europe 1. Economies all over the world started to go

down

Too much being produced, leads to lower prices

2. US Stock market crash

Many nations depended on loans from US

No more money in US, no more loans

Response to Depression

Almost 30% of German workers were unemployed

German govt didn’t know what to do Increased tariffs on foreign goods

Made things worse

Renewed interest in Marxist ideals Poor should unite and take what is theirs

Communism became more popular

Democracy at stake New leaders emerged speaking out against

capitalism

Democracy had spread across Europe after WWI Germany

Imperial Germany had fallen

Weimar Republic established

France

After WWI – France was the strongest nation in Europe

Chaos in politics however

Popular Front – Communists, Socialists and Radicals

Democracy at stake Great Britain

Conservatives took credit for getting Great Britain out of their Great Depression

John Maynard Keynes

Deficit Spending – go into debt on purpose if necessary

Changes in demand impact unemployment

Take those people who lost their jobs, put them to work building roads and other public works

CH 24.2 Rise of Dictators

Totalitarian States – The govt controls every aspect of the country Political, social, economic, intellectual and cultural

The state comes first – no more freedoms for people

Only 2 states remained democratic France and Great Britain

These new regimes used propaganda to control their populations

Italy Benito Mussolini –

Depression hit Italy like the rest of Europe

Started a fascist group League of Combat

The state above all else

All opposition is stifled

Threatened to march on Rome with all of his followers King Emanuel III made him Prime Minister

Ruled with terror Censorship

All other political parties were outlawed

Italy Fascism in Italy

Secret police created – OVRA

Spied on people

Propaganda – “Mussolini is always right”

Never got rid of the King or had full control of the military

Catholic Church remained very important as well

USSR Lenin established a Communist govt in Russia

Terrible times in Russia Drought, no food

People were very unhappy

Lenin’s new economic policy People could own their own small businesses

and sell their own goods

Big businesses stayed in govt control

USSR 1922 formally organized the nation into the

USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

When Lenin died in 1924

there was a struggle for power Joseph Stalin emerged as

the new leader of USSR

USSR Stalin’s 5 Year Plans

Setting economic goals to be achieved every 5 years

First goal: Increase military production All materials went to military production Nothing to taking care of people

Collectives Farms were combined and taken control of Not enough food grown for people – Millions died of

starvation

Purges Anyone who disagreed with Stalin was sent to a prison

camp in Siberia or killed Millions of people died

Spain Francisco Franco

1936 – took control of the Military and overthrew the govt

Started a civil war

Italy and Germany aided Franco

Soviet Union helped the old govt

Franco won Authoritarian, not totalitarian

Didn’t break with tradition

24.3 Hitler and Germany

Adolf Hitler – born 1889 in Austria Failed artist

Anti-Semite – against Jews

Racist

Extreme nationalist

Served in WWI

Stayed in Germany after WWI and joined a small party

German Workers Party

The Nazi Party Renamed the German Workers Party

National Socialist German Workers Party

Tried to overthrow the Govt The Beer Hall Puscht

Similar to Mussulini’s March on Rome

Quickly arrested

While in jail – wrote Mein Kampf

Lebensraum – stronger nations have the right to spread out

Nazi Party After prison Hitler reorganized the party

Continued to grow

Promised to get Germany out of depression and fix unemployment

Very good speaker

1933 President Hindenburg appointed Hitler chancellor Hitler quickly took control of the entire

government

The Nazi Party 1933 – The Enabling Act

Govt could ignore the constitution for 4 years

Gave time to fix all the problems

Hitler as the Fuhrer –Leader

Established a totalitarian state in about 7 months

Night of Long Knives 1934

The Nazi State The Aryan Race

Hitler wanted to create a superior race that would dominate Europe (the world too?)

The Third Reich

The next German Empire

Used terror to accomplish their goals

Nazi Party Schutzstafflen – Guard Squads/ SS

Started as secret police, but evolved to be major police force

Led by Heinrich Himmler

Economics Public works projects

The Autobahn

Parades and rallies

Nazi Party Women

Wives and mothers

Important to bring children into the world

Domestic work

Anti-Semitic Policies

Jews were excluded from citizenships

Nuremburg Laws

Yellow Stars

Kristallnacht

CH 24.4 Cultural and Intellectual Trends

Movies More and more propaganda used in films

Joseph Goebbels – Hitler’s propaganda minister

Leisure More free time

8 hour work day

Travel

Culture and Intellectual Trends

Art Surrealism

Salvador Dali

Culture and Intellectual Trends

Literature James Joyce

Developing what was happening inside characters

Ulysses

Stream of consciousness

Physics Uncertainty Principle

Everything is based on uncertainty

Randomness