ch 23: understanding diversity: systematics
DESCRIPTION
Ch 23: Understanding Diversity: Systematics. phylogeny systematics taxonomy taxon. How to categorize life? life vs. non-life (?prehistory) plants (non-motile) vs. animals (motile) Greek philosophers including Aristotle ( born 384 - died 322 BC ). - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Ch 23: Understanding Diversity: Systematics](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5681515a550346895dbf7bab/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Ch 23: Understanding Diversity: Systematics
![Page 2: Ch 23: Understanding Diversity: Systematics](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5681515a550346895dbf7bab/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
phylogeny
systematics
taxonomy
taxon
![Page 3: Ch 23: Understanding Diversity: Systematics](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5681515a550346895dbf7bab/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
How to categorize life?
life vs. non-life (?prehistory)
plants (non-motile) vs. animals (motile) Greek philosophers including Aristotle (born 384 - died 322 BC)
![Page 4: Ch 23: Understanding Diversity: Systematics](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5681515a550346895dbf7bab/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
add Protista/Protoctista & sub-group Monera (Haeckel 1866)
prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells (Chatton 1937)
![Page 5: Ch 23: Understanding Diversity: Systematics](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5681515a550346895dbf7bab/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
reorganized classification into 4 kingdoms (Copeland 1930s?)
5 kingdoms; adding Fungi (Whittaker 1959)
![Page 6: Ch 23: Understanding Diversity: Systematics](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5681515a550346895dbf7bab/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
3 domains (Carl Woese 1977)
Carol J. Bult
![Page 7: Ch 23: Understanding Diversity: Systematics](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5681515a550346895dbf7bab/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
further elaborated by Mitchell Sogin (early eukaryotes) & many others
![Page 8: Ch 23: Understanding Diversity: Systematics](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5681515a550346895dbf7bab/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
-> 6 kingdoms (compromise)
still argued: Lake’s 4 domains, Cavalier-Smith & others’ > 6 kingdoms
![Page 9: Ch 23: Understanding Diversity: Systematics](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5681515a550346895dbf7bab/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
horizontal gene transfers
genome fusions
clades?
![Page 10: Ch 23: Understanding Diversity: Systematics](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5681515a550346895dbf7bab/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Groups of organisms on a phylogenetic tree (excluded)
![Page 11: Ch 23: Understanding Diversity: Systematics](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5681515a550346895dbf7bab/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Homologous structures
18-13 terrestrial vertebrate forelimbs
18-14 modified leaves
![Page 12: Ch 23: Understanding Diversity: Systematics](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5681515a550346895dbf7bab/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Australian marsupial “mole”
N American placental mole
Homoplasies = analogous structures
18-16 spiky plant parts
![Page 13: Ch 23: Understanding Diversity: Systematics](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5681515a550346895dbf7bab/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Phenetics/evolutionary systematics
numerical taxonomy
eg: Birds -> different enough to be a separate class from reptiles
![Page 14: Ch 23: Understanding Diversity: Systematics](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5681515a550346895dbf7bab/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Cladistic systematics
clade
cladogram
synapomorphy vs. (sym)plesiomorphy
outgroup
parsimony
eg: Birds -> sub-group of Reptile class
![Page 15: Ch 23: Understanding Diversity: Systematics](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5681515a550346895dbf7bab/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Morphology
![Page 16: Ch 23: Understanding Diversity: Systematics](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5681515a550346895dbf7bab/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Morphology: Developmental data
eg: early animal embryo cleavage (30-5)
![Page 17: Ch 23: Understanding Diversity: Systematics](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5681515a550346895dbf7bab/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Biochemistry: Lipids
2 species of Pseudomonas
![Page 18: Ch 23: Understanding Diversity: Systematics](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5681515a550346895dbf7bab/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Biochemistry: Proteins
eg: Isozyme patterns from a fungus
![Page 19: Ch 23: Understanding Diversity: Systematics](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5681515a550346895dbf7bab/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Biochemistry: Proteins
eg: amino acid sequence comparison
![Page 20: Ch 23: Understanding Diversity: Systematics](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5681515a550346895dbf7bab/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
myoglobin
Biochemistry: Proteins
eg: 3D structure comparison
![Page 21: Ch 23: Understanding Diversity: Systematics](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5681515a550346895dbf7bab/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Relationships between canids using DNA sequences
Biochemistry: DNA
Sequence analysis
![Page 22: Ch 23: Understanding Diversity: Systematics](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5681515a550346895dbf7bab/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Stoneking, et al.
Mitochondrial DNA study of humans
![Page 23: Ch 23: Understanding Diversity: Systematics](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5681515a550346895dbf7bab/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
2 representations of the same data
![Page 24: Ch 23: Understanding Diversity: Systematics](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5681515a550346895dbf7bab/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Phylogram - shows genetic change
Ultrametric tree - shows time
Other kinds of trees
![Page 25: Ch 23: Understanding Diversity: Systematics](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5681515a550346895dbf7bab/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Methods of generating trees
Distance
Parsimony
Maximum likelihood